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英语语法总结全集
名词和主谓一致
一、
名词的分类
英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1
．可数名词
可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词
a/an<
/p>
；复数时，前面可加
数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。
可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。
< br>规则的名词，
只要在单数名词之后加
?
< br>s
?
，
?
es
?
或去
?
y
?
加
?
i
es
?
就行，
如：
an umbrella, twelve umbrellas
；
a factory, three f
actories
。
不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：<
/p>
a mouse, ten
mice
；
a policeman, six
policemen
。
有少数
可数名词，
如
sheep
，
works
（工厂）
，
C
hinese
等，
它们的单复数同形：
a sheep,
four
sheep
；
a chemical works, five
chemical works
。
此外，
还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，
如
c
lothes
，
trousers
，<
/p>
cattle
，
police
，
people(
人，
人
民
)
等。
英语名
词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：
1
）后面的
部分变成复数
形式：
grown-
ups
，
boy students
，
grandchildren
。
2
）
前面的部分变成复数形式：
passer
s-by
，
lookers-
on
，
sons-in-law
。
3
）前、后都变成复数形式：
men
doctors
，
women
drivers
。
2
．不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加
a/an
，或数词。但是我们可以用量词
来表示不可数名词的数量，
< br>单复数表现在量词上，
如：
a piece of
paper
；
two pieces of
paper
。
在有些
情况下，不可数名词也可用
a/an
，表?一种?
、
?某种?的意思，如
have
a
wonderful
time
，
receive a good
education
，
be made into a
fine paper
。
有时为
了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加?
s
?
< br>，如
sands
，
ashes<
/p>
，
waters
等。
但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什
么情况下，前面都不能用
a/an
，后面也不
可加?
s
?
，如
weather
，
information
< br>，等。
3
．有的名词既可是可
数名词，也可是不可数名词
英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可
以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略
有不同，有时则完全不同。如：
difficulty, success, time, work
，
paper
，
glass
，等。
4
．用于表示可数
与不可数名词的数量?多?
?少?的常用词和词组
跟可数名词连用的如：
few, a few,
many
。
跟不可数名词连用的如：
little, a little,
much
。
可数与不可数都能用的是：
a lot of ,
plenty of
。
二、主谓一致
1
．通常被看作单数的主语部分
1
）不定式、动名词和主语从句。
eg.. To see is
to believe.
Seeing is
believing.
What he said
was different from what he did.
2
）表示?时间?
?距离?
?金钱数量?的名词。
eg.
Twenty years is quite a long time.
10
kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance
to Mira.
300 dollars is
too much for this old coin.
3
）数学式子。
1
eg. Two plus five is seven.
4
）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。
eg. The Times
is published daily.
The
United States is a big country.
5
）前面用
a kind of, a
sort of
或
this kind of, this
sort of
等词组的名词。
eg. This kind of tree(s)
often grows well in warm weather.
6
）代词
either,
neither
作主语。
eg. Either of the plans is
good.
Neither of them
was carrying a weapon.
7
）
many a/ more
than one
加单数名词，或
one out
of
加复数名词作主语。
eg. Many a young man has
tried and failed.
More than one employee has been
dismissed.
One out of ten thousand
computers was infected with the virus.
2
．通常被看作复数的主语部分
1
）一些只有复数的名词如
clothes
, trousers, police
等。
eg. These
trousers are dirty.
但要注意比较：
A
new pair of trousers is what you
need
。
2
）代词
both
作主语。
eg. Both of
them have received high education.
3
．需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分
1
）代词
all,
some,
作主语。
所代的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作
单数。
eg. All is ready. (= Everything is
ready.)
All are
present. (= All the people/students... are
present.)
2
）
a lot
of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half
of...
等词组作主语。
所修饰的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看
作单数。
eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is
covered with water.
90%
of the graduates from the high school go to
university.
3
）关系代词
who, which,
that
作主语。
由先行词决定单、复数。
eg. The student
who is talking with the principal is Tom.
The students who have
chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.
但要注意
one of
...
与
only one
of...
所修饰的先行词。
eg. He is one of the
students in our class who have been to Beijing.
He is the only one of the
students who has been to London.
4
）一些表示集体意义的名词如
family, team,
class
等。
当这些名词强调的是一个整体时，看作单数；当它们强调的是
这个集体中的成员时，
看作复数。
eg. Happy families are all
alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own
way.
My family are
all early risers.
4
．出现在句首，用连
词或介词连接的两个名词或词组
1
）
用
both...and...
连接的两个名词看作复数。
Both
Kate and Jean are football players.
2
）
用
or,
either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but
also...
连接的两个名词，由靠近动词的
2
名词决定单复数。
Either you or I
am to go.
Not
only the students but also the teacher has to
observe the rules.
3
）
用
as
well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, exce
pt
等连接的两个名词，由第一个名
词决定单复数。
eg. His
eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.
No one but these two
peasants has been there.
实际上这些都是介词短语提前，不是并列的主语。
4
）用
and
连接的两个
名词有几种情况：
a)
看作复数。
eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.
b)
在有
every ... and every ...,
each ... and each ...
的时候；或用
and
连接的两个名词表
示的是一件东西或一个人时，看作单数
。
eg. Every boy and every girl in our
country has the right to go to school.
Bread and butter is what he eats for
breakfast every day.
高考真题试析：
01
年
23
题
As a result of destroying the forests,
a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.
A. number; has
B. quantity; has
C. number;
have
D. quantity; have
选
B
。因为第一格后的名词
desert
是不可数名词，所以
A
、
C
两项排除；又
desert
做主<
/p>
语，谓语要用单数形式。
02
年（春）
26
题
He is the only one of the
students who ____ a winner of scholarship for
three years.
A.
is
B. are
C. have been
D. has been
选
D
。因为定语从句的先行词是由
only
one
of
修饰，所以应看成单数；
另外后面有时间
状语
for three
years
，所以用现在完成时态。
03
年
28
题
The
young
dancers
looked
so
charming
in
their
beautiful
clothes
that
we
took
____
pictures of them.
A. many of
B. masses of
C. the number
of
D. a large amount of
选
B
。
空格后面的名词是复数，
所以不可以选
D<
/p>
，
而
many
后
不跟
of
用，
所以
A
项排除；
the number of
< br>的确是放在可数名词复数的前面，但意思是?
......
的数量
‖
，不符合题意。
03
年（春）
28
题
Where and when to go for the on-salary
holiday ____ yet.
A. are not decided
B. have
not been decided
C. is not being decided
D.
has not been decided
选
D
。此句是不定式做主语，看成单数。而
C
项的时态
不对，所以只有
D
。
04
年（春）
30.
题
No one in
the department but Tom and I ____ that the
director is going to resign.
3
A.
knows
B
. know
C.
have known
D. am to know
选
A
。谓语动词应该跟
no one
一致，所以选
A
。
05
年（春）
28
题
We have only
a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We
need to buy ____ more
furniture.
A. any
B. many
C. little
D. some
选
D
。后面的名词是
furniture
，不可数。而且整
句的意思是?要买些家具?
,
是肯定意义，
所以选
D
。
05
年（春）
42
题
Telephone
messages for the manager ____ on her desk but she
didn’t notice them.
A. were left
B.
was left
C. was leaving
D.
were leaving
选
A
。句
子的主语是
messages
，是复数，另外它与动词?留（在
桌上）
?的关系是被动。
05
年
31
题
Professor Smith, along with his
assistants, ____ on the project day and night to
meet the
deadline.
A. work
B.
working
C. is working D. are working
选
C
。谓语的单复数跟
Professor Smith
一致，应该是单数。
动词的时态与语态
一、动词的时态
英语的动词可以有十六种变化，但现在常用的是十二种，其中
有九种是高中学生必须
掌握的，还有三种只要理解。现以动词
d
o
为例，十二种时态的形式列表如下：
现在
过去
将来
过
去
将
来
一般
do/does
did
进行
is/am/are
doing
was/were doing
be
完成
have/has done
had done
*shall/will
done
have
完成进行
have/has
doing
been
*had been doing
shall/will
*shall/will
do
doing
would do
（打星号的为理解项目）
1
．一般现在时态
A)
意义：现阶段经常反复发生的动
作或现在的状态。
eg. He gets up at six every morning.
There is a big tree in the
back yard.
B)
常用的时间状语：
always,
often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never,
every day,
once a
week,
等。
C)
表示一种真理、自然规律等，在
间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。
eg. The scientist explained
that the earth goes round the sun, but no one
believed him
then.
4
D)
在
时间、条件等状语从句中，代替将来时。
eg. If he is not busy, he
will come to the party tomorrow.
E)
注意第三人称单数时，动词后面要加?
s
?
。
2
．
一般过去时态
A)
意义：过去的动作或状态。注意，即使是刚刚发生的事情，时间非常短，也要用
过去
时态。如：
Why! It’s you—Mary! I
didn’t know you were here!
B)
常用的时间状语：
yesterd
ay, last week, 3 years ago, just now,
等。
C)
动词过去式的规则变化（加
ed
）和不
规则变化。
3
．一般将来时态
A)
意义：将来要发生的动作或状态。
B)
常用的时间状语：
tomorro
w, next moth, in two weeks,
等。
C)
除
了用
shall/will
之外的将来表达法：
a) is/am/are going to
do
，意为?打算、准备、马上就要?
