-
第一讲
名词和冠词
一
名词
：
世界上
由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分
类：<
/p>
专有名词和普通名词
专有名词
：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。
（专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写）
①
表示人：
Yang Liwei
杨利伟
Alice
爱丽丝
②
表示事物：
the Changjiang River
长江
December
十二月
③
表示地名：
Macao
澳门
New York
纽约
④
表示节日
:
Christmas Day
圣诞节
Children’s Day
儿童节
⑤
表示机构：
WTO
世界贸易组织
the
University of London
伦敦大学
普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。
类
别
可
用来指单个人或者事物的名词。
用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。
定
义
例
词
taxi
出租车
scientist
科学家
computer
电脑
army
军队
police
警察
family
警察
class
班级
普
通
名
词
数
个体名词
名
词
集体名词
不
可
数
名
词
物质名词
抽象名词
（一）名词的单复数形式：
可数名词的单复数形式
1.
规则变化
构成法
一般情况在词尾加
-s
以
s,x,sh,ch
结尾的词，在词尾加
-es
以
ce,se,ze,
(d)ge
等结尾的词直接加
-s
以辅音字母
+y
结尾的词，
y
变成
i
再加
-es
以辅音字母
+o
结尾的词，多数在词尾加
-es
例
shop-shops
desk-desks
bus-buses
box-boxes
watch-
watches
brush--brushes
face-faces
house-houses
page
—
pages
baby
—
babies
city
—
cities
factory
—
factories
story--stories
tomato
—
tomatoes
hero
—
heroes
potato
—
potatoes
以元音字母
+o
结尾的词和某些以
o
结尾的外
radio
—
radios
photo
—
photos
来词，加
-s
piano
—
pianos
zoo--zoos
以
f
或
fe
结尾的词，
多数变
f
或
fe<
/p>
为
v,
加
-es
,
少数不变，只在词尾加
-s
2.
不规则变化
⑴
名词复数的特殊形式
45
用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状
态或动作
等抽象概念的名词。
water
水
wind
风
honesty
诚实
love
热爱
silence
安静
life
生活
用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。
glass
玻璃
steel
钢铁
life
—
lives
knife
—
knives
wife
—
wives
roof
—
roofs
man
—
men,
woman
—
women,
policeman
—
policemen,
Englishman
—
Englishmen,
foot
—
feet,
tooth
—
teeth,
child
—
children,
German
—
Germans
⑵
有些名词的单复数形式同形
Chinese,
Japanese, deer, sheep, fish
⑶
合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式
girl student
—
girl
students
pencil-
box
—
pencil-boxes
⑷
由
man
和
woman
构成的合成词，全部变成复数
man
doctor
—
men doctors
woman teacher
---women teachers
⑸
只有复数的名词
trousers,
glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses,
stairs, people, scissors, chopsticks
⑹
不可数名词的数量表达
a piece of bread/meat;
five drops of
water;
six bags
of rice;
seven pairs of
shoes;
eight basketball of apples;
nine piece of news
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
1. Mrs. Lenny gave us ______________ on
how to learn English well.
A) some advices
B) many advices
C) some advice
D) an advice
2. If these trousers are too big, buy a
small _______________
A) set
B) one
C) pair
D) copy
3. A group of __________
are talking about two ______________
A) Frenchmans;
Germen
B) Germans; Frenchmans
C) Frenchmen;
Germans
D) German; Frenchmen
4. ---What would you like to drink,
girls? ---______________, please.
A) two cup of coffee
B) two cups of coffee
C) two cups of coffees
D) two cup of
coffees
5. My mother and my
sister are both _____________________
A) woman teachers
B)women teacher
C) woman teacher
D)
women teachers
6. We
needn
’
t buy any __________.
There are many in the fridge.
A) fruit
B) milk
C) meat
D) eggs
7. How
many ___________ can you see?
A)
milks
B) a glass of milk
C)
glasses of milks
D) glasses of milk
8. I think maths
______________ very useful.
A) is
B) are
C)
am
D) be
9. The little baby has two
__________ already.
A) tooth
B)
tooths
C) teeth
D) teeths
10.
I
’
m thirsty, please make
_________ for me.
A) a tea
B) a cup of tea
C) teas
D) a cup of teas
B
组：用所给词的正确形式填空
1. I have two
_________________(knife).
2. They come from different
_________________(country).
3. The _________(meet) begins at 2:00
in the afternoon.
4. We
have quite lots of nice ___________(photo). Let me
show you some of them.
45
5.
How many ___________(foot) does a cat have?
6. There are many ___________(bus) on
the road.
7. Look at the
picture, a lion is running after a group of
_____________(deer).
8. Here is a
birthday card for you with our best _____(wish).
9. Changjiang River is one of the
longest ______________(river) in China.
10. The students in Class 1 are all
__________________(Japan).
C
组：判断对错
1.
A: My glasses
is broken. (
)
B: My glasses
are broken.
(
)
2.
A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes.
(
)
B:
I want to buy two shoes.
(
)
3.
A: I need a few ink.
(
).
B: I need a little ink.
(
)
4.
A: Don
’
t eat too
much meat. (
)
B:
Don
’
t eat too much meats.
(
)
5.
A: May I borrow two
radioes?
(
)
B: May I borrow two radios?
(
)
(
二
)
名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式
1.
单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加
’s
Jim’s sister
Lucy
’
s pen
2.
以
s
结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加
’
the
students
’
book
Teachers
’
Day
3.
不以
s
结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加
’
s
Children
’
s Day
Women
’
s Day
4.
表示几个人共有的东西，只需
要在最后一个人的名词后面加
’
s,
Lucy and
Lily
’
s bedroom
5.
表示各自所有的，
则每个名词都加
’
s
Lucy
’
s and
Lily
’
s desks
6.
名词所有格常用省略式，
省去被名词所有格修饰的名词
at the
doctor
’
s
7.
“
of+
名词所有格”
，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个
a friend of my
father
’
s
the window of the room
A
组：
选择最佳答案
1.
Tony
’
s car is more beautiful
than _______________________.
A) his
brother
’
s and sister
B) his brother
and sister
C) his brothers and sisters
D) his brother
and sister
’
s
2. ---How long does it take to get to
the station? ---It
’
s
____________ walk.
A) six
minute
’
s
B)
six-minutes
C) six
minutes
’
D)
six minutes
3. These are
_____________ bikes.
A) Jin and
Sam
’
s
B)
Jim
’
s and Sam
C) Jim and Sam
D)
Jim
’
s and
Sam
’
s
4. Twelve __________ were hurt, but no
__________ were lost in the accident.
A) person; life
B) people;
lives
C) peoples;
lives
D) persons; life
5.
There
’
s something important
in _________________.
A) paper of today
B) today
newspaper
’
s
C) today newspaper
D)
today
’
s newspaper
6. Miss Smith is a friend of
_______________
A)
Mary
’
s
mother
’
s
B)
Mary
’
s mother
C) Mary mother
’
s
D)
mother
’
s of Mary
7. Joan is _____________ sister.
A) Mary and Jack
B)
Mary
’
s and
Jack
’
s
C)
Mary
’
s and Jack
D) Mary and
Jack
’
s
8. I will give you __________ to finish
it.
A) two
week
’
s time
B) two week time
C)
two weeks
’
time
D) two weeks
time
9. This is not your
radio, but __________________
A) yours
brother
B) your
brother
’
s
C)
you brother
’
s
D)
yours brother
’
s
10. My school is about twenty
__________ walk from here?
45
A)minute
B)
minutes
’
C) minute
’
s
D)
minutes
二
冠词
：
英语中名词前常会出现
a,an
或
the
这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的
人或事物，冠词是虚
词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子
成分。
（一）不定冠词
a; an
1.
不定冠词表示数量中的“一个”
，但是数的概念没有
o
ne
强烈。修饰单数可数名词。
用来
指
人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。
a
用在辅音因素开头的词前，
a
pen, a useful book;
an
用在以元音因素开头的词前，
an apple, an
hour, an honest boy
2.
用在某些固定的短语中：
in a
minute, for a walk, have a good time, have a
look
等
（二）定冠词的用法
1.
特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。
Look at the blackboard.
2.
用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。
the sun, the moon, the
earth
3.
对前面已提到过
的人或事物，第二次提到时加定冠词，用以表示特指。
I found a
picture in the box. The picture was very
beautiful.
4.
用在序数词或形容词最高级前。
They live on the tenth
floor.
5.
用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人”
the
old,
the young, the poor,
the rich,
the deaf,
the
blind
6.
用在乐器名称前
play the violin
play the piano
7.
在姓氏的复数形式之前，表示一家人
the Smiths
the Lis
8.
用在方位词前
9.
用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前
10.
用在某些固定的词组中
in the morning
in the open air
(
三
)
不用冠词的情况
1.
某些专有名词前
China,
Class Four,
2.
