-
一.名词
I.
名词的种类:
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名,
团体机构名称
II.
名词的数:
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
1.
规则名词的复数形式:名词的复
数形式,一般在单数形式后面加
-s
或
-es
。现将构成方
法与读音规则列表如下:
规则
例词
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-
girls, day-days
1
一般情况在词尾加
-s
以
s, x, ch, sh
结尾的名词后加
class-classes, box-
boxes, watch-watches,
2
es
dishdishes
变
-f
和
-fe
为
v
再加
-e
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-
knives,
以
-f
或
wife-wives, half-halves
s
3
-fe
结
尾的词
加
-s
chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-
roofs
party-parties, family-
families, story-stories
以辅音字母加
y
结尾的名词,变
4
y
为
i
加
-es
, city-cities
以元音字母加
y
结尾的名词,或
5
专有名词以
y
结尾的,加
-s
toy-toys, boy-
boys, day-days, ray-rays,
Henry-
Henrys
Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-
potatoes,
tomato-tomatoes
以辅音
字母加
6
-o
结尾
的名词
一般加
-es
不少外来词加
-s
piano-pianos,
photo-photos, auto-autos, kilok
ilos,
solo-solos
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/
volcano
s
两者皆可
7
以元音字母加
-o
结尾的名词加
-s
radio-radios, bamboo-
bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
以
-th
结尾的名词加
-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths,
month-months,
path
-paths,
2.
不规则名词复数:英语里有些名
词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则
例词
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-
geese,
mouse-mice
sheep, deer, means, works,
fish, yuan, jin,
trousers, clothes, thanks, goods,
glasses,
people, police
class, family, crowd, couple,
group,
government,
population, team, public, party
customs(
海关
), times(
时代
), spirits(
情绪
),
drin
ks(
饮料
),
sands(
沙滩
),
papers(
文件报纸
),
looks(
外表
),
brains(
头脑智力
),
greens(
青菜
)
Americans,
Australians,
Germans,
Greeks,
Swedes
, Europeans
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形
1
式
2
单复数相同
3
只有复数形式
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整
5
体)也可以作复数(成员)
6
复数形式表示特别含义
加
-s
7
表示
“某
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese,
Japanese
国
单复数同形
人”
以
-man
或
-woman
结尾的改
Englishmen,
Frenchwomen
为
-men,-women
将主体名词变为复数
合
成
8
名词
无主体名词时将最后一部
grown-ups, housewives,
stopwatches
分变为复数
sons-in-law,
lookers-on, passers-by, storytell
ers,
boy friends
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III.
名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’
s
构成,二是由介词
of
加名词构成
。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1.
’s
所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s
book, her son
-
inlaw’s
photo,
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
复数名词
不规则复数名词后
加’s
the children’s
toys, women’s rights,
以
s
结尾的人名所有格加’s
或
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s
job, the Smiths’
者’
house
表示各自的所有关系时
,
各名词
Japan’s and America’s
problems, Jane’s and
末尾均须加’s
Mary’ s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一
Japan and
America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s
词末加’s
fathe r
表示"某人家""店铺",所有
the doctor’s,
the barber’s, the tailor’s, my
格后名词省略
uncle’s
2.
’s
所有格的用法:
1
表
示时间
2
表示自然现象
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
the earth’s
atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方
the
country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s
的名词
industry
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the
team’s victory
4
表示工作群体
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five
dollars’ worth of apples
与人类活动有特殊关
6
the life’s time, the play’s
plot
系的名词
7
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a
stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s
< br>end(
不知所措
)
3.
of
所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:
the legs of the
chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东
西,尤其是有较长定语时:
the classrooms of
the first-year students
用于名词化的
词:
the
struggle of the oppressed
4.
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(
a, a
n
)
,定冠词(
the
)
,和零冠词。
5.
I.
