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英文诗歌的音律格律解析

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-09 10:18
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2021年2月9日发(作者:gloves)


要了解格律,首先要明了“音步”和“韵律”这两个概念。



1




音步< /p>


(Foot)




英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。


< p>
一个音步的音节数量可


能为两个或三个音节,


但不 能少于两个或多于三个音节,


而且其中只有一个必须


重读。



分析英文诗歌的格律就是将它的句子划分成音步,


并分清是何种音步及音步


的数量。这个过程称为


sca nsion




如:诗句



“From fairest creatures we desire increase” 要是分成音


步的话,就变成了这个样子


:


Fro-m fai*re-st crea*ture-s we* de- sire* i-ncrea*se


上面“


-


”表示


它前面是轻读音节,而“*”则表示它前面是重读音节。我们于是看出: 上面的


句子共有五个音步,


每个音步都是由前轻读后重读的两个 音节组成,


这样的音节


被称为“抑扬格”。颇有点唐诗的“平仄 ”的味道,但又有本质上的不同。



Tips

< br>:一个音步不必等于一个单词。



根据音步的数量,每一 行一个音步的称为“单音步”(monometer);



每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);



三个音步的,称“三音步”(trimeter);



此外还有四音步


(tetrameter




五音步、


(pentameter)



六音步


(hexameter)



七音步


(heptameter)

< p>
、八音步


(octometer)




2



< br>韵律


(Metre)




韵律是指音步在朗读时的轻重长短的节奏或规律,


这要依据音步所含 音节的


数量及重读音节的位置来区分。传统英诗的音步有六种,



即:



抑扬格


(Iambus)



扬抑格


(Trochee)



抑抑扬格


(Anapaest)



扬抑抑格


(Dactyl)


抑扬抑格


(Amphibrach)


扬抑扬格


(Dactyl)


“抑” 为轻读音节,


“扬”为重读音节。


“扬抑格”即一个音步有两个 音节,


前面的音节重读,后面的轻读。同理,“扬抑扬格”即一个音步有三个音节,最< /p>


前的音节重读,中轻读,后重读。



3.


英文诗歌的押韵:



3.1


就起押韵功能的单词而言,一是辅音也可入韵,二是 押韵的音节可以选在


单词的头,中间和尾(比较:每个汉字只有一个音节)


。最常见的有


3


种,



即:



头韵


(Alliteration)


:是指单词开始的字母重复,如


great



grew


< p>


谐元韵


(Assonance)


:是指单词中重读元音重复,如


great



fail




尾韵


(Rhyme)


:则指单词结尾的字母重复,如


great



bait




3.2


而一行诗中也可能同时存在多种押韵形式,



如:


The light that lies in women's eyes.


这行诗中有头韵


ligh t



lies


,谐元韵


light



lies



eyes


,还有尾韵


lies



eyes




3.3


英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式则被称为韵法


(rhyming


scheme)



常见的



4


种,



即:



两行转韵


(AABB)


隔行押韵


(ABCB)


隔行交互押韵


(ABAB)


交错押韵


(ABBA)


等。



如这四行诗:


From


fairest


creatures


we


desire


increase,


That


thereby


beauty's rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease,


His


tender


heir


might


bear


his


memory:


即为


abab


押韵格式,详细分解如下:



From fairest creatures we desire incr



ease=a



, That thereby


beauty's rose might never


d



ie=b

< p>


,


But as the


riper should by time dec



ease=a



, His tender heir might bear his memo



ry= b



:


4.


英文诗歌的形式



4.1


商籁诗(十四行诗




sonnet




< br>商籁诗须遵守十四行,五音步,抑扬格这


种形式。即全诗共十四行,每行五个音步 ,而音步的韵律是抑扬格。



这种形式首先出现在意大利,< /p>


在十六世纪中传入英国,


为伊丽莎白时代的文

人所宠爱。


诗人如莎士比亚、


斯宾塞及西德尼都写下过很多 著名的十四行诗。



十八世纪,十四行诗又受到冷落。后来才浪 漫派诗人济慈、沃兹沃斯等人复兴。



英文的商籁诗分为两种类型,



即:即 意大利式


(Petrarvhan)