在球类运动名称和三餐饭前面，一般不用冠词
have lunch,
play football
3.
在季节，日期，星期，节日和学科的名称前，不用冠词
in spring,
in June, on Monday
4.
在不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）前面，
一般不用冠词
We
have all played with snow and ice.
5.
名词前面已经作定语用的
this, these, that, those, my, their,
your, his, some, many
等词时，常常
不用冠词。
her pocket,
this handbag, some pizza
6.
一些习惯用法和固定短语中，
常不用冠词
in bed, after school, by bus
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
1. There
’
s
____________
“
h
”
in
the word
“
house
”<
/p>
.
A) a
B) /
C) an
D)
the
2. Jack bought
_________ useful book. _________ book is also very
interesting.
A)
an; The
B) a; The
C) an; /
D) a; A
3. ---Can I help you, madam?
---I
’
m looking for
________pair of shoes for my daughter.
A) the
B) an
C)
a
D) some
4. _________
elephant is much heavier than a house.
45
A) A
B)
An
C) The
D) /
5. After
watching TV
, she played __________
guitar for an hour.
A) /
B)
the
C)
an
D) a
6. ---Where is Xiao Ming?
---He
’
s having _________
rest over there.
A) a
B)
an
C) the
D) /
7. We have three meals
______ day. We have _____ breakfast at 6:30 in
_____morning every day.
A) the; the; the
B) the;/; the
C)
a;/;the
d)
a; the; the
8. The cartoon
“
Mulan
”
is _______ interesting film and ________ story
happened in China.
A) a; the
B) an; the
C) the; a
D) an; a
9. In the United States,
Father
’
s Day falls on
_______ third Sunday in _________ June.
A)
the; /
B) the; a
C)
/; the
D) a; /
10. What ________ interesting book it
is!
A) a
B) an
C) the
D)
/
B
组：判断对错
1. Please turn off lights before you
leave.
(
)
2. I live on a second floor of this
building.
(
)
3. I like to climb the
mountain in the autumn.
(
)
4.
The little boy wanted to go to cinema.
(
)
5. I went to
New York by car.
(
)
本节妙语巧记
名词单数变复数规则
：
名词单数变复数，一般加
-s
没有错。
词尾若是
s,x,ch,sh,
直接加上
—
es
。
词尾若是
f
或
fe,
加
–
s
之前要变
ve
。
“辅音字母
+y
”
来结尾，
变
< br>y
为
i
有道理，
再加
-es
没问题。
词尾字母若是
o,
加
-es
有
tomato
和
potato
。
不规则变化要特别记，
oo
常要变
ee, foot
—
feet
< br>是一例。
男人女人
a
变
e, woman
—
women
看仔细。
child
复数要记住，
“孩子们“
是
children
。
定冠词的用法：
特指双方熟悉，上文以及提及；
世上独一无二，
序数词最高级；
某些专有名词，习惯用语乐器。
45
第二讲
代词和数词
一
代词
代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，不定式，动词的
-ing<
/p>
形式或句子的词。
1.
人称代词：
人称代词的主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。
格
数
单数
复数
人
称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
I
you
he,she,it
me
you
him,her,it
we
you
they
us
you
them
注意：
不同的人称合在一起使用时，一般的排序为：
单数：
you and I; you and he; he
and I; you, he and I
复数：
we and you; we and they;
you and they; we, you and they
2.
物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式，表示“所有”
词义
类型
形容词性
名词性
我的
my
mine
你的
your
yours
他的
his
his
她的
her
hers
它的
its
its
第二人称
yourself
yourselves
我们的
你们的
他（她，它）们的
our
ours
your
yours
their
theirs
3.
反身代词：
表示我（们）自己，你（们）自己，他、它、她（们）自己的词
人称
数
单数
复数
第一人称
myself
ourselves
第三人称
himself, herself, itself
themselves
4.
疑问代词：
what
，
which, who,
whom, whose
等
5.
指示代词：
< br>是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，具有指定的含义。
this
< br>；
that; these; those
6.
不定代词：不明确指代某个（
某些）人，某个（些）事物的代词。
⑴
some, any,
many, much, a lot of
与
lots
of
①
many
修饰或代词可数名词的复数。
②
much
修饰或代替不可数名词。
③
a lot
of
和
lots
of
既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。
④
some
和
any
< br>表示“一些”
，即不确定的或未知的数量数目。
Some
通常用于肯定句中，
any
用于否定句
，
疑问句和条件句中。
Some
可用在
表示邀请或请求的疑问句中，
强调希望对方给予
肯定回答。
Would you like some apples?
⑵
other
与
another
的用法
①
other
具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物。
other
表示“另外的”
，
“其他的”
，
the other
表示
“两者中的另一个”
，
the
others
表示“其余的（
指在一个范围内的其他全部）
”
，
ot
hers
用于泛
指，表示“其余的人或物”
。
②
another
具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物，表示“
另一个”
（是泛指中的“另外一个”
，
45
并不是两者中的另一个）或“又一个”
。
⑶
each
与
every
表示“每一”
①
each
强调“个别”
，可单独使用，也可修饰单数名词或跟
of
引导的介词短语；
every
修饰单
数名词，强调“整体”
，相当于汉语中的“每个都”
。
②
everyone
与
every on
e
的区别：
everyone
意为“每
人”
，
“人人”
，只指人，不指物，后
面不能
跟
of
引导的介词短语；
every one
意为“每个”
，通常用
来指物，后面能跟
of
引导的介词短语。
③
every
及其所构成的复合代词
everybody,
everyone,
everything
作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
④
“
eve
ry+
基数词
+
复数名词”或“
every+
序数词
+
单数名词”表示“每隔
……”
,
译成汉语减去
一：
every three days
每隔两天
every third days
每三天
⑷
no
和
none
表示“无”
，
“没有”
①
no= not a, not any
作定语，后跟可数名词
或不可数名词；
none
后跟引导的介词短语，在句中
作主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人”
。
②
nobody, no one,
nothing
只能单独使用，后面不跟
of
< br>引导的介词短语。
③
nobody, no one, nothing
和
none
常用作简略答语。
一般情况下，
nothing
回答
what
问句；
nobody
或
no one
回答
who
问句；
none
回答
how
many
或
how
much
问句。
⑸
all, both,
whole
表示“都”
，
“全部
”
①
both
指两个人或事物，而
all
指三个或者三个以上的人或事物。<
/p>
②
both
和
all
都可直接修饰名词；名词前如
有限定时，其前只能用
both of
或
all
of.
。
③
both
和
all
在句中位于
be
动词之后，行为动词之前，如有情态动词或
助动词，则位于情态动
词或助动词与行为动词之前。
注：
both
的反义词是
neither;
all
的反义词是
none
⑹
neither
与
either
的用法：
neither
表示
“
两者都不
”
；
either
表示“两者之一”或“两者中的任何一个”
< br>。
后面跟单数名
词或“
of+
宾格人称代词
/
带限定词的复数名词”
。
⑺
few, a
few
和
little, a little
①
few
和
a few
指代可数名词；
little
和
a little
指代不可数名词。
a little
修饰不可数名词时相
当于
a bit of. few
和
little
表示“没有几个”
，
“很
少”
，
含否定意义；
a few
和
a little
表示“有
几个”
，
“有一些”
，
含有肯定意义
②
口语中常用
only a few
或
only a little
表示“
只有一些（点）
”
，
quite a
few
表示“相当多”
⑻
one, ones
指代名词
①
one
指代单数可数名词，
ones
指代复数名词，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。
②
one
或
ones
前有
the, this,
that
或
these,
those
等词时，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
(
人称代词，
物主代词，反身代词
)
1. Mary, please show ___________ your
picture.
A) my
B) mine
C) I
D) me
2. ---Did
you find your watch yesterday?
---No, I
didn
’
t find _________, but
I
’
ve bought
____________________.
A) it; it
B) one; one
C) it; one
D)
one; it
3. Do you know the
boy sitting between Peter and _____________?
A) she
B) I
C)
his
D) me
4.
What
’
s wrong with
______________?
A) him
B) he
C) his
D) /
45
5. The skirt is
____________. She made it _______________.
A) hers;
herself
B) her; herself
C) herself; hers
D) herself; her
6. Let ____________ carry
the heavy bag for the old woman.
A) you and
B) I and you
C) me and you
D) you and me
7.
---Would you like some more ice? ---Yes. Just
_______________
A) a few
B) few
C) little
D) a little
8. I saw _________ playing
in the garden at that time.
A) them
B) they
C) their
D)
theirs
9. He has a good
room, but I don
’
t think
it
’
s a big as ______________
A) I
B)
me
C) mine
D) my
10. Mr. Li
teaches __________ English.
A) us
B) we
C) our
D)
ours
11. A friend of ___________ came
here yesterday.
A) my
B)
his
C) her
D) your
12. You
cannot finish the work __________. Let me give you
a helping hand.