。
eg. It’s
going to rain.
b)
is/am/are to do
，意为?
（计划好
/
安排好）要
......
?
eg. The new underground
railway is
to be opened to
traffic
next year.
c)
is/am/are about to
do
，意为?马上就要?
。
eg. Hurry up!
The plane is about to take off.
d)
某些动词
（主要是一些表示位臵
移动的动词）
可用
一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示
将来的动作。
eg. The train leaves for Beijing at
8:30 this evening.
He
is going to London next week.
4
．现在进行时态
< br>A)
意义：表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。
< br>
B)
常用的时间状语：
now,
these days, at present, at the moment,
等。
C)
有时可以和
always,
constantly, forever
等时间状语连用，表示说话人的某中特殊的感
情。
eg. He is
always thinking of others.
Mrs Smith is
constantly
quarrelling with
her neighbours.
D)
有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态表示?马上就要
......
?
eg. The old man is dying.
<
/p>
E)
英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态，
如
know,
understand,
believe, like, love, see, hear, seem,
等等。
5
．过去进行时态
A)
意义：表示过去某个时刻正在做
的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
this
time yesterday, at 9:00 last night,
等。
C)
有些动词（主要是一些表示位臵移动等的动词和瞬间动词）的过去进行时态可以表示
过去将来的意义。
eg.
I was told that she was leaving for Australia the
next morning.
*6
．将来进行时态
A)
意义：表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
this
time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning,
等。
eg. What will you be doing
at 9:00 on June 7next year?
7
．现在完成时态
5
A)
意义：
a.
表示过去某个时刻开始，
一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
（
只有部分延续性动
词，如
live, work,
study,
等可以表示这一意义）
eg.
I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.
He
has been married for half a year.
b.
表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。
eg.
I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!
Jack is playing
video games, because he has done his homework.
B)
常用的时间状语：
a.
since 1990, for 9 years,
等。
b.
already, yet, just, now,
this
week
,
never
,
ever
,
so
far
,
up till
now
,
lately
,
in the
past
/
last few
years
,
等。
C)
b
组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别：虽然现在完成时态
b
组表示的动作也
是发生在过去，但它强调的是与现在的关系
，而过去时态只表示过去发生的动作，叙述一
个事实。试比较：
eg. 1) He went
to Beijing two days ago.
He has gone to Beijing.
2) Henry lost his mobile
phone yesterday, but found it later.
Henry has lost
his mobile phone again.
D)
瞬间
动词要表示?一直到现在?
，不能直接用?完成时态加
for<
/p>
?的方式，
必须用其他
句型。
eg.
他离开上海已经三天了。
He has left Shanghai. He
left three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for
three days.
It
is three days since he left Shanghai.
8
．过去完成时态
< br>A)
意义：表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作，即?过去的过去?
。所以一般要用过去完成
时态的话，句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的动作
或时间状语做比较，才能用。
eg. He had learned English before he
went to Canada.
B)
常用的时间状语：
by the
end of last year
等。
C)
在用间接引语时，主句的动词是过去时态，用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完
成时态。
eg
. He asked the girl,
―Where have you been?‖
→
He asked the
girl where she had been.
He
said, ―I cleaned the classroom
yesterday.‖
→
He said that he had cleaned the room
the day before.
D)
有些动词（如
hope,
wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
< br>等）的过去完成时态可
表示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等。
eg. I had
hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.
*9
．将来完成时态
A)
意义：表示在将来某个时刻之前
将会完成的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语：
by the
end of next year
等。
eg.
You will have studied English for 10 years by the
time you finish high school.
10
．现在完成进行时态
A)
意义：表示一个动作从过去开始
，一直持续到现在。
（同现在完成时态的第一种意义）
B)
常用时间状语：
since
..., for ..., so far, up till now
等。
6
C)
现在完成进行时态与现在完成时
态的比较：
只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词，它们的现在完成
与现在完成进行两种时
态表示的意义相同，可以互换使用。
eg.
I have studied here for 3 years.
= I have been studying here for 3
years.
而其他的一些动词，使用两种时态，意义就各不相同了。
试比较：
The little
boy has read the text.
（小男孩已经读过课文了。
）
The little boy
has been reading the
text.
（小男孩一直在读课文。
）
试翻译
：
1
）从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。
I
have been doing my homework since 9 in the
morning.
2
）今天的功课我已经做好了。
I
have done today’s homework.
*11
．过去完成进行时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续了一段时间再结束。
（结
束的时间点也在
过去）
eg. He had been searching
for the watch for a half hour when we came back.
12
．过去将来时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态，一般多
用在间接引语中。
eg. He told me that he would read the
book a second time.
二、动词的语态
英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不
及物动词，以及系动词。及物动词有主动语态和被
动语态；
不及
物动词或动词词组
（如
happen, belong to,
take place
等）
和系动词
（
如
become,
seem, sound, look,
taste,
等）没有被动语态。
1
．以动词
do
为例，被动语态的各种时
态的表达方式如下表：
现在
过去
将来
过
去<
/p>
将
来
一般
is/am/are done
was/were done
shall/will
done
be
进行
is/am/are
being done
was/were being done
完成
have/has
done
been
had been done
shall/will be done
would be done
<
/p>
各种时态在助动词
be
上表示，动作由过
去分词体现。
2
．注意在动词词组变
被动的时候，原来词组中的
介词或副词不要漏掉
。
eg. The
villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.
→
The
soldier was taken good care of by the villagers. <
/p>
3
．有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，这些动词比较少用
被动语态。
eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every
morning.
→
?
Our
class is begun ... ?
Our
class begins at 8:00 every morning.
4
．有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式，表示（从中文里我们所感觉的）被动意义。
eg.
The book sells poorly.
His translation reads
better than yours.
Who
is to blame for the accident?
高考真题试析：
7
02
年
2
3
题
He
will have learned English for eight years by the
time he ____ from the university next
year.
A. will graduate
B. will have graduated
C. graduates
B. is to graduate
选
C
。虽然句子的时间状语是
next
year
，但是?他从大学毕业?是以
by the time
引出的
状语从句，在状语从句中，用现在时态代替将来时态。<
/p>
02
年
24
题
I feel it is your husband who ____ for
the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
选
A
。因为词组
be
to blame for
这一词组用主动形式来表示中文中?该为某事受到责备?
的被动意义。
02
年
29
题
―Will you go skiing with me
this winter vacation?‖
―It
____.‖
A. all depend B. all depends
C
. is all depended
D. is all depending
选
B
。
It
all depends.
是习惯说法，意思为?要看情况而定了?
，不用将来时态，也不用被
动语态。
03
年
32
.
题
I thought Jim
would say something about his school report, but
he ____ it.
A.
doesn’t mention
B. hadn’t
mentioned
C. didn’t
mention
D. hasn’t
mentioned
选
C
。从前面一句
I
though
< br>可以看出是过去时态，用
but
连接的两个并列句中的动
作是
发生在同一时间，所以后面的动词也应该是过去时态。
04
年
29
题
The
first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their
power ____ increased enormously
ever
since.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. had been
选
C
。
因为句子的时间状语是
ever sinc
e
，
意即
?自从那时起?
（
?那时?
指前面讲到的
1
945
年）
，所以是现在完成时态。
04
年
30
题
The
number of
deaths from
heart
disease will
be
reduced
greatly
if
people
____
to
eat
more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade
B.
will persuade
C. be persuaded
D. are persuaded
选
D
。因为?人们?和?说服?是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。
05
年
30
题
More than a dozen students in that
school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent
B. were sent
C had sent
D. had been sent
选
B
。因为学生是被送到国外学医的，所以要用被动语态，而句末
时间状语表明要用过
去时态。
8
06
年
27
题
Send my regards to your
lovely wife when you ____ home.
A. wrote B. will write
C. have written
D. write
选
D
。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词，所以
用一般现在时态代替将来时态。
0
6
年
32
题
When he turned professional
at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world
champion by
his coach and parents.
A. expected
B. was expecting
C. was
expected
D. would be expected
选
C
。根据整个句子的意思，可以判断，是他的教练和父母
期盼马克成为世界冠军，所
以用被动语态，时间在他
7
岁的时候，显然是过去时态。
07
年
28.
题
―Did you tidy your
room?‖
―No, I was going to
tidy my room but I ____ visitors.‖
A. had
B. have
C. have had
D. will have
选
A
。根据前面的疑问句，可判断谈论的是过去的事情，而且回答的前半句也说明了时
态：
?我正要打扫屋子，但我有客人来访了?是过去时态。
07
年
< br>30
题
With the help of high technology, more
and more new substances ____ in the past years.
A. discovered
B. have discovered
C. had
been discovered
D. have
been discovered
选
D
。
全句的时间状语是
in the past years<
/p>
，
是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语，
而
且
?发
现?与?新的物质材料?是动宾关系。
< br>
情态动词
一、
can, may, must
根据意
思与习惯用法，
我们可以把
can, may, must
分成以下两组用法，
方便学习与掌
握。
1
．第一组用法见下表（主要在初中的时
候我们所掌握的）
：
can
ma
y
mus
t
A) can
a)
can
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. Computers can do a lot of things
for us.