不定冠词的用法:
指一类人或事,相当于
a kind
1
A
plane is a machine that can fly.
of
2
第一次提及某人某物,非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
表示“每一”相当于
every
,
o
3
We study eight hours a day.
ne
4
表示“相同”相当于
the
same
We are
nearly of an age.
用于人名前,表示不认识此人
A Mr. Smith
came to visit you when you were out
或与某名人有类似性质的人或
5
That boy is rather a Lei
Feng.
事
6
用于固定词组中
A couple of, a bit, once
upon a time, in a
hurry,
have a walk, many a time
用于
quite, rather, many, ha
7
This room is rather a big
one.
lf, what,
such
之后
用于
so(as, too,
how)+
形容
8
She is as clever a girl as
you can wish to meet.
词之后
II.
定冠词的用法:
1
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful
animal.
2
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific
Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到
3
过的人或事
4
用于乐器前面
Would you mind opening the
door?
play the
violin, play the guitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the
wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最
7
高级前
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山
8
川群岛的名词前
9
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
He is the taller of the two
children.
the
United States, the Communist Party of
Chi na, the French
The compass was invented in
China.
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的
10
某个年代
11
用于表示单位的名词前
in the 1990’s
I hired the car by the
hour.
用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及
12
表示时间的词组前
He patted me on
the shoulder.
III.
零冠词的用法:
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人
1
Beijing University, Jack, China, love,
air
名地名等名词前
名词前有
this, my, whose, some,
I want this book, not that one. / Whose
2
no, each,
every
等限制
purse is this?
季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三
3
March, Sunday, National Day,
spring
餐前
4
表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of
America.
5
学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前
He likes playing
football/chess.
6
与
by
连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
husband and wife, knife and fork, day
and
7
以
and
连接的两个相对的名词并用时
night
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
三.代词:
I.
代词可以分为以下七大类:
Horses are useful
animals.
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you,
they
人称
1
代词
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you,
them
形
容
词
2
物主
性
代词
my, your, his, her, its, our,
their
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,
theirs
3
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves,
yourselves
, themselves
4
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such,
some
5
疑问代词
who, whom,
whose, which, what, whoever, whichever,
whatever
6
关系代词
that, which, who, whom,
whose, as
one/
some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/
little/
不定代词
7
a few/ a little,
other/ another,
all/ both, neither/ either
II.
不定代词用法注意点:
1.
one, some
与
any:
1) one
可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为
ones
。
some
多用于肯定句,
any
多用于疑问句
和否定句。
One should learn to think
of others.
Have you any
bookmarks? No, I
don’t have any
bookmarks.
I have some questions to
ask.
2)
some
可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表
示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?
Could you give me some
money?
3)
some
和
any
修饰可数名词单数时,
some
表示某个,
any
表示任何一个。
I have
read this article in some magazine.
Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some
和数词连用表示“大约”,
any
可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some
3,000 students in this school.
Do you feel any better today?
2.
each
和
every:
each
强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而
every
强调整体,所指的数必须是三
个或三个以上。
< br>
Each student has a
pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a
dictionary. / We each
have a
dictionary.
Every student
has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has
strong and weak
points.
3.
none
和
no
:
no
等
于
not any
,作定语。
none
作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数
名词,谓语单复数皆可以。
p>
There is no
water in the bottle. How much
water is
there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of
difficulties.
4.
other
和
another:
1)
other
泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:
the
other day, every other
week, some other
reason, no other way,
the
other
特指两者中的另外一个,复数为
the
others
。如:
He held
a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class
failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2)
another
指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是
others
,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me
another
(one).
The trousers are too long, please give
me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like
basketball. 5.
all
和
both, neither
和
either
all
表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。
both
和
all
加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定
用
neither
和
none.
All of
the books are not written in English. / Not all of
the books are written
in English.
Both of us are not
teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either
of us is a
teacher.
四.形容词和副词
I.
形容词:
1.