A) you
B) yourself
C)
by you
D) you only
B
组：选择最佳答案（不定代词）
1. I want _________ books to read. Do
you have ___________?
A) some; any
B)
any; some
C) any; any
D) some; some
2. I have two pens. One is red,
_________ is blue.
A) the other
B) others
C) other
D)
another
3. ---You look so
happy! ---Jack says I am pretty. __________ has
ever told me that before.
A) Somebody
B) Anybody
C)Everybody
D) Nobody
4. ---Can you cook eggs with tomatoes?
---Yes, of course. ____________ can do
it, it is easy.
A) Anyone
B) Someone
C)
No one
D) Everyone else
5. Mike and Joan are __________ good at
maths.
A)
neither
B) both
C) each
D) no one
6. There is _________ snow this winter.
A)
many
B) more
C) much
D) a few
7. There are six people in
the office. ___________ of them are Party members.
A) All
B)
Both
C) No one
D) Neither
8.
That scientist was too busy to work in his lab. He
had ________ time to do the research work.
A) few
B) a few
C) little
D) a little
9. All the students had gone out. There
was __________ in the classroom.
A) somebody
B) anybody
C)
nobody
D) everybody
10. ---When shall we go to the park,
this morning or this afternoon?
---_________ is
OK. I
’
m free the whole day.
A)
Either
B) Neither
C) None
D)
Both
C
组：用所给词的正确形式填空
1.
Let _______ have a look. The coat
isn
’
t mine. __________ coat
is on the bed. (I)
2.
---Have you got ________ blue T-shirts?
---No, but we
’
ve
got _________ brown ones. (some)
3. ---Do you like these yellow flowers?
45
---No, but I
like the red _________(one)
4. Help
_________ to some fish, Timmy.
It
’
s delicious. (you)
5. __________ did you go to the movie
with? (who)
6. She gave the
bats to you and ___________(myself)
7. David is an old classmate of
______________(we).
8. Tom
runs as fast as _______________(I)
D
组：单句改错：下面每句均有一处错误，指出并加以改正
(
) 1. ---Are those English-
Chinese dictionaries? ---Yes, those are.
A
B
C
D
(
) 2. Everyone of the buses is here.
A
B
C
D
(
) 3. He sister is nine this year.
A
B
C
D
(
) 4.
---Who
’
s that?
---It is Peter.
A
B
C
D
(
) 5. ---Who are
not at school today?
A
B
C
D
(
) 6. My parents
both are Chinese teachers.
A
B
C
D
(
)7. There are six
storybooks on the shelf. What one do you want?
A
B
C
D
(
)8.
She will teach our English.
A
B
C
D
(
) 9. ---Whose
bike is this? ---It
’
s me.
A
B C
D
(
) 10. Could you let me have any money,
mother?
A
B
C
D
二
数词
：
表示数
目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词分为基数词，序数词，小数，分数和百分数。
1.
基数词：表示数目或数量多少的词
100
以下的基本基数词
1--10
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5
five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10
ten
11--19
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20--90
20 twenty
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
45
100
以上的基本基数词
100
a/ one hundred
1,000
a/ one thousand
1,000,000
a/ one million
1,000,000,000
a/ one
billion(
美
)
a/ one
thousand million
(
英
)
⑴表
示“几十几”
（
21-99
）的基础词
，由十位数和个位数之间加连字号“
-
”构成。
⑵表示“几百几”
（
101-999
）的基数词，百位数
hun
dred
之后加
and,
再加十位数或个位数。
⑶
1
，
000
以上的数目表
示方法是，从右向左用分节号“，
”分节，每三个数字为一个节，第一
< br>个分节号前用
thousand,
第二个分节号前用
million,
第三个分节号前用
billion(
美
)
如：
1
，
214
，
000
，
000
one
billion, two hundred and fourteen million
⑷
基数词表示具体数目时，
hundred,
thousand, million
用单数。在表示“数百”
，
“数千”
，
“数百
< br>万”等不确定数目时，在
hundreds, thousands,
millions
后接“
of+
名词
复数”
。
⑸
表示“几十”的基数词的复数形式，可用来表示某人的岁数或年代。
⑹
“基础词
< br>+
名词”构成的合成形容词作定语，其中的名词用单数
:
two-month holiday
两个月的假期
2.
序数词：表示顺序和等级
基本序数词的构成
1
st
first
2
nd
second
3
rd
third
4
th
fourth
5
th
fifth
6
th
sixth
7
th
seventh
8
th
eight
9
th
ninth
10
th
tenth
11
th
eleventh
12
th
twelfth
13
th
thirteenth
14
th
fourteenth
15
th
fifteenth
16
th
sixteenth
17
th
seventeenth
18
th
eighteenth
19
th
nineteenth
20
th
twentieth
21
st
twenty-first
22
nd
twenty-second
23
rd
twenty-third
24
th
twenty-fourth
25
th
twenty-fifth
26
th
twenty-sixth
27
th
twenty-seventh
28
th
twenty-eighth
29
th
twenty-ninth
30
th
thirtieth
40
th
fortieth
50
th
fiftieth
60
th
sixtieth
70
th
seventieth
80
th
eightieth
90
th
ninetieth
100
th
one hundredth
1000
th
one thousandth
1,000,000
th
one millionth
1,000,000,000
th
one billionth
⑴
序数词前要加定冠词
the,
在句中作定语放在被修饰的名词前。
⑵
序数词前加不定冠词
a/an
，表示“再一”
，
“又一”的意思
⑶
给东西编号时，序号在前用序数词，序号在后用基数词。
⑷
房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读。
⑸
分数表示法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；
分子是
1
，分母用单数；分子大于
1
，
分母
用复数：
one fourth
或
a quarter
1/4,
three fourths
3/4
3.
年份，日期，时刻读法
⑴
年份：四位数通常分两组来读。
1905
读作
nineteen
five
或
nineteen and five
⑵
日期，世纪用序数词表示。
⑶
时刻的读法
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
1. _________ of the students are boys
in our school.
A) Two thirds
B) Two third
C) Second three
D) Second thirds
2. It is ____________ next Sunday.
A) Mary ninth
birthday
B) Mary nine birthday
C)
Mary
’
s nine birthday
D)
Mary
’
s ninth birthday
3. ---Could you please tell
me what time it is now?
---Certainly,
it
’
s ___________.
A) ten and
twenty
B) twenty past
ten
C) ten twenty
D) both B and C
4. The __________ letter in the word
“
possible
”
is
“
i
”
.
45
A) five
B) second
C) two
D) fifth
5. It is over __________
from Shijiazhuang to Beijing.
A) three
hours
’
drive
B) three
hour
’
s drive
C) three
hours
’
drives
D) three hours
drive
6. Our summer holiday is coming.
Two ________ the students in our school will go to
the beach.
A)
hundred
B) hundreds
C) hundred of
D)
hundreds of
7. ---Excuse
me, how does this number 20,135 read? ---It reads
__________________
A) twenty thousands one hundred and
thirty-five.
B)
twenty thousand one hundred thirty five
C) twenty
thousand one hundred and thirty- five
D) twenty
thousands one hundred thirty five
8. He
wrote a ___________ report.
A) two-thousand-words
B) two-
thousand-word
C) two-thousands-word
D) two-thousands-words
9.
---What
’
s one fourth and a
half, do you know
？
---Yes,
it
’
s ______________________
A) two sixths
B) three fourths
C) one three
D) three sixths
10. The _________ month of the year is
December.
A) two
B) second
C) twelve
D)
twelfth
B
组：用所给词的正确形式填空
1. We live on ______________ floor.
(nine).
2. Please take _____________
turning on the left. (two)
3.
__________ month is April. (four)
4. We
will learn ____________ unit. (three)
5. __________ runner is a winner.
(eight)
6. The meeting will be finished
on December the _________________(twenty-three).
7. October is the ___________(ten)
month of the year.
8. Look at the
photo! The _________(five) man from the left is
our class teacher, Mr. Wang.
9. Does
Mary sit in the ___________(one) row?
10. The ____________(twelve) month of
the year is December.
C
组：单句改错：下面每句均有一处错误，指出并加以改正
(
) 1. I
’
m
in
Class Three, Seven Grade.
A
B
C
D
(
)
2. What
Grade
are
you
in ?
A
B
C
D
(
) 3. It
’
s
twelve
thirty
o
’
clock.
A
B
C
D
(
) 4.
---What
’
s the time? ---It
was September 20
th
, 2006.
A
B
C
D
(
) 5. Thursday is the fiveth
day of
a week.
A
B
C
D
(
) 6. His
phone
number
is
three, four, nine; zero, nine, two,
eight.
A
B
C
D
(
) 7. I usually
get up
at
half
to
six in the morning.
A
B
C
D
45
(
) 8. This is his twentieth-
first trip this year.
A
B
C
D
(
) 9. It takes him half hour
to get to work by car.