Money cannot
buy everything.
Can you speak French?
I could run very fast when I was young.
9
词义
能、
会
可以
必须
肯定
can
may
must
否定
can’t
mustn’t/may
not
needn’t
疑问
Can...?
May...?
Must...?
过去式
could
might
must/had to
b)
can
与
be able to
can
与
be able
to
的意思相近，经常可以互换使用，但是
be able t
o
除了有一般现在与过
去时态之外，还有将来、完成等时态，所
以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事，就要用
be able
to
。
eg. You will be able to communicate
with foreigners fluently if you finish the course.
The baby has been able to
one or two simple sentences.
在用过
去式的时候，
could
与
was
able to
的意思不同，
could
表示的是?当时能够做
某事?的意思，而
was/were
able
to
表示的是?当时能够，并且成功地做到了?的意思。
试比较：
Einstein was
able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.
I could pass the examination, but I was
too careless.
c) could
在疑问句时用意表示请求，意义同
can
，是一种
比较客气的表达方式。
eg. Could you give me a hand?
B) may
a)
may
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. You may
choose anyone here you like.
—
May I leave now?
—
Y
es,
of course/Sure. Go ahead.
—No, you
mustn’t.
（注：口语中也能用
cannot
。
）
I was
told that the boss might come to the office before
9
b)mustn’t
与
may
not.
mustn’t
一般是说话人表示?
不可以?或?禁止?
，而
may
no
t
一般是指按规定?不
允许?的意思。
试比较：
You
mustn’t leave the bike here.
The sign on t
he
wall reads, ―Visitors may not feed the animals in
the zoo.‖
c)
may
可放在句首，表示?祝愿?
。
eg.
May our friendship last
forever.
d) might
有时用在疑问句中，只是一种比
may
更客气一点，而非过去式
。
eg. Might I
have a few words
with you
, sir?
C) must
a)
must
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg.
Everyone must obey the rules.
—
Must I finish
the work today?
—
Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t/don’t have
to.
He
told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow
morning.
b)
must
与
have to
用
must
更强调主观上?必须?
，而
have to
更强调客观上的?不得不?
。
在间接引语中，主句动词是过去式时，用
had to
多，但
must
也可以用。
have
to
有现在、过去和将来三种时态。
c)
must
有时可以表示?偏偏?
?非
...
不可?的意思。
eg. Why must you make such
a mess when the visitors are coming?
2
．第二组用法见下表：
词义
肯
定
否定
疑问
过去式
进行式
10
ca
n
m
ay
m
ust
可
能
/
一
定
可能
一定
t
/
may
mus
cann
ot
may
not
/
Can...
?
/
/
can’t
done
may
dong
must
done
have
have
have
can’t be
doing
may be doing
must be doing
a) can, may, m
ust
的第二种用法，是用来表示说话人的一种推测。其中
ma
y
与
must
的区
别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断的区别，觉得可能性大，就用
must
，可能性小，就
用
may
。而
can
与
may,
must
是肯定、否定、疑问分工的不同。
现在时举例：
—
Can Tom be in the
classroom?
—
Yes, he must be there.
或
—Yes, he may be
there, but I’m not quite sure.
或
—No, he can’t
be there, because he hasn’t come to school
today.
过去时举例：
I
must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your
footsteps.
David became
angry
at
the meeting. He may
have misunderstood what I meant.
James
can’t
have
forgotten
the
examination
yesterday.
There
must
have
been
something wrong with
him, I believe.
b)
表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用
may
，但意思与
cannot
有所不同。
may not
一般解
释为?可能不?
，而
cannot
解释为?不可能?
c)
表示可能性，也可以用
might
和
could
，但并非
may
和
can
的过去式，而是表示说话
人觉得可能性实在是比较小了，有虚拟的意味。跟
may
与
can
一样，
might
用在肯定句，
co
uld
用在否定句和疑问句。
might
do
的过去式是
might have done
，
could
的过去式是
c
ould
have done
。
eg.
—
Could it be Susan at the
door?
—
Yes, it might be
her.
（现在口语中也可用
could
be
回答）
*d) could have done
也可以用在肯定句里
，
表示过去有这种可能，
但事实上没有发生
（虚
拟语气的用法）
。
eg. It was
dangerous to do so. You could have killed
yourself!
二、
shall, will,
would
1
．用在一般疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。<
/p>
第一、第三人称用
shall
，第二人称
用
will
或
would
。
eg. Shall turn on the TV?
Shall my brother go with us?
Will/Would you do me a
favour?
2
．
shall
与第二、第三人称连用，用在肯定、否定句中，表示?命令、允诺、警告、威胁，
及说话人的意愿和决心?
。
eg. You shall
do it at once!
He shall have
the money when he finish his work on time.
You shall fail if you don’t
work hard.
If
Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall
be
taken away
from
him.
3
．
will
在陈述句中可用于任何人称，表示?意愿
、意志、决心?等。有时也可用在条件
句中。
11
eg. I will help you
at any
time
if necessary.
The captain will land you safe in
Liverpool, if you will be man.
4
．
will
和
would
可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作，
或在某一条件下，
一定回发生的动作。
这时，
will
< br>一般指?现在?
，
would
一
般指?过去?
。
eg. Oil will float on
water, because it is lighter.
He
would take a walk after supper when he lived here.
上面例句中的
would
可以用
used
to
来替换。
used
to
也表示?过去常常?
，但
used
to
还隐含了?现在不再这样了?的意思。而
would
则没有这种意思。
eg. He used to
smoke, but he has given it up now.
三、
should/ought to
1
．可以表示一种必要性、义务，解为?应当、应该?
。可以
与任何人称连用，并用在肯
定、否定、疑问句中。
但疑问句时用
should
更多一些
。
eg. You should/ought to pay more
attention to your spelling.
2
．可以表示一种推测，解为?应该是?
。用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句。它还有
进行和完成两种形式：
should/ought
to
be
doing
（对现在正在进行的动作的推测）和
should/ought to
have done
（表示与过去的事实相反，
?本来应该?的
意思）
。
eg. They should be here by now.
The students should be
doing the experiment in the lab.
You should have come here ten minutes
earlier.
3
．
should
有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉，解为?竟然?
。
eg. I
have never imagined that he should say so at the
meeting.
四、
need
和<
/p>
dare
need
和
dare
两词，都既可作为情态动词，又可作为实意动词，所以复习的重点是分
清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词。
1
．
need
解为?需要、必须?
。
A)
作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg.
—
Need I do it
again?
—No, you
needn’t.
注意：与
Must I do it
again?
的意思相近，但用
need
问，问的人一般希望得到的是否
定的回答；而用
must
问，问话的人一般希望得到的是肯定回答。
B)
作为实意动词，可用于各种句
型，是及物动词，可以跟名词做宾语。
eg.
We need another five workers to do the work.
C)
needn’t have
done
与
didn’t need to
do
的区别
needn’t have
done
和
didn’t need to do
分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形
式，但是所表示的意义不同。<
/p>
needn’t have done
意思是?本来不必?
，言下之意是?做了不
必要做的事了?
；而<
/p>
didn’t need to do
意思是?当时不必要?
，言下之意是?当时不必要，因
此可能就没有做?
< br>。
试比较：
She was too nervous to
reply, but fortunately she didn’t need to say
anything.
她紧张得无法答复，但幸运的是，她那时什么也不必说。
You
needn’t
have
mentioned
it
to
him,
because
he
had
been
told
everything
before.
你本来不必跟他提这件事的，之前
已经有人把一切都讲给他听了。
2
．
dare
解为?敢?
。
A)
作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg.
Dare you say that to your boss?
12
The
little boy dare not face his teacher.
但是
da
re
的固定词组?
I dare
say...
?
，用在肯定句中。
eg.
He’ll come again, I dare
say.
注意：
dare
作为情态动词时，它的过去式是
dared
。
eg. They dared
not laugh in front of their manager.
<
/p>
B)
作为实意动词，
dare
可以用在各种句型里。
但是注意在否定句里，有时后面的
不定式的
to
可以省略。
eg.
They didn’t dare (to) laugh in front of their
manager.
高考真题试析：
01
年
34
题
You can’t imagine that a
well
-behaved gentleman ____ be so rude
to a lady.
A.
might B. need
C. should
D.
would
选
C
。这里的
should
作?竟然?解，表示说话人的惊讶。
01
年（春）
27
题
Mr.
Bush
is
on
time
for
everything.
How
____
it
be
that
he
was
late
for
the
opening
ceremony?
A. can
B. should
C. may
D. must
选
A
。因为在本句里的
can
用在疑问句中，意思是?可能
?
。全句的意思是?布什先生每
件事都是准时的，他怎么可能在
开幕式时迟到呢？
02
年（春）
28
题
Oh, I’m not feeling well in
the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just
now.
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t
have eaten
D.
mustn’t eat
选
C
。
根据上下文，
这里表示的是
?本不应该吃这么多的炸鸡?
。
所以
< br>shouldn’t have eaten
是正确选项。
03
年（春）
24
题<
/p>
My English-
Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have
taken it?
