-
欧洲文化人名整理
1 Homer
荷马
※
Homer was
considered to be the author of 2 epics
※
Iliad (
伊利亚特
),
Odyssey(
奥德赛
)
★
Lyric Poetry
2
Sappho
萨福
(about 612-580B.C.)
※
A woman poet of
Lesbos(
爱情海东部的莱斯博斯岛
)
※
Noted for her love poems
※
considered as the most important lyric
poet of ancient Greece
3 Pindar
品达
(about 518-438B.C.)
※
best known for his
odes(
颂歌
) celebrating the
victories at the athletic games
★
3 great tragedians in
ancient Greece:
4 Aeschylus
埃斯库罗斯
(525-456B.C.)
※
One of the 3 great tragedians in
ancient Greece
※
There are only
2 actors and a chorus in his play
※
Major works: Prometheus
Bound
《被俘的普罗米修斯》
，
Persians
《波斯人》
Agamemnon
《阿加门隆》
5 Sophocles
索福克勒斯
(496-409B.C.)
※
one of the great 3 tragedians in
ancient Greece
※
contributed to
greatly to tragic are by adding a third actor and
decreased the size
of the chorus
※
Major works: Oedipus the king
《奥狄浦斯王》
,Electra
《埃拉斯》
Antigone
《安提戈涅》
6 Euripides
欧里庇得斯
(484-406B.C.)
※
One of the 3 great tragedians in
ancient Greece
※
More realistic
than Aeschylus and Sophocles
※
Major works:
Andromache
《安德洛马刻》
,
Medea
《美狄亚》
Trojan
Women
《特洛伊妇女》
★
3 great comedians of
ancient Greece:
7 Aristophanes
阿里斯托芬
(450-380B.C.)
※
He
is
a
great
comedian
of
ancient
Greece
and
has
the
fame
of
?
father
of
comedy
?
.
※
His
plays(Frogs,
clouds,
wasps,
birds)
are
full
of
clever
parody
and
acute
criticism.
8
Herodotus
希罗多德
(484-430B.C.)
※
being regarded as
?
Father of
History
?
※
the author of <
/p>
?
History
?
, which deals with the wars between Greeks and Persians
9 Thucydides
修昔底德
(460-404B.C.)
1
※
He is more accurate as an historian
※
His work is
full of imagination and power.
※
Major work :
The History of
Peloponnesian War
《
伯罗奔尼撒战争史
》
：
The
book is about the
war between Athens
and Sparta and between Athens and
Syracuse
（锡拉丘兹）
★
Philosophy
10 Pythagoras
毕达哥拉斯
(580-500B.C.)
※
an ancient Greek philosopher and the
founder of scientific mathematics
11
Heracleitus
赫拉克利特
(540-480B.C.)
※
an ancient
Greek materialistic philosopher and one of the
founders of dialectic
method
（辩证法）
12 Democritus
德谟克利特
(460-370B.C.)
※
an
ancient
Greek
mat
erialistic(
唯物主义
)
philosopher
and
the
founders
of
Atomic
Theory
（原子理论）
13
Socrates
苏格拉底
(430-399B.C.)
※
an ancient
Greek philosopher
※
the teacher of Plato
※
At
the
age
of
70
he
was
put
on
trial
on
a
charge
of
?
injuring
the
city
?
by
not
acknowledging its gods
and corrupting the youth
※
He
left
no
works
for
later
generation,
so
we
know
all
about
him
through
the
dialogue
?
The
Apology of Socrate
?
《苏格拉底的辩解》
written
by Plato.
14
Plato
柏拉图
(428-348B.C.)
※
an ancient
Greek philosopher
※
the student of Socrates
※
He built up a
comprehensive system of philosophy and held the
view that men
have knowledge because of
the existence of certain general
?
ideas
?