A
B
C
D
(
)
10. There are fourty students in our class.
A
B
C
D
本节妙语巧记
巧辩
few, a few
和
little, a
little
few
和
little
含义同，句中意义是“否定”
。
a few
和
a little
含义同，句中意义是“肯定”
。
few
和
little
作用同，可数名词来限定。
a few
和
a
little
作用同，不可数名词来限定。
英语分数表示法及其读法歌诀
分子基数词，分母序数词。
分子大于
1
，分母加
-s.
分母若是
2
和
4
，
half, quarter
来代替。
带分数很简单，其前要把整数添。
基数词变序数词口诀
基变序，有规律，词尾加上
th
；
一二三，特殊记，词尾字母
t d d
；
八减
t
，九减
e ,
f
要把
ve
替
；
ty
把
y
变成
i
，记住
th
前有个
e
；
几十几，更好记，只变个位就可以。
45
第三讲
形容词和副词
一
形容词
形容词是描述人和事物的特征，性质，属性或状态的一种开放
性词类。包括简单形容词和
复合形容词两类。
形容词的语法功能：
功能
定语
表语
解释
例句
Harbin is a nice city in
North China.
修饰名词，
说明其性质，
特征
There
’
s nothing
serious at all.
(
没有什么要紧的事
)
与连系动词构成系表结构，
说
The
tea is very strong.
明主语的性质，状态或特征。
I
feel sick today.
The room is bright.
说明宾语的性质，
状态或特征
Don’t make your parents angry.
Who has left the door
open?
说明主语的性质，
状态或特征
Hungry and tired, he had to stop
working.
She
was
standing
in
the
dark,
unable
to
see
anything.
她在黑暗处，什么也看不见。
宾语补足语
主语补足语
1.
形容词作表语要放在系动词后面。
常见的系动词有：
look
看起来，
sound
听起来，
smell
闻起来，
taste
尝起来，
get
变得，
become
变成，
grow
长成，
turn
转变成，
go
变，
come
成为，
seem
看上去，
keep
保持。
2.
形容词修饰
something, anything,
nothing,
everything
等复合不定代词时，须放在代词的后面。
3.
表示长，宽，高，深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。
4. else
只能做后置定语。
修饰疑问代词
what, who, whom, whose
和不定代词
something, anything,
nothing, somebody, anybody,
nobody
等。
5.
只能作表语的形容词
afraid
害怕的；
alone
独自的；
asleep
睡着的；
awake
醒着的；
alive
活着的；
well
健康的；
ill
病的；
frightened
害怕的
6.
只能作定语的形容词
⑴
little
< br>小的，
only
唯一的；
woo
den
木质的；
woolen
羊毛质的；
elder
年长的
⑵
复合形容词：
English-speaking
说英语的；
glass-topped
玻璃罩的；
kind-hearted
善良的；
man-made
人造的
take-away
可以带走的
7.
貌似副词的形容词：
lonely
独自的
friendly
友好的
lively
生动的
lovely
可爱的
8.
记住下列句型
⑴
“
It's + adj. + of+ sb.+
不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”
。
注意：这一句型中的形容词有
good, kind,
nice, polite(
礼貌的
), clever(
聪明的
)
，
foo
lish(
愚蠢的
)
，
lazy (
懒惰的
)
，
careful(
细心的
)
，
careless(
粗
心的
)
，
right(
正确的
),
wrong
等等。
⑵
“
It's + adj. +for +sb.+
不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”
< br>注意：这一句型常用的形容词有
difficult(
困
难
)
，
ea
sy(
容易的
)
，
hard(
艰难的
)
，
dangerous(
危险
的
)
，
safe(
安全的
)
，
useful(<
/p>
有益的
)
，
pl
easant(
舒适的
)
，
interesting
（有趣的）
，
impossible(
不可
能的
)
等等。
⑶
表示感情或情绪的形容词，
如
glad(
高兴的
)
，
pleased(
高兴的
)
，
sorry(
遗憾
的，
抱歉的
)
，
sad(
忧
伤的
)
< br>，
thankful(
欣慰的
)
等，其后常接不定式。
45
⑷
表示能力和意志的形容词，如
ready(
乐意的，有准备的
)
，
able
（有能力的）
，
sure(
一定
)
，
certain(
一定
)
等，其后常接不定式。
⑸
表示判断的形容词
right,
wrong,
good,
nice,
terrible,
wonderful,
surprising,
interesting,
lucky,
strange, important,
necessary
等，
可用于
“
It is + adj. +for sb. +
不定式
”
或
“
It is + adj.
+that
从句”
两种句型中。
9.
形容词的比较级和最高级
英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表
达事物的等级差别，分别是原级、比较级和最高级。大部
分形容词的比较级和最高级是通
过变化词尾来实现的，属于规则变化，但也有少数是没有规则
的。
英语中有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，
因此没有比较级和最高级。
这类形容词有：
right
正确
wrong
错误
excellent
最好的
final
最后的
last
最后的
possible
可能的
first
第一
eastern
东方的
empty
空的
impossible
不可能的
wooden
木质的
favourite
最喜欢的
规则变化：
构成
一般加
-er, -est
以不发音的
e
结尾，
加
-r, -st
以一个辅音字母结尾
的重读闭音节，
双写
这一辅音字母后再加
-er,-est
以辅音字母
+
y
结尾
的词，将
y
变为
i
再
加
-er, -est
其他双音节词，多音
节词和分词形容词，
在词前加
more, most
不规则变化：
原级
good; well
bad; ill
little
much, many
far
比较级
better
worse
less
more
farther
（只指距离，更远的）
further
（指距离：更远的，
等同于
farther,
指程度，更深
入的）
older
（指年龄，新旧
：较老
的，
较旧的；
指血缘：
长辈的，
此时等同于
elder
）
elder
(
只指血缘：长辈的
)
45
原级
long
长的
nice
好的
late
晚的
big
大的
hot
热的
fat
胖的
thin
瘦的
happy
高兴的
heavy
重的
easy
容易的
difficult
困难的
careful
仔细的
interesting
有趣的
tired
疲劳的
比较级
longer
更长的
nicer
更好的
later
更晚的
bigger
更大的
hotter
更热的
fatter
更胖的
thinner
更瘦的
happier
更高兴的
heavier
更重的
easier
更容易的
more ~
更困难的
more
~
更仔细的
more~
更有趣的
more~
更疲劳的
最高级
best
worst
Least
most
最高级
longest
最长的
nicest
最好的
latest
最晚的
biggest
最大的
hottest
最热的
fattest
最胖的
thinnest
最受的
happiest
最高兴的
heaviest
最重的
easiest
最容易的
most~
最困难的
most~
最仔细的
most~
最有趣的
most~
最疲劳的
farthest
（只指距离，最远的）
furthest
（指距离：最远的，
等同于
farther,
指程度，
更深
入的）
oldest
（指年龄，新旧：较老
的，
较旧的；
指
血缘：
长辈的，
此时等同于
elder
）
eldest
(
只指血缘：长辈的
)
old
10.
形容词比较等级的用法：
⑴
原级的常用句型结构
①“甲
+be+as+
原级
+as+
< br>乙”表示甲乙两者程度相同。
②“甲
< br>+be+not+as/so+
原级
+as+
乙”表示“甲不如乙”
。
③
“甲
+be+less+
原级
+as+
乙”表示“甲比乙差”
。
⑵
比较级常用的句型结构：
①
“甲
+b
e+
比较级
+than+
乙”表示“甲
比乙
…
”
注意：比较级前可用
much, even, still,
a bit, a little
等加强语气。
②
“甲
+b
e+
比较级
+than+any other +
单数名词
（
+
介词短语）
”
表示
“甲比任何一个人、
物都
…
”
，
含义是
“甲最
…
.
”
。
③
“甲
+b
e+the+
比较级
+of+the two+
复数名词”表示“甲是两者中较
…
的”
。
④
“比较级
+ and+
比较级”表示
“越来越
…
”
⑤
“
the
+
比较级，
the +
比较级“表示”越
…
,
越
…”
⑶最高级常用的句型结构：
①
“主语
+
be+the+
最高级
+
单数名词
+ in/of
短语”表示“
……
是
……
中最
……
的”
。
②
“主语
+
be+one of the +
最高级
+
复数名词
+in/ of
短语”表示“
……
是
…
..
中最
…
之一”
。
③
“特殊疑问词
+be+ the +
最高级
+
甲，乙，
< br>or
丙？”用于三者之间的比较。
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
(
) 1. Tom is
____________ Jack.
A) tall as
B) so tall as
C) taller than
D) the tallest than
(
)
2. She has a young, pretty face, but her real age
is ___________.
A)
much old
B) more old
C) much older
D)
the oldest
(
) 3. Some young people are now
___________ to buy private cars.
A) rather rich
B) very rich
C)
rich enough
D) enough rich
(
) , I
can
’
t answer your question.