A.
should
B. must
C. could
D. would
选
C
。
这是对过去事实的一种推测，
must
只能用在肯定句里，
could
是用在疑问和否定
句
里，
所以选
could
。
04
年
28
题
Children under 12 years of
age in that country ____ be under adult
supervision when in
a public library.
A. must
B. may
C. can
D.
need
选
A
。根据整个句子的意思
，这里用
must
（必须）最恰当。
04
年（春）
29
题
You might just as well tell the
manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the
design
of the furniture.
13
A. must
B. shall
C. may
D. need
选<
/p>
C
。在此句中，
may
not
解释为?可能不?
。全句的意思是?你最好告诉
生产商，男性
顾客可能不惜换这种家具的设计。
?
05
年
27
题
There ____ be any difficulty about
passing the road test since you have practised a
lot in
the driving school.
A. mustn’t
B. shan’t
C.
shouldn’t
D.
needn’t
选
C
。因为整句的意思是：
?既然你在驾驶学校练得很多，那么通过路考应该不会有
什么
困难了。
?这里的
should<
/p>
是一种推测。
而
must
表示推测时（解为?一定?
）
，一般只用于肯
定句，否定时要用
can’t
。
05
年（春）
29
题
According to the local regulations,
anyone who intends to get a driver’s licence ____
take
an eye test.
A. can
B. must
C. would D. may
选
B
。这里
must
的意思是?必须?<
/p>
，正和题意。
06
年
26
题
Black holes ____ not be
seen directly, so determining the number of them
is a tough task.
A. can
B. should
C. must
D. need
选
A
。本句的意思是?黑洞不可能直接看得到，所以要确定黑洞的
数量是一件棘手的事
情。
?要表示可能性的时候，
must
只能用于肯定，
can
才是用于否定。
06
年（春）
26
题
You know he is not going to
let us leave early if we ____ get the work done.
A.
can’t
B. may not
C. shouldn’t
D.
mustn’t
选
A
。此句用
can’t
，意思是?不能够?
。
07
年
29
题
—―Guess what! I
have got A for my term paper.‖
—―Great! You
____ read widely and put a lot of work into
it.‖
A. must
B. should
C. must have
D. should have
选
C
。这是对过去事实的推测，
must have done
的意思就是?过去一定
......
?
。
07
年（春）
27
题
The boss has given everyone a special
holiday, so we ____ go to work tomorrow.
A.
can’t
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D.
shouldn’t
选
C
。
needn’t
意思是?不必?正和题意。
代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1
．人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格
作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用所有格。
形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有
格：如
my
和
mine
，
your
和
yours
等。
14
eg. Your school
is so different from ours (= our school).
< br>2
．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序：单数时为
you, he and I
；复
数时为
we, you and
they
。
3
．
it
用于指人的情况：
A)
—
Who is it/that speaking?
—
It
’s
Mary speaking.
B)
—What’s wrong with the
baby?
—
It
’s crying
loudly.
4
．双重所有格的用法
在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况，如
a friend
of mine
，
the invention of
his
等，
这种表达法的意思与
my
friend, his
invention
基本相同，只有细微的差别。
另外，名词也有双重所有格的表达法，如
a
friend
of
my
father’s,
t
he
invention
of
Professor
Brown’s
等。
5
．在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用定冠词
the
代替所有格。
试比较：
The policeman caught the
thief by
the arm
.
The young lady
carried a small baby in her arm.
6
．
We
students
与
Our
students
的区别
We students
中文为?我
们学生?
，
?学生?是?我们?的同位语，用这一词语的时候，
说话人是学生。
而
Our stude
nts
其实是
?我们的学生?
，
说话人不是学生。
当然，
用
< br>We students
的时候，
We
students
必须是主语，如果是宾语，则用
us
students
。
eg. We students should
learn more than book knowledge at school.
Good teachers always bear
us students in mind.
7
．反身代词的用法
A)
作宾语
eg.
We must learn to adjust ourselves to the new
situation.
注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别：
eg. Jane’s mother stared at
her in the mirror.
（
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中的
Jane
。
）
Jane’s mother
stared at herself in the mirror.
（
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中的自己。
）
试译：请好好保重。
Please take good care of yourself.
在幼儿园里，老师会很好地照顾你的。
Teachers will take good care of you in
the kindergarten.
B)
用作同位语，强调主语或宾语
eg. I myself
would never do such a thing. (= I would
never do such a thing myself.)
We talked with the
mayor
himself
.
C)
反身代词的一些词组
by oneself
单独，独自
eg. He finished the task by
himself.
for oneself
为了自己
eg. She cooked a meal for herself.
between ourselves
就我们之间
eg.
This is a secret between ourselves.
teach oneself sth.
自学
... eg. Lenin taught
himself English when he was in Siberia.
seat oneself = be seated
eg. He seated himself
at the
back of the room.
devote oneself to = be devoted to
献身于
二、指示代词
1
．
this,
these
经常指下面要讲的东西，而
that,
those
经常指前面讲过的东西。
eg. He always begins his
story like this: ―Once upon a time, there was a
...‖
He
was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.
15
2
．
that
与
those
可以指代前面提到的名词，经常在比较级的句子中出现。
eg. The boy
told me his story and also that of his
sister’s.
Weather in Shanghai is warmer than that
in Beijing.
The products
produced this year are different from those
produced last year.
3
．
this
与
that
可用作
副词，放在形容词或副词前，意思相当于
so
。
eg. I
didn’t expect the exam would be this
easy.
I
can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词
1
．
one
one
只能指代可数名词的单数形式
，它与
it
的不同之处是
it
代替前面所提到的名词，
是特指的，也就是前面
提到的同一件东西，而
one
代替前面所提到的名词，但它是一
种泛
指，即是这一类东西中的任何一个。
试比较：
I have
lost my cell phone and I have to buy one (= a cell
phone).
I have
bought a new cell phone. I bought it in Hong Kong.
2
．
any, some,
anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything,
something
A)
any<
/p>
一般用在否定句，疑问句与条件状语从句中
。
eg.
—
Have you any
questions?
—No, I haven’t
any.
Please buy some apples if there are
any.
any
也可以用在肯定句中，表示?任何一个?的意思。
eg. This is common knowledge. Any pupil
knows it.
B)some
一般用在肯定句中，但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。
eg.
Would you like to have some drinks? (= Have some
drinks, please.)
试比较：
Have you
bought any drinks?
some
有时还可以解释为?某个?
的意思，相当于
certain
。
eg. I have read it in some magazine. (=
in a certain magazine.)
C)
anyone, someone, anybody,
somebody
都是指人，
anything, somet
hing
都是指物。
无论
是指人还是指
物，都是单数性质。
3
．
another
与
the
other
等的用法见下表：
泛指
特指
单数
another =
another one
the
other
=
the
other
one
复数
other ones = others
the
other ones =the others
eg. I don’t like the colour of the
shirt. Will you please show me
another
(one/ shirt)?
There were only
two shirts left in the shop. I didn’t like the
blue one. So I took
the
other.
We
have been told that only three of us have passed
the exam, and the others have to
do it
again next week.
There are many children in the park.
Some are singing, others are dancing.
4
．
each
与
every
each
相当于形容词或名词，而
every
相当与形容词
。
ea
ch
指两个或两个以上的?每一个?
，
every
指三个或三个以上的?每一个?
。
< br>
用
each
的时候，常可强调?各不相同?
，而用
every
时，常强调?全部都?
。
eg. Each
of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= The hats cost 30
dollars each.)
There are shops
on each side of the street
.
16
At
the meeting,
each student
expressed his
or her own idea.
Every one of the students
agreed with me.
5
．
everyone
与
every one
eve
ryone
只指人，同
everybody
。
every one
既可指物，也可指人，指人时只用在
of
短语之前。
eg. No one is
absent today. Everyone is here.
All the pictures are
beautiful. I like every one of them.
6<
/p>
．
all
与
bo
th
；
any
与
either
；
none
与
neither
这三对代词的区别是一样的，
在与指代数量上的不同。
all,
any, none
都是指代三个或三
个以上，
both, either,
neither
都是指代两者。
eg. All the students like
my idea.
Both his
parents are ordinary workers.
There are many books in our library.
You can borrow any of them.
I have two dictionaries. You may take
either one.
None of my
classmates will go there with me.
Neither of his two brothers could help
him during that time.
7
．
no one, nobody,
nothing
和
none
。
no one
= nobody
，都是指人；
nothing
指物；
none
既可指人，也可指物。
no one,
nobody, nothing
都是单数性质
，
none
作主语，如指代不可数名词，看作单数，
如
果指代可数名词，既可看作单数，也可看作复数。
在作否定回答时，
用
none
回答有针对性的人或东西，用
no one,
nobody, nothing
回答
无针对性的人或东西。<
/p>
eg.
—
Who did you see in the
office?
—
No one/
Nobody.
—
Is
there anything in the room?
—
Nothing..
—
Is there any water in your
bottle?
—
None.
—
How many
students have been chosen in your class this time?
—
None.
8
．
not
与
all, both, every
连用
not
与
all, both, ev
ery
连用时都是部分否定，意思是?不全是?
