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猴子审判案
On
the
seventh
day
of
trial,
Raulston
asked
the
defense
if
it
had
any
more
evidence.
What
followed
was
what
the
New
York
Times
described
as
most
amazing
court
scene
on Anglo-Saxon
history.
stand as an expert on the
Bible. Bryan assented, stipulating only that he
should
have a chance to interrogate the
defense lawyers. Bryan, dismissing the concerns
of his prosecution colleagues,
took
a seat on the witness
stand,
and began fanning
himself.
Darrow began his interrogation of Bryan
with a quiet question:
considerable
study to the Bible, haven't you, Mr.
Bryan?
have. I have studied the Bible
for about fifty years.
questions
designed
to
undermine
a
literalist
interpretation
of
the
Bible.
Bryan
was
asked
about a whale swallowing Jonah, Joshua making the
sun stand still, Noah and
the great
flood, the temptation of Adam in the garden of
Eden, and the creation
according to
Genesis. After initially contending that
should be accepted as it is given
there,
the
Bible
should
not
always
be
taken
literally.
In
response
to
Darrow's
relentless
questions as to whether the six days of
creation, as described in Genesis, were
twenty-four hour days, Bryan said
Bryan, who
began his testimony calmly, stumbled badly under
Darrow's persistent
prodding. At one
point the exasperated Bryan said,
don't
think
about.
Darrow
asked,
you
think
about
the
things
you
do
think
about?
Bryan
responded, to the derisive laughter of spectators,
old warriors grew testy as the
examination continued. Bryan accused Darrow of
attempting
to
at
the
Bible.
He
said
that
he
would
continue
to
answer
Darrow's
impertinent
questions
because
want
the
world
to
know
that
this
man,
who
does
not
believe in God, is
trying to use a court in
Tennessee--.
witness by saying,
intelligent
Christian
on
earth
believes.
After
that
outburst,
Raulston
ordered
the
court adjourned. The
next day, Raulston ruled that Bryan could not
return to the
stand and that his
testimony the previous day should be stricken from
evidence.
The
confrontation between Bryan and Darrow was
reported by the press as a defeat
for
Bryan.
According
to
one
historian,
a
man
and
as
a
legend,
Bryan
was
destroyed
by his testimony
that day.
punch drunk
warrior.
Dershowitz,
for
example,
contended
that
the
celebrated
defense
attorney
off
as something of an anti-religious
cynic.
The trial
was nearly over. Darrow asked the jury to return a
verdict of guilty in
order
that
the
case
might
be
appealed
to
the
Tennessee
Supreme
Court.
Under
Tennessee
law, Bryan was thereby denied the
opportunity to deliver a closing speech he had
labored
over
for
weeks.
The
jury
complied
with
Darrow's
request,
and
Judge
Raulston
fined him $$100.
Six days after
the trial, William Jennings Bryan was still in
Dayton. After eating
an
enormous
dinner,
he
lay
down
to
take
a
nap
and
died
in
his
sleep.
Clarence
Darrow
was hiking in the Smoky Mountains when
word of Bryan's death reached him. When
reporters suggested to him that Bryan
died of a broken heart, Darrow said
heart nothing; he died of a busted
belly.
th is a great loss to the
American people.
A
year
later,
the
Tennessee
Supreme
Court
reversed
the
decision
of
the
Dayton
court
on a
technicality--not the constitutional grounds as
Darrow had hoped. According
to the
court, the fine should have been set by the jury,
not Raulston. Rather than
send
the
case
back
for
further
action,
however,
the
Tennessee
Supreme
Court
dismissed
the case. The
court commented,
this bizarre
case.
The Scopes
trial by no means ended the debate over the
teaching of evolution, but
it
did
represent
a
significant
setback
for
the
anti-
evolution
forces.
Of
the
fifteen
states
with
anti-
evolution
legislation
pending
in
1925,
only
two
states
(Arkansas
and Mississippi)
enacted laws restricting teaching of Darwin's
theory
1859
–
Charles Darwin's
The Origin of
Species
is published. Darwin argues in
his introduction
that
—
namely,
that
each species has been independently created
—
is
erroneous.
1871
–
Darwin publishes his
second book,
The Descent of
Man
. In this work, Darwin directly
addresses the debate over the origin of
mankind, arguing that
tailed quadruped,
probably arboreal in its habits, and an inhabitant
of the Old World.
1914
–
George William Hunter's
A Civic Biology
, the book
that is later used in biology courses
in Dayton, Tenn., is published.
A Civic Biology
describes
evolution as
forms of life on the earth
slowly and gradually gave rise to those more
complex and that thus
ultimately the
most complex forms came into
existence.
1921
–
Former congressman and ex-
Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan becomes
a
leader in the anti-evolution
movement, delivering speeches entitled
Darwinism
to trust in the
Rock of Ages, than to know the age of the rocks;
it is better for one to know that
he is
close to the Heavenly Father, than to know how far
the stars in the heavens are
apart.
Trial
Clarence Darrow
and
William Jennings Bryan
chat
in court during the Scopes Trial.
The
ACLU had originally
intended to oppose
the
Butler Act
on
the grounds
that it violated the
teacher's individual rights and academic freedom,
and was therefore unconstitutional.
Mainly because of Clarence Darrow,
this
strategy
changed
as
the
trial
progressed,
and
the
earliest
argument
proposed by the
defense once the trial had begun was that there
was
actually no conflict between
evolution and the creation account in the
Bible (a viewpoint later called
theistic evolution
). In
support of this
claim,
they
brought
in
eight
experts
on
evolution.
Other
than
Dr.
Maynard
Metcalf, a zoologist from
Johns Hopkins University
,
the judge would not
allow these experts
to testify in person. Instead, they were allowed
to
submit written statements so that
their evidence could be used at the
appeal.
In
response
to
this
decision,
Darrow
made
a
sarcastic
comment
to
Judge
Raulston (as he often did throughout the trial) on
how he had been