I know ___________ about the news.
A) a little
B) little
C) few
D) a few
(
)
5. Of all the shoes in your shop, is this pair
____________ one?
A) very good
B) much better
C)
a cheaper
D) the cheapest
(
)
6. Mrs. Green gave Lucy ______________ to eat.
A) delicious something
B) Chinese something
C) something English
D) something
England
(
) 7. These shoes are much too
___________ for me.
A)
big
B) bigger
C) biggest
D) the biggest
(
) 8. The
population problem may be ___________ one of the
world today.
A) the most
B) most difficult
C) the greatest
D) more interesting
(
) 9. She is
___________ than any other girl in her class.
A) thiner
B) thinner
C)
thin
D) the thinnest
(
) 10. Who is
____________ of you three ?
A) the oldest
B) much older
C) oldest
D) older
(
) 11. Can we do our work
with __________ money and __________people?
A) less; least
B) lesser; few
C) few; less
D)
little; less
45
(
) 12. Which do you think is _________,
the chicken or the fish?
A) good
B) better
C) best
D)
well
B
组：用所给词的正确形式填空
1. Houses in some cities now are much
______________(expensive) than before.
2. ---It
’
s much
___________(dry) in Yunnan this summer,
isn
’
t it?
---yes, it is.
3. The more exercise you take, the
__________(health) you
’
ll
be.
4. It often rains in
April in China. It
’
s the
___________(wet) month of a year.
5.
There are four people in my family.
I
’
m the _____________(young)
of all.
6. It is just as
____________ today as it was yesterday. (hot)
7. The apples will get ___________ and
___________when autumn comes. (big, red)
8.
I
’
m afraid that the old man
can
’
t go any
______________(far).
9.
Which is ____________, an elephant or a tiger?
(strong)
10. That is _______________ of
all. (easy)
11. Lucy plays
the piano _____________________(wonderful) than
Kate.
12. She cried _____________ and
______________(hard).
C
组：单词改错
(
) 1. The most
boys like out-door games.
A
B
C
D
(
) 2. The young are always
exciting about playing football.
A
B
C
D
(
) 3. He is an English. He
speaks English very well.
A
B
C
D
(
) 4. All of
teachers are good to us.
A
B
C
D
(
)
5. It is black a
car.
It
’
s a Japanese car.
A
B
C
D
二
副词
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或全句，
表示时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。
1.
时间副词：
⑴
表示确切时间的副词：
now, today,
yesterday, tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the
day after
tomorrow
等。
Eg. My mother
went to Shanghai yesterday.
⑵
表示不确切时间的副词
:
at
last, at first, at once, early, immediately,
late, once, one day, soon,
still, suddenly, then, already, just,
yet
等。
Eg. Mr. Wood
called just now.
I came to
London five years ago and I have lived here since
then.
2.
地点副词：
here, there, left/
right, north/ south, upstairs/ downstairs,
everywhere, above, behind,
anywhere
等。
Eg.
I looked everywhere for my glasses but
didn
’
t find them.
45
I live upstairs, and my parents
downstairs.
3.
方式副词：
well,
hard,
fast,
brightly,
certainly,
clearly,
early,
easily,
especially,
happily,
loudly,
noisily, politely,
quickly, safely, slowly, strongly, suddenly
等。
Eg. He put the letter
carefully into the mailbox.
Slowly, the old woman told
us her story.
4.
频度副词：
once, twice, three/
several times/ a day/ week
…
,
daily, weekly, every day/ week/ month/
year, always, usually, often,
sometimes, ever, never, again and again, at times,
now and
then,
not
…
any more,
not
…
any
longer
等。
Eg. I usually play the
piano after supper.
It is never too old to learn.
活到老学到老
5.
程度副词：
quite,
rather,
very,
much,
a
lot,
a
little,
a
bit,
enough,
hardly,
almost,
deeply,
nearly,
badly, widely
等。
Eg. It is much
hotter today than yesterday.
I can hardly understand my foreign
teacher
’
s classes.
6.
疑问副词：
how, when, where, why
等。
Eg.
Where would you like to go to college?
We still don
’
t
know when and how he will come.
7.
形容词加
-ly
变副词的规律：
①
许多副词都是由形容词后直接加后缀
-ly
构
成的。
careful---carefully,
quick---
quickly,
safe
---safely;
slow---slowly
等
②
以
-le
结尾的形容词需去掉
e
再加
y
gentle---gently,
possible---possibly, comfortable---
comfortably
等
③
以
-y<
/p>
结尾的形容词把
y
改为
< br>i,
再加
—
ly
easy---easily,
happy---happily,
heavy---heavily,
busy---busily, lucky---
luckily
等
特例
:
shy
的副词形式为
shyly.
8.
与形容词同形的副词：在英语中有很多形容此和副词是同形的。
late
(adj.)
已故的
（
adv.
）迟到
high
(adj.)
高的
(adv.)
高
firm
(adj.)
稳固的
(adv.)
稳固地
early
(adj.)
早的
(adv.)
早
hard
(adj.)
硬的，难得
(adv.)
努力的
straight
(adj.)
直的
(adv.)
径直
fast
(adj.)
快的
(adv.)
快
long
(adj.)
长的
(adv.)
长时间地
enough (adj.)
足够的
(adv.)
足够
low
(adj.)
低的
(adv.)
低
9.
其
他情况：
有些词既是形容词又是副词，
但在加
< br>-ly
之后又可以构成另外的副词，
这两种形式
的副词其意义上既有区别又有联系。
hard
努力
hardly
几乎不
near
附近
nearly
几乎
high
高
highly
高度地
most
大多数
mostly
大部分地
deep
深的，深入地
deeply
深深地
wide
张大地，广阔地
widely
广泛地
late
迟到
lately
最近，近来
close
靠近
closely
密切地
10.
副词作状语时可以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，分词和全句。
He works very hard on
his subject.
She
speaks English very beautifully.
45
I’m very busy these days.
Luckily, she had got another chance.
11.
副词的比较级：
⑴
规则的副词比较等级构成方法与形容词的比较级构成方法相同。
⑵
副词比较级的用法
:
①
两者比较，表示“甲超过乙”
，用句型“甲
+
谓语动词
+
比较级
+
than+
乙”
。比较级前可用
even, much, a
little, a lot, a bit,
still
等加强语气。
②
表示“甲不及乙”时，
用句型“甲<
/p>
+
谓语动词
+ less+
原级
+than+
乙”
。
③
表示“甲（不）和乙一样”
，用句型“甲
+ (not)
谓语动词
+as/
so+
原级
+
as+
乙”
。
⑶
副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较
12.
副词的位置
⑴
修饰形容词，其他副词时的位置：位于被修饰词的前面。
Computers work much faster than before.
Happy days pass too soon.
<
/p>
注：
enough
作副词时总是置于被修
饰的形容词或副词之后。
The
book is easy enough for little kids.
enough
作形容词时，可置于名词之前。
We haven
’
t
enough time.
⑵
多个副词的排列顺序
①
时间副词，地点副词
:
时间副词和地点副词同时出现时，时间副词置于地点副词之前。
I
have gone nowhere recently, for I have a dozen
irons in the fire.
②
强调某一副词时：
在强调某一动词的具体方式，
状态，
程度时，
将需要强调的副词提到前面。
Slowly, we talked downstairs.
③
有助动词时：说明行为频度的副词
常位于行为动词之前，系动词之后；句中有助动词时，则
在其后；有多个助动词时，则置
于第一个助动词之后。
Jeff is always
ready to help others.
I often go to school at six in the
morning.
I have never
visited the Great Wall.
13.
副词用法辨析：
⑴
very
与
much
表示“很”
，
“非常”
very
用于修饰形容词或副词的原
级；
much
用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用<
/p>
much
或
very much.
⑵
so
与<
/p>
such
表示“如此”
，
“这么”
，
“那么”
①
so
修饰形容词或副词，
such
修饰名词，
但名词前可以有形容词作定语。
so
fast
such a good boy
②
so<
/p>
修饰的形容词后可以由一个单数可数名词，其结构是“
so+ad
j.+a/an+n.
”
③
如果可数名词复数前有
many,
few
，或不可数名词前有
much, little
等词，用
so
而不用
s
uch
⑶
too
< br>，
also
与
either
表示“也（不）
”
too
和
a
lso
用于肯定句，
too
常用于口语
中，置于句末；
also
常用于书面语中，置于
be
动词
后，行为动词之前；
either
用于否定句。
Eg.
I
’
m in Row 1, too.
Chinese take-
away food is also popular.
I enjoy
swimming and I like football, too.
We
don
’
t like the same colours,
either.
⑷
ago
与
before
表示
“在
…
以前”
45
ago
表示以现在为起点的
“以前”
；
before
指在过去或将来的某时刻
“以前
”
，
或泛指
“以前”
< br>。
Eg.
She saw the film three days ago.