。
eg. All that glitters is not
gold.
Not every student can solve the
problem.
Both of his parents are not at home,
today.
试析：
Don’t spit
____
(anywhere/ everywhere).
高考真题试析：
< br>01
年
22
题
< br>
Both teams were in hard
training; ____ was willing to lose the game.
A. either B.
neither
C. another
D. the
other
选
B
。因为在句首有
both
一词，表明只有两支队伍，所以后面要选
< br>neither
。说明两支队
伍都不想输。
01
年
33
题
In fact ____ is a hard job for the
police to keep order in an important football
match.
A. this
B. that
C. there
D. it
17
选
D
。这里用
it
作形式主语，真实主语是后面的不定式。
01
年（春）
24
题
Some of the
wheat is from Canada. What about ____?
A. another
B.
the other
C. others
D. the
rest
选
D
。
因为空格中要指代的是前面说到的小麦，
是不可数名词，
a
nother
，
the other
与
others
就都不能用。
而
the rest
既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词
< br>，意思也是?剩下的?
。
<
/p>
03
年（春）
26
题
Equipped with
modern facilities, today’s libraries differ
grea
tly from ____.
A. those of the past
B. the past
C. which of the
past
D. these past
选
< br>A
。因为只有
those
可以指
代前文中的复数名词
libraries
。
04
年
26
题
I had to buy ____ these books because I
didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both
B. none
C. neither
D. all
选
D
< br>。从句子的最后一个单词
best
可以知道，书起码有三
本。另外根据全句的意思，是
要买书，所以选
all
。
04
年（春）
25
题
Some of the stamps belong
to me, while the rest are ____.
A. him and her
B. his and hers
C. his and
her
D. him and hers
选
B
。因为此处要用的是一个所有格，且后面没有跟名词，所以
< br>B
是正确选项。
05
年
26
题
No
progress was
made
in
the
trade
talk
as
neither
side would
accept
the
conditions
of
____.
A. others
B. the other
C. either D. another
选
B
。从句子中的
neither
可以看出，谈判是在双方间进行。那么各方都不能接受对方的
条件，没有第三方了。
所以用
the other
。
05
年（春）
26
题
My daughter often makes a schedule to
get ____ reminded of what she is to do in the day.
A. herself
B. her
C. she
D.
hers
选
A
。因为根据句子的意思
，
?我的女儿?做个日程表是要提醒她自己，所以要用反身代
词
。
06
年
29
题
I made so many changes in my
composition that only I could read it. To ____
else, it was
hard to make out.
A. none
B. everyone
C. someone
D. anyone
选
D
。
To
anyone else
的意思是?对于其他任何人来说?
。其
余的选项都说不通。
06
年（春）
27
题
18
Both sides have accused ____ of
breaking the contract.
A. another
B. the other
C. neither
D. each
选
B
。这道题同
01
年的
22
题和
05
年的
26
题，前面有了
both
，说明只有双方，大家都
指责对方撕毁合同。
07
年
26
题
The
mayor
has
offered
a
reward
of
$$
5000
to
____
who
can
capture
the
tiger
alive
or
dead.
A. both
B. others C. anyone
D. another
选
C
。此处的
anyone
的意思是任何一个人，放
在句中正和题意。
07
年（春）
26
题
Treat ____ to a glass of
wine to help you relax at the end of the day.
A. one
B. oneself
C. you
D. yourself
选
D
。此句是祈使句，所以事实主语是?
you
?
，主语和宾语是同一人，所以要用反身代
词。
< br>
形容词和副词
一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级
1
．形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化
< br>形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。
规则的变化，短的词（单音节及部分双音节的词）一般是在词尾加?
er
?或?
est
?
（
其中
重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母；
e
结尾只要加?
r
?或?
st
?
；
?
y
?加辅音结尾的去?
y
?
加?
ier
?或?
iest
?
）如：
big, bigger,
biggest
；
late, later,
latest
；
early, earlier, earli
est
等，
较长的词
（部分双音节及多
音节的词）
在前面加上
more
或
most
，
如：
c
areful, more careful,
most
careful
；
clearly, more
clearly, most clearly
等。
不规则变化的词为：
good, well, bad,
badly, ill, many, much, little, old,
far
。变化见下表：
原级
good, well
bad, badly, ill
many, much
little
old
far
比较级
better
worse
more
less
older, elder
farther,
furthest
最高级
best
worst
most
least
oldest, eldest
farther,
furthest
2
．常用的比较级、最高级句型
A)
用原级形容词、副词的句型：
a) as... as...
?和
......
一样
......
?
eg. Try to make as few
mistakes as you can.
He speaks English as fluently as you.
b) not as/so...
as...
?不如
.......
那
样
......
?
eg.
People’s brains cannot work as fast as
computers.
c)
在以上两个句型中，我们还可以加上?倍数?
?分数?
?百分数?等词。
eg. Tibet is
twice as large as Texas. (= Tibet is twice the
size of Texas).
19
My handwriting
is not half so good as yours.
B)
用比较级形容词、副词的句型：
a) ...er
than... / more ... than...
?比
......
更
......
?
eg. It’s cheaper to eat at home than in
the restaurant.
注意：
用比较级句型的时候，
比较的对象必须是同类事物。
在汉语中，
我们
常看到
?上
海的天气比北京热?
，这样
的句子，但在做翻译的时候就要注意，必须是同类作比较：
The weather in Shanghai is warmer than
that in Beijing.
在比较级形容词和副词前，
还可以用
一些副词或短语修饰，
如：
much, far, even,
still, a
lot, a little, a bit, rather,
slightly, *many
等。
eg.
Your argument is far more persuasive than his.
这些修饰语中的
many
只用在
more
+
可数名词之前，表?多得多?之意，如
many more
students
。而要表示?多得多?的不可数的东西，则要
用
much more
。
还可以用?倍数（如
three times
< br>）
?
，
?数词
< br>+
量词（如
two
degrees
或
five hours
等）
?来修
饰。除此之外，还有
by
far
也能修饰比较级的句型，但
by far
多用在比较级之后，个别情
况下，可用在比较级之前。
eg.
He arrived here only 5 minutes earlier than you.
The new method
is more complicated by far than the old one.
b) less ...
than...
?不如
......
那样
......
?
eg.
In my opinion, the writer’s second book is less
interesting than his first one.
c) ...er and
...er/ more and more
?越来越
...
...
?
eg. With the final
examination drawing nearer and nearer, Tim was
getting more and
more nervous.
d) the ...er,
the ...er / the more ..., the more...
?越
......
，就越
......
?
eg. The faster
you solve the problem, the best result you will
get.
e)
< br>带有
than
的句型，但不是比较的意思。
more
than
=
not
only
eg.
Students
have
learned
more
than
book
knowledge
at
school.
other than =
1)except
eg. There’s
nothing in his room other than books.
2)anything but
eg. I couldn’t
feel other than surprised.
3)different from
eg. His tastes are quite
other than mine.
rather than =
instead of
eg. The color
seems green rather than blue.
I
would sleep rather than see a film tonight.
f)
在表
示?两者之中比较
......
的那一个?时，比较级形容词前
要用定冠词
the
。
eg.
Bill is the taller of the twin brothers.
C)
用最高级形容词、副词的句型：
a) the ...est/
most ... of/ in...
eg. China is one of the
largest countries in the world.
b)
可以用比较级的句型来表示最高
级的意思：
eg. Tom is
taller than anyone else/ any other one/
any of the others
/ all the
others in
our class.
No one is
taller than Tom in our class.
I have never
seen a better film than this one.
请注意在上面第一个例子中的
other,
else
等的用法。试比较：
China is bigger
than
any other country in
Asia
.
20
Chins is bigger than
any
country in Africa
.
c)
在最高级形容词或副词前可以用
序数词或
very, much, by
far
等。
eg. The Yellow
River is the second longest river in China.
Among the
candidates, John is the very youngest.
The Pacific is by far the
largest ocean in the world.
d)
在作比较的时候，
最高级形容词前必须用定冠词或物主代词所有格、
指示代词，
在最
高级副词的前面可用可不用。
eg.
Don’t forget to wear
the/your best
clothes to the job interview.
He runs (the) fastest in our class.
但是有
时候会看到在最高级形容词前不用定冠词的例子，这时，这个最高级其实
不是
?最
......
?的意思，而是?非常
......
?的意思
。
eg. This is a most interesting film.
二、有关形容词的一些要点
1
．作定语和作表语的形容词
英语中很多形容词都既可作定语，
也可作表语，
如
kind
，
可以说
She is a kind
teacher
，
或
She is k
ind
。但是有些形容词只能作表语，如很多
a
开头的形容词（
afraid, alive, alone,
asleep,
awake
）以及
glad, pleased,
sorry, tired
等。
有些形
容词用作表语时的意思与用作定语时的意思不一样。试比较：
1
）
He
is ill in bed.
Ill news runs
apace
(=quickly).
2) What’s your
present address?
All
the members were present
at
the conference.