及莎士比业式


(Shakesperoan)


,或称英国式。


(< /p>


1


)意大利式:



由意大利诗人皮特拉克


(Petrarch)


所创,全诗分两 部分:









(T he


Octave)



< p>







(Quatrains)






脚< /p>



abbaabba


;第二部分有六行< /p>


(The


Sestet)


,韵脚可有不 同形式。严格的意大利十


四行诗,前八行结尾,诗意应告一段落,而后六行又转入新的诗 意。




2


)莎士比亚式:



全诗亦分为两个部分:第一部分是三个四行诗 体组成,


韵脚可交替进行。第二部分双行诗体。是最后是押韵的双行诗体。全诗韵脚是< /p>


ababcdcdefefgg



莎士比 亚式诗中意境一气呵成,


直到最后双行诗体,


为全诗高


潮。



4.2.


打 油诗(


Limericks


):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般 没有标题也无作者


姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行, 押韵为


aabba


,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

< p>


1



There was a young lady of Nigger


Who smiled as she rode on a tiger




They returned from the ride


With the lady inside




And the smile on the face of the tiger.


2



A tutor who taught on the flute


Tried to teach two tooters to toot






Is it harder to toot



or


Said the two to the tutor




To tutor two tooters to toot


?”



4.3


无韵体(


Blank Verse


):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。



Across the watery bale



and shout again




Responsive to his call



- with quivering peals




And long halloos



and screams



and echoes loud.


Redoubled and redoubled



concourse wild


Of jocund din


!…



William Wordsworth



There Was a Boy


4.4


自由诗(


FreeVerse


):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一


首诗中,


不讲究押韵与格律,


只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。< /p>


美国诗人


WaltWhitman



Leaves of Grass


中,就采用此格式。



Song of Myself


I celebrate myself



and sing myself




And what I assume you shall assume




For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.


I loafe and invite my soul




I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.


My


tongue



every


atom


of


my


blood



form



d


from


this


soil



this


air




Born ere of parents born here from parents the same



and their


parents the same




I



now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin




Hoping to cease not till death.


Creeds and schools in abeyance




Retiring


back


a


while


sufficed


at


what


they


are




but


never


forgotten.


I harbor for good or bad



I permit to speak at every hazard.


Nature without check with original energy.



5




诗的评判




对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可


算是好诗。堆 砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。




二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,


接近口语,可谓大胆创新 ,大概也


是诗歌发展的大势所趋。以下通过几首诗的分析看诗的评判。

< br>


5.1 That Time of Year



That time of year thou may‘st in me behold



When yellow leaves



or none



or few



do hang


Upon those boughs which shake against the cold




Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang





In me thou see‘st the twi


light of such day


As after sunset fadeth in the west




When by and by black night doth take away




Death



s second self



that seals up all in rest.


In me thou see



st the glowing of such fire




That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.


As the deathbed whereon it must expire




Consumed with that which it was nourished by.


This you perceivest



which makes thy love more strong




To love that well which thou must leave ere long.


Notes



may



st



may behold



see late



no long ago thou



you see



st



see


fadeth



fades doth



does seals up all at rest


:彻底埋葬



thy



your perceivest



perceive ere long



before long



此诗是莎士比亚(


William


Shakespeare



1564-1616


)的一首十四行诗。




此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:

< br>?


-/


?


-/

< br>?


-/


?


-/

< br>?


-/。




全诗涉及衰老、


死亡及爱情问题。


前十二行:通过描写 深秋的树枝黄叶凋


零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑 夜吞没;


自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中


choirs


(歌坛),


deathbed


(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老


死亡。最 后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明


显的伊利莎白时代 的特点。



5.2 The Daffodils



I wandered lonely as a cloud


That floats on high o



er vales and hills




When all at once I saw a crowd




A host of golden daffodils




Beside the lake



beneath the trees




Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.



Continuous as the stars that shine


And twinkle on the Milky Way




They stretched in never-ending line


Along the margin of a bay




Ten thousand saw I at a glance




Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.



The waves beside them danced



but they


Outdid the sparkling waves in glee




A poet could not but be gay




In such a jocund company




I gazed - and gazed - but little thought


What wealth the show to me had brought




-


-


-


-


-


-


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