She said she had seen the film three
days before.
⑸
sometime,
sometimes
与
some
time, some times
sometime
指将来或过去的“
某个时候”
；
sometimes
指“有时候”
；
some
time
则指“一段时
间”
；
some
times
指“几次；几倍”
Eg. Sometimes
we are busy and sometimes we are not.
I sometimes
have letters from him.
We
’
ll
take our holiday sometime in May.
The fire went
on for some time before it was brought under
control.
Our school is some times larger than
theirs.
⑹
already, yet
与
stil
l
表示“已经”
already
表示某事已经发生；
still
表示某事仍在进行，主
要用于肯定句；
yet
用于疑问句表示
“已经”
，用于否定句表示“还没有”
，
“尚未”
。
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
(
) 1.
Don
’
t go out!
It
’
s raining
___________________
A) quickly
B) heavily
C) loudly
D) hardly
(
)
2. ---What do you think of the bridge?
---I have never
seen _____________ before.
A)
so a long one
B) so long one
C) such a long one
D) a such long one
(
)
3. She has _________________
A) a time
B) a enough time
C) enough time
D)
many time
(
) 4. You don
’
t
like the same colours and I
don
’
t like them, ___________
A) too
B) also
C) either
D) neither
(
)
5. Li Ping is my _________ friend and does
__________ in his study.
A) good; good
B) good; well
C) well; good
D) well; well
(
)
6. Can you speak a little louder? I can _________
hear you.
A) hard
B) really
C) hardly
D) clearly
(
) 7. Bob never
does his homework _________ Mary. He makes lots of
mistakes.
A) so hardly as
B) as carefully
as
C) carefully
as
D) as
careful as
(
) 8. Sue is working very
___________recently.
A) good
B)
fine
C) hardly
D) hard
(
) 9. They can
get _____________ on time.
A)
school
B)
to there
C) there
D) at school
(
)
10. He likes dancing. I like, _______________
A) also
B)
too
C) either
D)
very
B
组：单词改错
(
)
1. She sings as good as Li Wen.
A
B
C
D
(
) 2. It is raining hardly.
I can
’
t go out.
A
B
C
D
(
) 3. I
didn
’
t go there last Sunday.
He didn
’
t go, too.
45
A
B
C
D
(
)
4. Is your brother yet here?
A
B
C
D
(
)
5. You often must take your dog out.
A
B
C
D
(
) 6. May be he enjoys
Chinese food very much.
A
B
C
D
(
) 7. She is a very good
teacher. We very much love her.
A
B
C
D
(
) 8. He
can
’
t sing a song at all. He
sings very terribly.
A
B
C
D
(
) 9.
I
’
m afraid to stay at home
lonely.
A
B
C
D
(
)10. She said she would be back sooner
or late.
A
B
C
D
C
组：根据句意，用适当的形式填空
1. The children had
_________(
已经
)been asleep
when their parents got home.
2. Computers are
___________(
广泛地
)used in many
fields.
3. They played so
___________(care) that they lost the football
match.
4. My brother runs
very ______________(fast) , though he is fat.
5. If you do your homework
as _____________(careful) as you can,
you
’
ll make fewer mistakes.
45
第四讲
动
词
动词是表示动作或状态的词。
英语中，
每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语，
说明主语
“是
什么”或“做什么”
。动词有人称，数，时态，语态和语气的变化。
动词的种类：
根据句法
功能分类
限定动词
主动词
（实义动词）
助动词
非限定动词
（
非
谓
语
动
词
）
根据词汇
意义分类
状态动词
动作动词
不定式
V-ing
v-ed
品质词
状态词
仪态词
持续性动词
终止性动词
实义动词
连系动词
基本助动词
情态助动词
laugh
be, become, turn, get
be,
do, have, will
can, may, must
to write, to walk, to laugh
writing, walking,
written, walked, laughed
be
tall, have two big eyes
be ill, love,
think
stand, lie, sit
live, sit, stand, work, walk
die, finish, leave, come, go, turn
㈠
实义动
词：
指具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语的动词，主要表示主语的动作，状态和品质。
实义动词也可与助动词相结合表示更加复杂的动词意义，实义动词主要包括及物动词和不及物
动词两类。
1.
不及物动词：指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。
常见的不及物动词：
come
来
walk
走
stay
呆，留
stand
站
go
去
die
死
happen
发生
sit
坐
arrive
到达
run
跑
fall
掉落
rise
升起，站起
lie
躺
2.
及物动词：
能跟宾语的词称为及物动词。
可分为跟单宾语的及物动词，
跟双宾语的及物动词，
跟复合结
构的及物动词等。
①
常见的只跟单宾语的及物动词
accept
接受
cover
覆盖
enjoy
喜欢
please
使高兴
surprise
使惊讶
love
热爱
borrow
借
excite
使激动
put
放
forget
忘记
use
运用
discover
发现
interest
使感兴趣
worry
担心
guess
猜测
Don
’
t
forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning.
You can borrow one book at a time from
the library.
②
常见的跟双宾语的及物动词
可变为加
-to
形式的动词
bring
带来
pass
递
sell
卖
give
给
pay
付款
read
读
show
表现
hand
递
post
寄
return
返还
teach
教
tell
告诉
I returned him
the storybook. = I returned the storybook to him.
可变为
加
for
形式的动词
buy
买
choose
选择
draw
画
find
发现
keep
保持
make
使
paint
油漆
save
救护，拯救
I
’
ll find you
another chance. = I
’
ll find
another chance for you.
既可以变为加
to
< br>的形式也可变为
for
形式的词
45
do
做
play
表演
sing
唱歌
get
得到
Eg.
I’
ll get you
some tea. =I
’
ll get some to/
for you.
③
常见的跟宾语补足语的及物动词
在英语中有些动词后跟一个宾语意
义还不完整，在宾语后必须再加上一个成分（宾语补足
语）
，其
意义方可完整。
可跟形容词或形容词短语作宾补的动词
believe
相信
drive
驾驶
find
发现
get
使
keep
使保持
leave
留下
make
使
push
推
set
使
think
认为
consider
认为
cut
切
dye
染
declare
宣布
imagine
想象
judge
判断
We all believe him honest and kind.
可用名词短语作宾补的动词
call
叫
allow
允许
ask
要求
expect
期望
invite
邀请
get
使
order
命令
tell
告诉
teach
教
want
想要
wish
希望
warn
警告
Mother often tells me to make friends
carefully.
可跟带
to be
+
名词或形容词作宾补的动词
believe
认为
consider
认为
feel
感觉
find
发现
know
知道
suppose
猜测
understand
理解
prove
证明
declare
宣布
I believe what you said to
be true.
可跟不带
to
的不定式作宾补的动词
have
使
make
使
let
让
see
看见
hear
听见
notice
注意
feel
感觉
watch
注意看
look at
看
listen to
听
discover
发现
What made you
think of that?
Paul doesn
’
t have
to be made to learn.
可跟
-ing
形式作宾补的动词
see
看见
hear
听见
keep
使
catch
抓住
find
发现
have
让
watch
注意看
smell
闻到
look at
看
listen to
听
observe
观察
get
使
have
使
Can you hear someone playing the piano
next door?
可跟
-ed
形式作宾补的动词
have
使
let
使
make
使
find
发现
feel
感觉
See
看见
hear
听见
think
认为
watch
注意看
I
couldn
’
t make myself by all
the listeners.
可用
as/ for
等引起的介词短语作宾补的动词
regard
看作
consider
认为
choose
选为
use
当作
…
用
keep
把
…
当作
You can keep this book as
your own.
可用副词作宾语的动词
ask
叫，让
get
使
find
发现
let
让
drive
开车送
shut
关闭
see
看见
invite
邀请
order
命令
show
领
Can I ask Bob
in?
Show the visitor in,
please.
可用介词短语作宾语的动词
Have
使
get
使
make
使
find
发现
feel
感觉
See
看见
hear
听见
discover
发现
notice
注意到
Don
’
t have
children at home all day. Give them time to play
outdoors.
45
3.
连系动词：连接主语和表示主语身份，性质，状态的动词。
①
表状态的连系动词
be
是
look
看上去
seem
看上去
appear
看上去显得
smell
闻起来
sound
听起来
feel
感觉
sit
坐
stand
站
lie
躺
keep
保持
stay
保持
She is kind and honest.
The park looks very beautiful.
She always keeps silent
whenever I see her.
②
表转变或结果的连系动词
become
变得
get
变得
grow
长得
turn
变成
/
为
go
变得
come
成为
fall
变为
prove
证明
After
graduation, she turned nurse.
Children fall asleep easily.
The weather is becoming warmer and
warmer as the spring is coming.
4.