*2
．多个形容词修饰同一
个名词的词序排列：
eg.
a charming small round old brown French
oak writing table
（描述性→大小→形状→新旧
/
年龄→颜色→地方→物质材料→用途）
3
．形容词和名词的正确搭配
eg.
price
(high/low);
goods
(cheap/expensive);
population
(large/
small);
rain
(heavy/
light
)
4
．形容词作状语
/
补语
形容词有时可以作句子的状语（也有的语法书上称之为补语）
。
eg. The little
girl went home,
cold and
hungry
.
The captain promised to
land the passengers
safe
.
5
．一些由同一词根派生出来的形容词词义辨析
英语中根据构词法，经常可碰到一些由同一词根派生出的不同的形容词，在学习掌握
的时
候需要加以注意，不要混淆。
A)
historic
与
historical
historic
意思为?历史上有
重大意义的?
，
historical
意思为?历史的?
。
eg. Waterloo is a historic
battlefield, where Napoleon’s ar
my was
defeated.
Have you seen
the historical film about Napoleon?
B)
sensible
与
sensitive
sensible
意思为?明智的?
?合理的?
?可感觉到的?
，
sensitive
意思为?敏感的?
?神
经过敏的?
。
eg.
Surely
it
would
be
sensible
to
get
a
second
opinion
before
taking
any
further
21
action.
There is a
sensible increase in temperature because of the
global warmth.
This is such a sensitive
issue that we should deal with it carefully.
C)
imaginable,
imaginary
与
imaginative
imaginable
意思是?能够
想象的?
?想象得出的?
，
imagi
nary
意思是?想象（出来）
的?
?
虚构的?
，
imaginative
是
?富于想象力的?
。
eg. The seven dwarfs tried every
imaginable means, but couldn’t wake her
up.
All the characters in the
story are imaginary.
Jack was an
imaginative child though he didn’t do well at
school.
三、有关副词的一些要点
1
．副词的位臵
频度副
词一般在动词?
be
?与助动词之后，行为动词之前
.
eg. David is usually late.
He seldom comes early.
You can never
imagine how embarrassed I was at that time!
修饰动词的副词经常在动词之后，有时也可放在句首。
eg.
Though I did the exercise very carefully, I failed
again.
Suddenly, a tall man appeared from
behind the curtain.
表地点和时间的副词可放在句尾或句首。
2
．与形容词同形的副词，以及词尾以
ly
结尾的副词
A)
有些有
ly
结尾的副
词经常可以有抽象的意义，而与形容词同形的副词表示的是比较
具体的意义。如
high/highly; deep/deeply; wide/widely
eg. He can jump
very high.
The principal
speaks highly of your work.
B)
有些词的意思完全不同如
hard/hardly;
near/nealy;
late/lately;
most/mostly
，需要加
以注意。
3
．一些常用副词的用法
A) very, much, very much
与
well
的用法
very
一般修饰形容词、副词和现在分词，如：
very
good/hard/interesting
much
一般修饰比较级和过去分词，如：
mu
ch faster/ respected
very
much
一般修饰动词，如：
I love it very
much.
well
一般修饰
worth
doing
与介词短语，如：
well worth
reading/above the trees
B)
fairly
与
rather
fairly
与
rather
都有?相当?的意思，但一般
fairly
修饰带有褒义的形容词或副词，
含有?
正合适?
，
?恰当?等的意义；而
ra
ther
含有?过分?的意义，所以修饰带有贬义的
形容词和副
词更多，如：
fairly warm, rather hot; fairly
cool, rather cold; fairly easy, rather
difficult
等。
C)
nearly
与
almost
nearly
与
almost
都可以解释为?几乎?
，一般情况下，两个词经常可以互换，有人认
为用
almo
st
时，感觉上比
nearly
更接近
一些。
eg. The work was almost/nearly
completed.
Almost/Nearly all the Japanese eat
rice.
< br>在
any
及一些否定词
no,
none, never, nothing, nobody
的前面，必须使用
almost
。
22
eg. Almost no one believed what he
said.
固定词组
not nearly
的意思
是?远远不（够）
。
?
eg.
There are not nearly enough people here to do the
job.
I
have 20 dollars, but that isn’t nearly enough for
my journey fare.
高考真题试析：
01
年
26
题
In recent years travel
companies have succeeded in selling us the idea
that the further we
go, ____.
A. our holiday
will be better
B
. our
holiday will be the better
C. the better our holiday will be
D. the better will our holiday be
选
C
。这是一个?
the
more..., the more...
?的比较结构，在用这一结构时，后面的主
谓是
正常语序，不用倒装。
01
年
46
题
I
don
’
t think Peter is too
young to take care of the pet dog ____.
A. correctly
B. properly
C. exactly
D. actively
选
B
。此句中
properly
可解为?完全地?
，全句的意思是?我认为比德已经不小了，完
全可以照顾好他的宠物狗了。
?而其他三个选项都不符合题意。
01
年
< br>47
题
According to the new research gardening
is a more ____ exercise for older women than
jogging or swimming.
A. mental
B. physical
C. effective
D. efficient
选
C
。根据上下文，本题的意思是?根据最新研究，对于年纪较大的妇
女来说，园艺是
比慢跑和游泳更加
......
的一项锻炼?
，
那么在四个选项中，
< br>只有用
effective
（有效）
才讲得通。
mental
意思是?智力的?
，
physical
是?体力的?
，
efficient
是?效率高的?
，显然都不符合
题意。
02
年
26
题
As far as I am concerned,
education is about learning and the more you
learn, ____.
A.
the more for life are you equipped B. the more
equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for
D. you are equipped the more for life
选
B
。
本题考比较级
the more..., the more...
的句型。
在用这个句型的时候，
值得提醒的是：
我们所记的
?
the more
?
，
其实是
?
the +
形容词或副词比较级?
。
本句中，
< br>过去分词
equipped
作用相当于形容词，意思是?
做好准备的?
，那么它的比较级就是
more
equipped
。这样就
不难理解为什么要选
B
了。
02
年
43
题
The secret of his
success is that he does everything ____.
A.
efficiently
B. curiously
C.
anxiously
D. sufficiently
选<
/p>
A
。四个选项中，
efficientl
y
意思是?效率高地?
；
curiou
sly
是?好奇地?
；
anxious
ly
是?急切地?
；
sufficie
ntly
是?充分地?
。只有用
eff
iciently
，本句才讲得通，
?他成功的秘
诀在于他做每一件事都效率很高?
。
23
0
2
年
49
题
The shopkeeper gave us ____
weight: we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.
A.
scarce
B. short
C. light
D. slight
选
B
。
本题考英语的习惯表达法。
< br>中文所说的
?缺秤?
，
?分量不
足?
，
在英语中用
?
< br>short
weight
?来表达。不用其他说法。<
/p>
03
年
48
题
Broadly speaking, I would agree with
Shirley, though not ____.
A. widely
B.
thoroughly
C. entirely
D.
extensively
选
C
。
根据上下文，
本句的意思为
?大体上说来，
我还是同意谢丽，
虽然不是全都同意
。
?
entirely
的意思就是?完
全地?
，符合本题要求。
03
年
51
题
Those who change
mobile phones frequently will pay a heavy price
for being ____.
A. graceful
B.
fashionable
C. particular
D.
feasible
选
B
。本题考形容词词义。解题时要考虑的是?频繁换手机的人将为什么东西而付出高
< br>额代价？?所以显然答案就是
fashionable
，
?他们是为追求时髦而付出代价?
。其他各项都
不符合题意。
04
年
31
题
The house rent is
expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at
home and I’m paying
____ here.
A. as three
times much
B. as much three times
C. much as
three times
D. three times as much
选
D
。
本题考倍数的
正确表达。
用英语表达倍数，
一般都是把倍数放在
as ... as
或
...er
than
之前。这个句子为了避免重复，把
three
times as much
之后的
as ...
部分省略了。
04
年
32
题
He
speaks English well indeed, but of course not ____
a native speaker.
A. as fluent as
B. more
fluent than
C. so fluently as
D. much fluently than
选
C
。本句考副词的比较等级。因为要修饰怎么?说英语?
< br>，
不能用形容词，应该是用
副
词来修饰，所以
A
、
B
两项不用考虑。而如要表示?比
......
更流利?
，应该是
more fluently
than
，所以
D
项也不对。表示?
不如
......
?可以用?
not
as/so+
原级形容词或副词
+ as
?的句
型。全句的意思是?他英语说得的确很好，但当然还是不如一个以英语为母语的
人那么流
利。
?
04
年
51
题
Most people on this island are
recreational fishers, and ____, fishing forms an
actual part
of their leisure time.
A.
accidentally
B. purposefully
C. obviously
D. formally
选
C
。本题
考副词。根据前后两个半句，
?岛上大部分人都是钓鱼爱好者?
，
?钓鱼成为
他们休闲时间的一个实际组成部分?
，最恰当的连接应该用?很显然?
，所以用
C
，其他选
项都不符合逻辑。
24
0
5
年
28
题
At a rough estimate,
Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times
as the size of
D. three times the size
of
选
D
。本题考倍数表达法。在英
语中倍数应该放在?
as ...
as
?
，
?
-er
than
?
，或
?
the
size/length/
width...
?之前，所以
D
是正
确的表达。
05
< br>年
41
题
There was such a long queue
for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up.