, like beauty
truth, goodness
※
His view of the world has deeply
influenced many religious teachers and writers
※
Major work :
Dialogue
《对话》
★
Contending
schools of Thought
15 The Sophists
诡辩派
- teachers of the art of
arguing
Protagoras
普罗泰戈拉
※
the most
eminent figure of the school
※
He is noted for
the doctrine that man is the measure of all things
16 The Cynics
犬儒派
Diogenes
迪奥根尼斯
※
One of the
leading figure of the school
17 The
Sceptics
怀疑派
Pyrrhon
皮浪
※
one
of the founder of the school
2
※
he
held that not all knowledge was
attainable
18 The Epicureans
伊壁鸠鲁学派
Epicurus
伊壁鸠鲁
(341-270B.C.)
※
He believed
pleasure to be the highest good in life, but by
pleasure he meant, not
sensual
enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional
upheaval
※
He was
a materialist: Following Democritus, he believed
that the world consisted
of
atoms
19 The Stoics
斯多葛派
- opposed to The
Epicureans
※
To them, the most important thing in
life was not
?
pleasure
?
, but
?
duty
?
※
This developed into the theory that one
should endure hardship and
misfortune
with courage
Zeno
芝诺
※
The
chief leader of the school
★
Science
19 Euclid
欧几里得
(287-212B.C.)
※
an
ancient Greek mathematician and the
?
Father of
geometry
?
20
Archimedes
阿基米德
(287-212B.C.)
※
an ancient
Greek mathematician and inventor
※
发明了浮力定律和杠杆原理
※
his famous
saying :
?
Give me a place to
stand, and I will move the
world
?
★
Latin
Literature-Pose
21 Marcus Tullius
Cicero
西塞罗
(106-43B.C.)
※
He
was
an
ancient
Roman
politician,
orator(
演讲者
)and
philosopher
and
is
honoured as the
?
Giant of Latin Prose
?
(
拉丁散文泰斗
)
※
His legal and political speeches are
models of Latin diction(
修辞
).
※
His
manner of writing speech is described as
ciceronian
（西塞罗风格）
.
22 Julius Caesar
凯撒
(102/100-44B.C.)
※
He was an
ancient Roman politician and the commander of the
Roman Empire
※
He
recorded what he did and saw in the various
※
He used
language with economy
（精炼）
and
ferocity
（强烈）
※
Major works:
Commentaries : writing in
which are used as models of succinct Latin.
★
Latin Literature-Poetry
23 Lucretius
卢克莱修
(93-50B.C.)
※
He was an
ancient Roman poet and philosopher
※
Major work: On
the Nature of Things
《论物质的属性》
expounding the ideas
of
Epicurus.
3
24 Virgil
维吉尔
(70-19B.C.)
※
The greatest of
Latin poets
※
Major work: Aeneid
伊尼阿特
1
）
It tells the
story of Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy
2)
He
borrowed
in
his
work
phrases,
similes,
sentiments,
whole
incidents, from Homer
★
European Culture -Learning and Science
★
Charlemagne and
Carolingian Renaissance
查理曼大帝和卡罗琳文艺复兴
25
Charlemagne
查理一世
※
He
was king of Frank(
法兰克
) from
768 to 814 A.D.
※
He was also a
religious reformer, a state builder, and patron of
the arts.
※
He
established his court as a center of learning ,
thus beginning the Carolingian
Renaissance.
※
On
December
25th
800,
Charlemagne
was
crowned
the
first
emperor
of
the
revived
Roman
Empire,
the
Holy
roman
Empire
，
a
political
entity
(
实体
)
of
lands in western and
central Europe.
※
During his rein of 40 years,
Charlemagne changed the
West more profoundly
than anyone since
Augustus.
★
Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of
Learning
阿尔弗列德大王与西萨克斯学术中心
26 Alfred the
Great
阿尔弗列德大王
(849-899)
※
He was the Ruler of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdom of Wessex.
※
He contributed
greatly to the medieval European culture.
★
St.
Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism
阿奎那与经院主义哲学
27 St.
Thomas Aquinas
圣
.
托马斯
.