持续性动词和终止性动词
①
持续性
动词：又称延续动词，表示一种可以持续行为过程或状态。
drink
喝
eat
吃
have
有
keep
保持
know
知道
lie
躺着
live
居住
play
玩
rain
下雨
read
读
run
跑
sing
唱
sleep
睡觉
smoke
抽烟
snow
下雪
stand
站立
talk
说
wait
等
walk
走
wear
穿
work
工作
②
<
/p>
终止性动词：又称非持续性动词，表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。
admit
承认
arrive
到达
begin
开始
borrow
借
buy
买
break
打破
close
关闭
come
来
die
死
fall
倒
go
走
hit
击中
join
加入
jump
跳
leave
离开
lose
丢
marry
结婚
open
打开
put
放
start
开始
stop
停止
5.
情态动词：本身有各种意义，但不能单独作谓语，只能和
主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话
人的语气或情感，这样的动词称为情态动词。情态动词
没有人称和数的变化，是助动词中比较
特殊的一类。常用的情态动词：
< br>can, could, may, might, will, would, should, must, need
等。
①
can ,
can
’
t
的用法：
⑴
表示能力或客观可能性，意思是“能”
“会
”
⑵
表示请求和允许，意思是
“
可以
”
,
同
may
⑶
Could
…
？表示有礼貌的请求，答应英语
can
②
may
的用法：
⑴
作“可以”讲，表示许可
⑵
May
I
…
?
表示请求许可，否定回答用<
/p>
mustn
’
t
，
表示“不可以”
，
“禁止”之意。
⑶
作“可能”
，
“或许”讲，表示推测，用于谈论可能性。
⑷
用在祈使句中表示祝愿：
May you succeed!
祝你成功！
③
must
的用法
:
⑴
must
作“必须”
，
“应该”解，表示必须性；
mustn
’
t
则表示“不应该
”
，
“不许”
⑵
“
must be+
表语”表示对现在情况的推测，作“一定”解。
⑶
“
must have
+
过去分词”表示“想必”之意，表示对过去事情的推测。
④
have to
的用法：
45
⑴
must
表示说话人的主观看法，而
have to
则强调客观上需要做的事情。
⑵
must
没有人称，数和时态的变化，而
have to
则有人称，数和时态的变化。
⑶
两者的否定式意义大不相同。
must not
(mustn
’
t)
表示“不许”<
/p>
，
“一定不能”
，
“不应该”
；而
do not have to
是“不必”之意。
⑤
need
的用法：
nee
d
表示“需要”或“必须”
，作情态动词仅用于否定句或疑问句
中，在肯定句中一般用
must, have to
代替。
注
意：
need
常用作实义动词，有时态，人称和数的变化，
后接不定式作宾语。
6.
助动词：助动词本身没有意义，只是帮助实义动词完成某
些语法功能，如表示时态，语态，
构成否定句，疑问句，简略答语等。助动词主要有
be, do, have, shall,
will
等。
助动词
be
have
do
句法功能
构成进行时态
构成被动语态
构成系表结构
构成完成时态
典型例句
I am
studying in Canada now.
The glass was
broken by Anna.
She is nice
and kind.
We have known each other for
years.
构成疑问句，否定句
Do you love music?
I
didn
’
t know you were coming.
加强语气
替代主要动词
She does
love pop music.
She dances as well as I
do.
I shall leave for Canada tomorrow.
They will go on picnic next Sunday.
shall
(
第一人称
)
构成一般将来时态
will
（各人称）
7. be
动词：
be
作助动词和其他连系动词一样，有各种形式的变化。
形式
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
现在时态
am
are
过去时态
was
were
were
was
were
现在分词
being
过去分词
been
单数
复数
are
单数
复数
is
are
用法：
①
与现在分词构成各种进行时态
We are playing
an interesting game.
I was having
dinner when my friend phoned me from Australia.
②
与过去分词构成被动语态
You are wanted
on the phone, Miss Green.
The work has
already been finished.
③
be
作连系动词
She
is the only one who will undertand you.
They are not from the
States, but from Canada.
8.
have
动词：
45
肯定，
否定及
其缩略式
肯定式
各种形式
原形
第三人称单数
过去式
现在分词
过去分词
have
has
had
having
had
缩略肯定式
‘
ve
‘
s
‘
d
‘
d
否定式
have not
has not
had not
not having
not had
缩略否定式
haven
’
t
hasn
’
t
hadn
’
t
hadn
’
t
助动词
have
与过去分词构成各种完成时态
Have you
ever been to the Palace Museum?
I
haven
’
t heard from her since
she left China.
9.
助动词
do
：
肯定，否定
,
否定式
肯定式
do
does
did
否定式
do not
does not
did not
缩略否定式
don
’
t
doesn
’
t
didn
’
t
各种形式
原形
现在时第三人称单数
过去式
助动词
do, does
可以构成一般
现在时的否定式和疑问式，
did
可以构成一般过去时的否定式
和疑
问式。
I like coffee, but my parents
don
’
t.
Do you often carry a
camera?
10. will, would, shall, should
助动词
will, shall
用于构成一般将来时，
would,
should
用于构成过去将来时，
shall, shoul
d
主
要用于第一人称，
will,
would
常用于一切人称，
其主要形式如下：
肯定式
will
would
shall
should
缩略肯定式
‘
ll
‘
d
‘
ll
否定式
will not
would not
shall not
should not
缩略否定式
won
’
t
wouldn
’
t
shan
’
t
shouldn
’
t
①
will
用于一般将来时态的各种人称
We
’
ll meet at the
same place we did last time.
Will the new film be shown next week?
②
would
用于过去将来时态的各种人称
They said it would be fine
the next day.
My parents phoned me that
they would come soon.
③
shall
用于一般将来时态的第一人称
I shall let you
know as soon as I get the news.
We
shan
’
t be coming back today.
④
should
用于过去将来时态的第一人称
We thought we
should never see you again.
The
BBC weather report this morning said that we
should have rain.
11.
英语动词的五种基本形式，即动词原形，第三人称单数现在式，过去式，过去分词和现在< p>
45
分词。
原形
walk
like
stop
play
第三人称单数现在式
walks
likes
stops
plays
过去式
walked
liked
stopped
played
过去分词
walked
liked
stopped
played
现在分词
walking
liking
stopping
playing
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
(
) 1. Cars,
buses and bikes _________ stop when the traffic
light is red.
A) can
B) must
C) may
D) need
(
)
2. ---What
’
s wrong with you?
You look so tired.
---Last night I ________
sleep well.
A)
couldn
’
t
B)
wouldn
’
t
C)
mustn
’
t
D)
needn
’
t
(
) 3.
---__________ we swim in that river?
---No, you
_________. It
’
s dangerous to
swim there.
A)
Must; can
’
t
B) Can; may not
C) Shall;
don
’
t
D) May;
mustn
’
t
(
) 4. ---Must I
come at four o
’
clock?
---Oh, no, you
____________
A) mustn
’
t
B)
don
’
t
C)
can
’
t
D)
don
’
t have to
(
) 5. Can I
________ your watch?
A) look
B) look like
C)
see
D) meet
(
) 6. What about
___________ football?
A)
go and play
B) to do and play
C) going and
playing
D)
going and play
(
) 7. ---What __________ your sister do?
---She is a
nurse.
A) does
B)
is
C) has
D) do
(
)
8. The earth is our home. We must ______ the land,
air, and water clean.
A) change
B) share
C) notice
D) find
(
) 9. On her way home Lucy
saw a thief _________ in a shop. She stopped
_______110 at
once.
A) steal; call
B)
to steal; call
C) stealing; to call
D) stealing;
call
(
) 10. My mother _________
noodles, but my father ___________.
A) likes;
doesn
’
t
B)
don
’
t like; do
C) likes;
didn
’
t
D)
didn
’
t like; do
B
组
:
用括号内所给的词的正确形式填空
1. My father __________(read) China
Daily every evening.
2.
Jinan is changing fast. There ___________(be) more
tall buildings next year in the west.
3. Could you please turn down the
radio? I _________(talk) to the baby now.
4. Last Saturday, we
_________(climb) Mount Tai to watch the sunrise.
5.
You
’
d better __________(do)
your homework by yourself.
6. I heard mother _________(talk) with
father in the next room.
7.
The Greens ___________(fly) to England next for
half an hour.
8. I
didn
’
t go to bed until I
finished ___________(do) my work.
45
易混动词的辨析：
1. carry, take
与
bring
的区别：
①
take
指将某物或某人从这里“带到”或“拿到”某处。
Could you take it to the classroom?
②
bring
与
take
相反，是指将某物或某人从别处“带来”或“拿来
”
May I bring Tom to see you next Monday?
③
carry
是指随身携带（背着，扛着，提着，抱着）
,
不表明来去的
方向。
The box is heavy. Can you carry it?
2. cross
与
across
的区别：
①
cross
是及物动词，表示穿过，横过
Eg. When is it safe to cross the road?
②
across
是介词，表示穿过，横过
Eg. Go across
the bridge. You
’
ll find the
museum on the left.