A. eventually
B. unfortunately
C.
generously D. purposefully
选
A
。本题考副词。根据上下文，可以知道?有一个很长的队伍
排着要咖啡?
，所以?我
们最终放弃了。
?
eventually
意思是?最终?
，正合题意，其他都说不通。
05
年
44
题
At times, worrying is a
normal, ____ response to a difficult event or
situation
––
a loved
one being injured in an accident, for
example.
A.
effective
B. individual
C.
inevitable
D. unfavorable
选<
/p>
C
。本题考形容词。所给的四个形容词，
effective
意思是?有效的?
，
individual
是?个
人的?
，
inevitable
是?不可避免的?
、
?必然的?
，
unfavora
ble
是?不利的?
。本题的意思应
该
为?有时候，处于一种困境时——比如一个所爱的人在一次事故中受伤了——忧虑是一
种
正常的，不可避免的反应。
?
06
年
28
题
A typhoon swept
across this area with heavy rains and winds ____
strong as 113 miles per
hour.
A. too
B. very
C. so
D.
as
选
D
。本题考形容词比较的句型
，只有
as...as
可以在次运用，因为
so...as
的形式一般是
用在否定句里的。
as...as
在这里的意思是?有
......
如此强的程度?
，整句的意思为?伴随着大
雨和强达每小时
113
英里的狂风，台风袭击了这个地区。
?
07<
/p>
年
27
题
Alan is a careful driver,
but he drives ____ of my friends.
A. more carefully
B. the most carefully
C.
less carefully
D. the least carefully <
/p>
选
D
。本题考副词的最高级。
?在我的朋友当中?
，一定是超过两个人，同时句子中也没
有
than
一词，所以不可能用比较级，而后半句由<
/p>
but
引出，说明意思有转折，所以不可能
用
the most carefully
，只能选
D
。
语法讲座：分词
一、分词的形式
1
．现在分词与过去分词的主要区别
A)
及物动词的现在分词与过去分词
的区别
eg. The news excited the children.
→
The news was
exciting.
The children were
excited.
25
→
the exciting
news
the excited children
My teacher’s words
encouraged me greatly.
→
My teacher’s
words were
encouraging.
I was greatly encouraged.
通过上
述例子，可以发现，及物动词的现在分词表示的是?主动?
，它的过去分词是
?被动?
。
试分析：
tiring
与
tired
interesting
与
interested
pleasing
与
pleased
B)
不及物动词的现在分词与过去分
词的区别
eg. China is a developing country and
the UK is a developed country.
developing
：正在发展，发展中
developed
：已经发展好的
，发达的
试比较：
boiling
与
boiled
，
fal
ling
与
fallen
，
burning
与
burned
< br>。
通过上述例子，可以发现，不及物
动词的现在分词表示的是?进行?
，它的过去分词
是?完成?<
/p>
。
2
．现在分词的四种形式
现在分词除了一般式之外，还有完成式和被动式，以动词
do
为例，现在分词的四种
形式见下表：
doing
having done
being done
having been done
A) doing
：主动
/
进行
eg. a)I hear someone
singing an English song in the next room.
Last night, I heard someone singing an
English song in the next room.
b) The man standing on the
platform is waving his hand to us.
c) They stood by the
roadside, begging.
doing
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，与逻辑主语是主动关系。
B) being done
：被动
/
进行
eg. The problem being
discussed is very important.
The museum being built
there will be open to the public next year.
being done
所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，但与
逻辑主语是被动关系。
C) having
done
：主动／完成
eg. Having done
his homework, Tim played chess with his friends.
Having cleaned
the classroom, I went home.
having done
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与
逻辑主语是主动关系。
D) having been do
ne
：被动
/
完成
eg. Having been surrounded by the flood
for over a week, the villagers lacked food
and medicine.
Having been shown the
library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual
lab.
having been don
e
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语是被动关系。
E) Conclusion
：
现
在
分
词
doing
(
主动
/
进
行
)
having
done
(
主动
/
完
成
)
26
being
done
(
被动
/
进
行
)
having
been
done(
被动
/
完
成
)
过
去
分
词
/
done
(
被动
/
完
成
)
having been done
与<
/p>
done
的区别：
试分析：
Written in
simple English, the book is easy to read.
Built
more
than
800
years
ago,
the
Krimlin
is
the
working
place
of
the
Russian president.
Having been surrounded by the flood for
over a week, the villagers lacked
food
and medicine.
Having
been
shown
round
the
library,
the
visitors
were
led
to
the
audio-
visual lab.
过去分词所表示的动作也发生在谓语动词之前，与逻辑主语的
关系也是被动，但它不象
having been done
强
调两个动作先后发生，过去分词经常可表示一种完成的状态。
3
．分词的否定形式：
not
+
分词
eg. She
remained silent, not knowing what to say.
Not
hearing the bell, the teacher kept on teaching.
二、分词的功能
1
．表语
(doing/ done)
eg. The situation is
inspiring.
The
little girl is charming.
He looks disappointed.
Nanjing Road is crowded
at
weekend.
Those days are gone
forever.
2
．宾语补足语
(doing/ done)
可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有
see, look
at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen
to, feel, smell, have, get, set, leave,
keep, make, find
等。
eg.
Mary heard someone knocking at the door.
I found him
sitting/seated at the back of the room.
I didn’t
recognize him, because he had his hair
cut.
Don’t worry. I’ll have the car
waiting for you.
She saw her baby playing
with their pet dog.
She saw a patient carried out of the
room by the doctors.
The policeman noticed the small kitchen
window broken.
*The teacher caught him
cheating in the exam.
*I won’t have you
talking like that.
3
．定语
(doing/ done/ being done)
分词作定语，
如果只是单个的分词，
一般放在名词前，
如是词组，
一般放在名词之后。
eg. He took a
burning stick from the fire.
There was a lighted candle
at the corner of the table.
We met a group of children
training in the playground.
Mr Smith is a man greatly
respected by his colleagues.
The house being repaired
was on fire last night.
试分析：
What I saw
in the dark was a
？
face. (frightened/frightening)
注意：现在分词作定语时，分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生，不能表示
27
位于动词之前发生的动作，
如
?我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈?
就不能分词
翻成
?
(X)
I’ll
talk with the boy breaking the window
?
，
而要用定语从句
?
the boy who broke the
window
?
。
< br>有些分词还可放在形容词前，用法相当于一个副词，如
burning hot,
freezing cold,
等。
4
．状语
(doing/ done/ having done/ having been
done)
分词（短语）经常用作时间、原因、条件及伴随状语。
eg.
Hearing the news, they jumped for joy.
Having received the final
medical check, the astronauts boarded the
spaceship.
Having been operated on the leg, the
patient was moved to the ward.
Being young, he
was energetic.
Badly injured, the driver lost
consciousness.
Having lived there for more than half a
year, she
is familiar with
the city.
Given more time, I could do
it better.
Heated for a while, water will turn
into vapour.
They sat on the grass, looking at the
setting sun.
Holding the million-pound note, he
stood there dumbfounded.
分词作状语，分词短语前有时还可以用连词
when,
while, if, unless, once, until,
though
等。
eg. If playing
all day, you will waste your time.
Don’t mention it
when/while talking with Mary.
He will not
come unless invited.
Though warned of the danger, he still
went skating on the ice.
Leave the chicken in the oven until
cooked to a brown color.
有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语，如
generally
speaking,
judging
from...,
talking
of...
等，要靠平时注意和积累。
eg.
Judging from his a
ppearance, he can’t
be over forty.
Generally speaking, boys are more
interested in such activities than girls.
Talking
of
language learning, communication is of great
importance.
注意：
我们用分词作状语的时候，
它的逻辑
主语必须是句子的主语或分词前面的名词。
错句：
Walking through the park, the flowers
looked beautiful.
→
Walking through the park, I
saw some beautiful flowers.
错句：
Running into the house,
the door
banged after
the
boy.
→
Running into the house, the
boy banged the door.
5
．分词独立结构
(Absolute
Construction)
A)Try to turn the
following complex sentences into simple ones:
a)
Because I had lost all my money, I had to give up
my plan.
→
Having lost all
my money, I had to give up my plan.
b) When she was
left alone in the room, she began to weep.
→
Left alone in the room, she
began to weep.
c)
If time
permits
, I will show you round the
campus.
→？
Permitting, I
will show you round the campus
X
28
→
Time permitting
, I will show
you round the campus.
当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，我们可以保留这个逻辑主语，这种?名词
+
分词?的结构，就是分词的独立结构。
eg.
The work done, they set to clean the room.
=
After the work was done, they set to clean the
room.
There being no one in the room, I left
a note on the desk.
=Since there was no one in
the room, I left a note on the desk.
The last bus having gone,
we had to walk home.
=Because the last bus had
gone, we had to walk home.
试试看：
I saw a boy lay on the
ground, his teeth ______(set), his eyes
______(look) upwards,
his right hand
______(clench) on his chest.
(set/ looking/ clenched)
B)
分词的独立结构之前，有时还可以带有介词
with
。
(with + noun + -ing/
-ed)
eg. The little boy called
out to his mother, with tears running down his
cheeks.
The old woman sat on the bed, with her
legs crossed.