阿奎那
(1225-1274)
※
An
Italian philosopher and theologian
(
神学家
)
※
The supreme figure in
scholasticism
※
Made philosophical effort
to harmonize faith and reason
4
★
Roger
Bacon
and
Experimental
science
Roger
Bacon
and
Experimental science
培根与实验科学
28 Roger
Bacon
罗杰
.
培根
(1220-1292)
※
He was a monk
(
修士
).
※
He was one of
the earliest advocates of scientific
research.
※
He called for
careful observation and experimentation.
★
European Culture
–
Literature
★
National Epics
(
民族史诗
)
29
Beowulf
裴欧沃夫
(700-750 A.D.)
※
An
Anglo-Saxon epic
※
The story is set in Denmark or Sweden
※
It
tells how a hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster
Grendel
(
格伦德尔，史诗中的
巨妖
)
and Grendel?s mother.
*
Song of Roland
罗兰之歌
(about 12 A.D. )
※
The
most well-known of a group of French epics
※
It tells one of
Charlemagne?s warriors fights in Spain and dies
defen
ding a pass
in
the
Pyrenees
(
比利牛斯山脉，西班牙和法国的天然国界
).
★
Dante Alighieri And the Divine Comedy
但丁和他的《神曲》
30 Dante Alighieri
但丁
.
阿里杰瑞
(1265-1321)
※
He was the greatest poet of Italy.
※
He
was
also
a
prose
writer,
literary
theorist,
moral
philosopher
and
political
thinker.
※
His masterpiece
The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of the
world
literature.
※
The
profound vision of the medieval Christian world
and humanistic ideas
expressed in his poem foreshadowed
(
预示
)the spirit of
Renaissance (
文艺复兴
).
※
The
fact
that
The
Divine
Comedy
was
written
in
Italian
rather
than
in
Latin
influenced decisively the evolution of
European literature away from its origins
in Latin culture to a new varied
expression.
5
★
Geoffrey
Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales
乔叟与《坎特伯雷故事集》
31
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里
.
< br>乔叟
(1340-1400)
※
He
was an English poet and honoured as a full-blown
flower of English
medieval literature.
※
He is to be
regarded as the first short story teller and the
first modern poet
in English
literature.
※
His
masterpiece:
The Canterbury Tales
《坎特伯雷故事集》
noted
for
their
power
of
observation,
piercing
irony,
sense
of
humour and warm humanity.
★
Renaissance in
Italy-New Literature
32 Giovanni Boccaccio
博伽丘
(1313- 1375)
※
was an Italian author and poet
※
a close friend and correspondent of
Petrarch (
彼德拉克
)
※
an important
Renaissance humanist
※
His
greatest work : the
Decameron
《十日谈》
1
）
It is a
collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies
and three younger gentlemen
on their way to escape the
Black Death
of 1348.
2
）
It
is full of praises of true love and wisdom and
also satire
on the hypocrisy
(
伪善
) of the priest and the
aristocrat.
3
）
It
is
the
greatest
achievement
of
prose
fiction
in
the
Middle Ages.
33 Francesco
Petrarch
彼得拉克
(1304-1374)
※
He
was a great figure in Italian literature and one
of the great humanist duringthe
time of
the Renaissance.
※
He was a literary master not only in
lyric poetry but also a in Prose.
※
His
works :
1)
Canzoniers
《坎佐尼》
:a book of
lyrical songs written in his
Italian
dialect
2) Africa
《非洲》
:a history
about the second Punic War
3) Metrical
Epistles
《抒情诗集》
: love lyrics
★
Renaissance in Italy- Early Renaissance
Artists
34
Giotto
乔托
(1266-1337)
※
the forerunner
of the Renaissance
※
an architect
for the Cathedral in Florence
※
His
works : Flight into Egypt
《逃亡非洲》
Betrayal of Judas
《犹大的背叛》
6
35
Filippo Brunelleschi
布鲁内莱斯基
(1377-1446)
※
He was an Italian architect and showed
a systematic use of perspective in the
designing of church
※
The
motif
(
文艺作品的中心思想
)
that
he
introduced
was
widely
imitated
during the Renaissance
※
He
was the pioneer of building the dome for the
cathedral in Florence
36
Donatello
多纳太罗
(1386-1466)
※
He was a
sculptor.