3.
find
，
look for
与
find
out
的区别：
①
find
的意思是找到
,
强调结果
Eg. I
can
’
t find the broom.
②
look for
是寻找，
强调动作
Eg. He is
looking for different places.
③
find out
是经过调查“发现，查明真相”
Eg. Jane was
angry when Lucy found out her secrets.
4. forget, leave, lose
的区别：
①
forget
表示“记不起”
，
“忘了要带（买）
”
Eg.
I forget his name.
②
leave
表示“把某物忘（丢）在某地了”
Eg. He left his
gloves on the train.
③
lose
表示“丢了，没找到（或找不到）
”
Eg.
I
’
ve lost the money.
5. hear
与
listen to
的区别：
①
hear
的意思是“听见，
听到”
Eg. We heard somebody knocking at the
door.
②
listen to
的意思是“倾听（集中注意力去听）
”
Eg. He was listening to the
music.
6. let
与
make
的区别
make
是强制的，而
let
是非强制的。
Eg.
He made her go.
He let her go.
7. lend, borrow
与
k
eep
的区别：
三者都可以表示“借”的意思
①
borrow
“借入”
，向某人借某物用“
borrow
…
from
”
Eg.
I borrowed a bike from him.
②
lend
“借出”
，把某物借给某人，用“
lend
< br>…
to
”
Eg.
Don
’
t lend it to others.
③
borrow
和
lend
都是短暂性动词，要表示借多久，
用
keep
Eg. ---How long
can I keep this book? ---You can keep it for two
weeks.
8. look, see
< br>与
watch
的区别：
①
look at
是“看”
，不表示看得见或看不见
Eg. Look at the
picture.
②
see
是“看见”
Eg. It was dark in the room. We could
see nothing.
③
watch
是“观看；注视”
Eg. He is watching TV
.
, miss
与
fail
的区别：
①
lose
表示“失去”
“失掉”
，
含有失去而不可复得之意。
45
Eg. many people
lost their lives in the traffic accident.
②
miss
“失去”
“失掉”
，
指在需要时，发现或感觉不在。
Eg. When did
you miss your wallet?
③
fail
意为“失败”
“考试不及格”
Eg.
I think I fail in the exam.
10. reach,
arrive
与
get
to
的区别
①
reach
是继武动词，后面直接跟表示地点的名词
We
reached the top of the hill at last.
②
arrive
< br>是不及物动词，后面要用介词
at
或
in
放在表示地点的宾语之前
Her mother saw
her when she arrived.
③
get to
一般多用于口语中
I
get to school at about 7:30 every day.
11. speak, say, talk
与
tell
的区别：
①
speak
常常用来指人们对语言的掌握或使用，不强调说话的内容。
They speak English and French.
②
say
一般用作及物动词，着重之说话的内容，而且后面常常带有直接或间接引语。
He says that he feels
tired.
③
talk
一般用作不及物动词，着重指连续地说话或与人交谈。
I shall talk to your father about your
health.
talk
有时也用作名词，表示“讲话，演讲，报告”
Tomorrow I want you to give us a talk,
Jim.
④
tell
的意思是“告诉，讲述，吩咐”
Don
’
t tell me,
let me guess.
12. spend,
cost, take
与
pay
的区别
①
表示“
花费金钱”
，用
cost
和
spend. cost
指“某物值多少钱或某物花费某人多少钱”
；
spend
则指“某人花费多少钱购买某物”
This dictionary
cost me thirty yuan.
My
teacher spends a lot of money on books.
②
表示“花费时间”
，用
cost,
spend
或
take. cost
和
take
指“某事花费（某人）多少时间”
；
而
spend
则指“某人花费多少时间做某事”
Writing books
costs/ takes a great deal of time.
It
took him five months to get a new company started.
句型：
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It costs sb. some time/
money
to do sth.
She spent 3 years (in) writing this
novel.
③
pay
作动词时，
意思是“付款”或“支付”
，
可以有被动语态。
I
’
m afraid that
if you
’
ve lost it, you must
pay for it.
to
do
与
stop
doing
的区别：
两种结构都表示“停止”的意思，但它们的含义截然不同。
stop to do sth.
表示“停下来去做
…
”
Eg.
They stopped to talk with their teacher.
stop doing sth.
表示“停止做”
Eg.
They stopped talking with their teacher.
14.
wear
与
put
on
区别：
wear
是
“穿着；戴着”的意思，重点表示状态。
45
Eg. Lucy is wearing blue
trousers and a blouse.
put on
是“穿上，
戴上”的意思，强调动作。
Eg.
Don
’
t be late, oh, and put
on your old clothes.
15.
wish, hope
与
expect
的区别
①
用
wish
表示说话人不考虑是否可能实现祝愿，没有可能性的愿望也用
wish;
用
hope
则
表示说话人认为可能实现。
I
wish I could become French tomorrow.
I hope you can
help me.
②
expect
只
表示认为某事会发生或可能发生。
I
expect that he
’
ll pass the
exam.
※
动词短语归纳
1. look
look for
寻找
look after
照顾，看管
look around
四周看
look up
查找；
抬头看
look at
看
look like
看起来像
2. turn
turn on
打开（电器，水龙头等）
turn off
关上
turn up
开大
turn down
关小
3. fall
fall off
从
…
掉下来
fall behind
落后
fall over
摔跤；
跌倒在地
4. put
put away
收拾好；
放好
put on
穿上
put
…
down
把
…
放下
put up
举起
5. thanks
thanks to
多方，由于
thanks for
为
…
感谢
6. send
send for
派人去请
send away
开除，
除名
send up
发射
send out
发出
7. hear
hear of
听说
hear from
受到某人的来信
8. hurry
hurry off
匆忙离去
hurry up
赶快
9. take
take a rest
休息一会
take a walk
散步
take away
拿走
take off
脱掉，
（飞机）
起飞
10. pay
pay for
付钱
pay back
还债，偿还
pay off
付清；
偿清（债务）
11. talk
talk about
谈论
…
talk with
与某人交谈
talk over
商量
12. come
come back
回来
come down
下来
come from
来自
come in
进来
come out
出现
13. get
get back
返回，取回
get home
到家
get into
进入
…
get
off
下车
get
on
上车
get on with
与
某人相处
get ready for
为
…
准备
get ready to do
sth.
准备做某事
get
up
起床
14. go
go on with
继续
go on doing
sth.
继续做某事
go
to bed
睡觉
45
go to sleep
入睡
go shopping(
for walk, to the cinema, home)
去买东西（散步，看电影，
回家）
go
to school
上学
15. have
have a cold
着凉；
伤风
have a good time
玩的高兴
have a look at
看一看
have a match
比赛
have a rest
休息一会儿
have a talk
谈话
have to
不得不
have classes
上课
have breakfast (lunch, supper)
吃早饭（午饭，
晚饭）
16. wait
wait on
服侍（某人）
wait for
等待（某人）
17. write
write down
写下；记下
write to
给
…
写信
18. help
help sb. with sth.
帮助某人做某事
help sb. (to) do sth.
帮助某人做某事
19. want
want to do sth.
想做某事
want sb. to do sth.
想要某人做某事
20. agree
agree with sb.
同意某人的意见
agree to sth.
同意某事
课堂练习：
A
组：选择最佳答案
(
情态动词
)
(
) 1. Cars, buses and bikes
____________ top when the traffic light is red.
A) can
B)
must
C) may
D) need
(
) 2.
---___________ I borrow your MP3? ---Sure, here
you are.
A)
May
B) Should
C)
Must
D)
Would
(
)
3. ---It
’
s raining heavily
now. You
’
d better __________
home.
A) leave
B)
not leave
C) to leave
D)
not to leave
(
) 4. ---Must we
clean the classroom now? ---No, you __________
A) mustn
’
t
B) needn
’
t
C)
aren
’
t
D) can
’
t
(
) 5.
We
’
ll go for a picnic if it
___________ this Friday.
A)
won
’
t rain
B)
isn
’
t raining
C)
doesn
’
t rain
D)
don
’
t
(
) make our hometown more
beautiful, you ________ throw rubbish into the
river.
A)
needn
’
t
B)
mustn
’
t
C) must
D) may
(
) 7. ---Must I go with them tomorrow?
---No, you ___________.
A)
mustn
’
t
B) shouldn
’
t
C) needn
’
t
D)
can
’
t
(
) 8.
I ________________ it again.
A) would like
you to read
B)
would like that you read
C) would like you reading
D) would like you read
(
) 9. You had
better ____________ late next time.
A)
not be
B) not to be
C) being not
D)
to be not
(
)
10. I can
’
t do it, so I
________ your help.
A)
need
B) will need
C)
needn
’
t
D) don
’
t need
B
组：选择最佳答案
(
) 1. ---How do you like
Hangzhou, Miss Read? ---Sorry, I _________ there.
A) have gone
B)
have been
C)
haven
’
t gone
D)
haven
’
t been
45
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