形容词的位置:
1)
形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
修饰
some, any, every, no
和
body, thing,
one
等
nobody
absent, everything possible
1
构成的复合不定代词时
以
-able, -ible
结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或
2
on ly
修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only
solution
possib le
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep
等可以后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
5
成对的形容词可以后置
6
形容词短语一般后置
2)
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词
a bridge 50 meters long
a huge room simple and
beautiful
a man
difficult to get on with
数词
性状形容词
<
/p>
冠
词
前
的
形
容
词
冠
词
指
p>
示
代
p>
词
不
定
序数
基数
性质状
大小长
新旧
颜色
代
词
代
词
p>
词
词
态
短形状
温度
所有格
国籍产
材料
地
质地
名词
all
both
the
a
secon
one
beautif
large
new
black
Chinese
silk
d
four
ul
short
cool
yellow
London
stone
such
next
this
another
your
good
square
poor
3)
复合形容词的构成:
1
形容词
+
名词
+ed
kind-hearted
2
形容词
+
形容词
dark-blue
3
形容词
+
现在分词
ordinary-looking
4
副词<
/p>
+
现在分词
hard-working
5
副词<
/p>
+
过去分词
newly-built
II.
副词
副词的分类:
6
名词
+
形容词
world-famous
7
p>
名词
+
现在分词
peace-loving
8
p>
名词
+
过去分词
snow-covered
9
p>
数词
+
名词
+ed
three-
egged
10
数词
+
名词
twenty-year
soon, now,
early,
1
时间副词
5
频度副词
always,
often, frequently, seldom, never
finally, once,
recently
here, nearby, outside,
2
地点副词
upw ards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where,
when, why
hard, well, fast, slowly,
how, when, where, why, whether,
however,
3
方式副词
7
连接副词
excitedly, really
meanw hile
almost, nearly,
very, fair
4
程度副词
8
关系副词
when, where,
why
ly, quite, rather
III.
形容词和副词比较等级:形
容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级
和最高级的构成一般是在形容
词和副词后加
-er
和
-est
p>
,多音节和一些双音节词前加
more
和
most
。
1.
同级比较时常常用
as…as…以及
not
so(as)…as…如:
I am not so good a player
as you are.
2.
可以修饰比较级的词有:
much, many, a
lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still,
yet, by far, any, a great
deal
。
3.
表示一方随另一方变化时用“the
more…the
more
…”句型。如:
The harder you
work, the more progress you will make.
4.
用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:
I have never
spent a more worrying day.
5.
表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times
larger than yours./Our school is four times as
large
as yours./Our school is four
times the size of yours.
6.
表示“最高程度“的形容词没有
最高级和比较级。如:
favourite, excellent,
extreme, perfect
。
五.介词
I.
介词分类:
1
简单介词
about, across, after,
against, among,
around, at,
below, beyond,
during, in,
on
inside,
into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon,
within,
without
according to, because of, instead of,
up to, due to, owing to,
thanks
to
from among,
from behind, from under, till after, in between
2
合成介词
3
短语介词
4
双重介词
分词转化成的
5
介词
considering(
就而论
),
including
形容词转化成
6
的介词
like, unlike, near, next,
opposite
II.
常用介词区别:
表示时间的
in, on,
1
at
at
表示片刻的时间,
in
表示一段的时间,
on
总是与日子有关
表示时间的
since, f
since
指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,
from
指从时
2
间的某一点开始
rom
表示时间的
in, afte
in
指在一段时间之后,
after
表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过
3
去时的一段时间中
r
表示地理位置的
in,
in
表示在某范围内,
on
指与什么毗邻,
to
指在某环境范围之外
4
on,
to
表示“在…上”的
o
5
n, in
on
只表示在某物的表面上,
in
表示占去某物一部分
表示“穿过”的
thr
through
表示从内部通过,与
in
有关,
across
表示在表面上通
6
过,与
on
有关
ough, across
表示“关于”的
abo
7
about
指涉及到,
on
指专门论述
ut, on
-
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