如果在
with+
分词独立结构中的分
词是
being
的话，
being
经常省略
。
eg.
Don’t talk with your mouth (being)
full.
She set out in the morning,
with a heavy basket (being) on her back.
高考真题试析：
< br>01
年
28
题
< br>
Finding her car stolen,
____
A. a
policeman was asked to help
B. the area
was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
选
D
。
本题考
的是现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。
因为
finding<
/p>
这一动作必定是
?
she
?
所做，所以就选
D
。
01
年
38
题
The bell ____ the end of the period
rang
, ____ our heated
discussion.
A.
indicating; interrupting
B. indicated;
interrupting
C.
indicating; interrupted
D.
indicated; interrupted
选
A
。
如果在句子中注意到
rang
这个动词，
就不难理解本句的主要成分是：
The
bell rang
。
因为句子里没有任何连词，所以句子中的
两个空格应该都是非谓语动词。第一格是用分词
短语做定语修饰
the bell
，因为
the bell
与
indicate
是主谓关系，所以我们要选用现在分词
。
第二格是分词短语做状语，而
the bell
与
interrupt
也是主谓关系，所以也要用现
在分词。
02
年
33
题
Though ____ money, his parents managed
to send him to university.
A. lacked
B. lacking of
C. lacking
D. lacked in
选
C
。本句考分词作状语的用法。当分词与逻辑
主语的关系是主谓关系时，用通常用现
在分词；而当分词与逻辑主语的关系是动宾关系时
，一般要用过去分词。本句中?他的父
母?是?缺钱?的主语，所以只能在
B
与
C
两项中作选择。而动
词
lack
可以及物，也可以
不及物，
不及物的时候一般后面跟介词
in
。只
有在
lack
当名词的时候，后面用介词
of
。
所
以本题选
< br>C
。
29
02
年
34
题
Don’t use words, expressions, or
phrases ____ only to people with specific
knowledge.
A. being known
B. having
been known
C. to be known
D.
known
选
D
。本句考非谓语动词
作定语。四个选项中，
having been known
这
一分词的完成被动
形式一般不用于作定语。
如果用
being known
，
意思是
< br>?正在被
（某人）
所知?
；
to be known
的意思是?将被（某人）知道?
；
known
的意思是?
（已）为（某人）所知?
，根据题意，只
有
known
符合逻辑。
03
年
30
题
It is believed
that if a book is ____, it will surely ____ the
reader.
A.
interested; interest
B.
interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest
选
D
。第一格用
interesting
（有趣的）是大家都理解的；在第二格要用
interest
，是因为
在此处
interest
是谓语动词，意思为?使（某人）感兴趣?
。
03
年
39
题
Generally speaking, ____ according to
the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to
take
D. when to be taken
选
B
。本题考分词作状语。因为分词作状语是，到底用现在分词还是过
去分词，看它跟
逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系，是主动就用现在分词，是被动就用过去分
词。本题中分词
的逻辑主语是
drug
（药）与
take
（吃）显然是被动关系，所以用
B
。
< br>04
年
27
题
< br>
According to a recent
US survey, children spend
up
to
25 hours a week ____ TV
.
A. to watch
B. to watching
C. watching
D. watch
选
C
。本题考
-ing
分词。因为动词
< br>spend
的固定搭配是
spend some
time (in) doing sth.
，
所以本句选
C
。
04
年
34
题
The flowers ____
sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors
to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell
B. smelling
C. smelt
D. to be smelt
选
B
。本题考非谓语动词作定语的用法。因为动
词空格后面跟的是形容词
sweet
，说明它
< br>前面的那个动词应该是一个联系动词，而联系动词是没有被动的用法的，所以可以排除
C
、
D
两项。如果用不定式作定语
，表示的是一个将要发生的动作，在此句中意思说不通，所
以选
B
。
04
年
35
题
The disc, digitally ____ in the studio,
sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded
B. recording
C. to be
recorded
D. having recorded
选
A
。本句也是考非谓语动词作定语的用法。因为所修饰的词<
/p>
the
disc
与动词
record
的
关系是被动，而且是?已经被录制下来
?的意思，所以只能选
A
。如果选用
C
，虽然也是
被动，但意思是?将要被录制下来?
，在本句中不适合。
04
年
42
题
30
Having been attacked by terrorists,
____.
A.
doctors came to their rescue
B. the
tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
选
B
。本题考分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。我
们都知道，分词作状语时，它的逻辑主
语就是句子的主语，根据这一语法规则，就可以根
据上下文来判断，到底是谁或什么?受
到恐怖分子的攻击?
，所
以选
B
。全句的意思是?受到恐怖分子的攻击之后，高楼倒塌了
。
?
05
年
33
题
____
into
use
in
April
2000,
the
hotline
was
meant
for
residents
reporting
water
and
heating
supply breakdowns.
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put <
/p>
选
A
。
本题考分
词作状语。
因为
the hotline
是分词的逻辑主语，
所以我们可以判断出
hotline
与
put into use
是被动关系。
四个选项中，
A
、
D
< br>两项是被动，但
being done
一般不作状语，<
/p>
且这一形式的意思是?正在被
......
?与
in April 2000
有矛盾。所以正确选项是<
/p>
A
。
05
年
36
题
More and more
people are signing up for Y
oga classes
nowadays, ____ advantage of the
health
and relaxation benefits.
A. taking
B
.
taken
C. having taken
D.
having been taken
选
A
< br>。本题考分词作作状语，因为分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。本
句中
people
与
take
advantage
of ...
是
主动关系，而且不是这一动作完成之后，人们才去加
入瑜珈班的，所以选用
taking
。
06
年
34
题
Russ and Earl were
auto mechanics ____ the same pay, but Earl had
more ambition.
A. to earn
B. to have earned
C. earning
D. earned
选
C
。本句中的分词
earn
ing
是作为伴随情况的状语，它的逻辑主语是
Russ
和
Earl
，跟
主语
的关系是主谓关系，所以用现在分词。
06
年
40. ____
automatically, the e-mail will be received by all
the club members.
A. Mailed out
B. Mailing out
C. To be mailed out
D.
Having mailed out
选
A
< br>。
?
mail out
?与?<
/p>
e-mail
?是动宾关系。
A
与
C
两项都是表被动意义的，但
c
项是不
定式，带有将来意义，所以在此不合适。
07
年
34. After a
knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s
voice _
___ him.
A. calling
B. called C.
being called
D. to call
选
A
。
本句考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。
因为谓语动词
hear
后，
只跟没有
to
的不定式，
所以
D
项排除。选
calling
是因为宾补与宾语是主谓关系，不是动宾关系。
07
年
36
.
The Town
Hall
____
in
the
1800’s was
the most
distinguished
building
at
that
time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being completed
选
< br>C
。本题考非谓语动词作定语。虽然四个选项都有被动的意思，但分别有不同的侧
重
31
点。
to be completed
是不定式，
带有将来意义，
所以这里显然不能用；
having been completed
表示的是在谓语动词之前完成
的一个被动的动作，强调两个动作一个接着一个发生，这一
形式主要是用作状语，所以<
/p>
B
项也不妥；
D
项
being
completed
的
意思是?正在建造的?
，
也不合题义。而在句子里，
?
1800
年代建成?是用作定语修饰
the
Town
Hall
，过去分词
completed
侧重的是一个建好的状态，
所以是正确选项。
语法讲座：动名词
一、动名词的形式
1
．动名词的时态与语态形式
动名词的时态与语态形式与现在分词完全一样，以
do
为例，共有四种形式：
doing
having done
being done
having
done
been
注：正因为动名词和现在分词的形式一样，所以在我们的教科书与一些英语语法书中，<
/p>
把动名词和现在分词统一称为
-ing
分
词。现在为了方便学习与记忆，所以我们还是把动名
词专门列出进行分析讲解。
A)
动名词的一般式
doing
doing
一般并不强调动作发生的时间，所以与谓语动词作比较的
话，这个动作可以在谓语
动词之前发生，也可以在谓语动词的同时发生，还可以在谓语动
词之后发生，甚至根本就
不涉及到时间这个问题。
eg. He decided
to give up smoking.
Reading a lot can help me to understand
better.
The boy
practises playing the piano every evening.
Smoking is harmful.
B)
动名词的完成形式
having
done
having
done
所表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前。
eg. He didn’t
mention
having met you before.
I have no idea of their
having done such a thing.
The
old teacher was given a medal for having completed
sixty years of teaching.
Mrs. Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize
for having discovered the element radium.
C)
动名词的被动形式
being
done
being
done
所表示的是一个被动的动作。
eg. Mike came
into the office without being asked.
The problem is far from being settled.
注：
在一
些特定的动词或词组后面，动名词用的是主动形式，但表示的是被动的意义，
如在
want, need, require, be
worth
等词之后。
eg. The flower
wants watering. (= to be watered)
The old clock needs oiling.
(= to be oiled)
The problem requires considering again.
(= to be considered again)
The book is worth reading. (= is worthy
to be read)
D)
动名词的完成被动形式
having been done
having been
done
所表示的是一个发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
eg. Tom was
ashamed of having been scolded by the principal.
I still remembered having
been taken to Suzhou by my mother when I was 5.
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