※
He was one of
the first artists engaged in anatomy for the
Knowledge of human
body.
※
His
works : David
《大卫》
The Cattamelata
Equestrian statue
《格达梅拉骑马像》
37 Giorgione
乔尔乔涅
(1477-1510)
※
He was a painter of Venice.
※
His
revolutionary achievement in making happy use of
colour schemes to unify
his picture
influenced his contemporaries.
※
major works : Titian
《希神提坦》
Tempesta
《暴风雨》
Sleeping Venus
《入睡的维纳斯》
★
Renaissance in
Italy- High Renaissance Artists
38 Leonardo da Vinci
列奥纳多
.
达芬奇
(1452-1519)
※
He was a man of
many talents.
→
a
painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician,
an engineer, and a
scientist.
※
He was born in
a small town near Florence.
※
His
actual
output
(
作品
)
was
very
small
due
to
his
diverse
interest,
his
far-reaching curiosity
in nature and his endless scientific experiments
and
designings.
※
In Painting he stressed the expression
of emotional states, which, to him, is the
heart of painting.
※
His major works :
Last
Supper
《最后的晚餐》
→
fresco
(
壁画
)
Mona Lisa
《蒙娜丽莎》
→
portrait (
肖像画
)
39
Michelangelo
米开朗琪罗
(1475-1564)
※
He was Italian
sculptor, painter, architect and poet.
※
He
was a towering figure of the Renaissance.
※
His drawings were influenced by Giotto
(
乔托
) and his sculpture
showed
the
influence of Donatello
(
多纳太罗
).
※
His
major works : 1) David
《大卫》
:a
sculpture
2) Sistine Chapel
《
西斯庭教堂》
: fresco
on the ceiling of the
7
Chapel
3)the
Genesis
《创世纪》
:fresco on the
ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel
4) Dying
Slave
《濒临死亡的奴隶》
: a marble
statue
5)Moses
《摩西》
:
carved painting
40 Raphael
拉斐尔
(1483-1520)
※
He was one of the major painters during
the Renaissance.
※
He was a men of a sweetness temper.
※
He was best
known for his
Madonna
(
圣母玛利亚的画像
).
※
His
achievements were great, ranging from paintings to
designing of buildings,
from portrait
painting to mural painting
※
His
famous works
: Madonna
《圣母玛利亚》
School of Athens
《雅典学派》
41 Titian
提香
(1488-1576)
※
a Venetian
painter
※
the most
prolific (
作品丰富的
) of the
great Venetian painters of the
western world
※
a supreme colorist
※
the father of the modern mode of
painting, in a broad sense
※
His
famous works :
The Venus of
Urbino
《乌尔宾斯的维纳斯》
Sacred and Profane
Love
《神圣与玷污的爱》
Madonna of the Pesaro Family
《佩扎罗》
（意大利东部港市）
Man with the
Glove
《戴手套的男人》
★
Reformation and
Counter-Reformation
★
Pre-Luther Religious
Reformers(
路德教之前的改革者
)
42 John
Wycliffe
威克里夫
(1330-1384)
※
the Chief forerunner of Reformation.
※
He taught
theology and philosophy at Oxford.
※
He made many
vigorous attacks in both Latin and English on
orthodox
church
doctrines.
※
He
spread the doctrine that the Bible is the supreme
authority
※
He
translated the Bible into English for the first
time.
43 Jan Hus / Huss
John
胡斯
(1372-1415)
※
a
Czech religious leader.
※
He was imprisoned and exiled for his
reformist ideas and patriotic activities.
※
His
writings
were condemned by the Roman
Catholic Church who sentenced
him to be
burnt at stake (
火刑
).
★
Martin Luther and His Doctrine (
马丁
.
路德与他的教义
)
44
※
Martin Luther
was the German
leader of the protestant Reformation. His
8