可持续建筑(绿色建筑)外文翻译文献

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1985

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外文文献：

Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions

Abstract

—

The growing concern with environmental and

ecological conditions

have

led

to

the

discussion/search

for

‘energy

conscious’,

‘Eco

friendly’,

‘energy

efficient’ building designs.

For

the better

growth of the future,

keeping

in

view the

environment

related

issues,

the

first

objective

of

the

designer

is

sustainable

development

i.e.

environmentally

compatible

building

designs.

Sustainable

architecture

also referred as green architecture is a

design that uses natural building

materials e.g. earth, wood, stone

etc (not involving pollution in its treatment) that are

energy efficient and that make little or no impact on the nature of a site and its resources.

This paper discusses issues related to

Sustainable/environmental architecture

. It also

considers possible solutions related to these issues.

Index Terms

—

Sustainable, Green, Architecture, Building, Design. Efficiency.

I. INTRODUCTION

The

words

and

are

terms

used

by

environmentalists to indicate modes of

practice. From global economics to household

features these practices minimize our impact on the environment and generate a healthy

place of living. In a deeper sense the words involve as to what can be done to heal and

regenerate the earth's ability to bear life.

A.

Principles of Environmentally Oriented Design

In Architecture there are many ways a building may be

growing

environmental

problems

of

our

planet.

Sustainable

architecture

can

be

practiced still maintaining efficiency, beauty, layouts and cost effectiveness. There are

five

basic

areas

of

an

environmentally

oriented

design.

They

are

Healthy

Interior

Environment,

Energy

Efficiency, Ecological

Building Materials, Building Form and

Good Design.

??

Healthy Interior Environment: It has to be well

insured that building materials

and systems used do not emit toxic unhealthy gases and substances in the built spaces.

Further extra cars and measures are to be taken to provide maximum levels of fresh air

and adequate ventilation to the interior environment.

??

Energy Efficiency: It has to be well ensured that the

building's use of energy is

minimized. The various HV

AC systems and methods of construction etc. should be so

designed that energy consumption is minimal.

??

Ecological Building Materials: As far as possible the

use of building materials

should be from renewable sources having relatively safe sources of production.

??

Building Form: The building form should respond to the site, region, climate and

the materials available

thereby generating a harmony between the inhabitants

and the

surroundings.

??

Good Design: Structure & Material and Aesthetics

are the basic parameters of

defining design. They

should be so integrated that the final outcome is a

well built,

convenient and a beautiful living space.

These

principles

of

environmentally

oriented

design

comprise

yet

another

meaningful and environmental building approach

called Green or Sustainable design.

Architects

should use their

creativity

and perception to

correlate

these principles to

generate locally

appropriate strategies,

materials and methods

keeping in mind that

every region should employ different green strategies.

B. Definition

Sustainability means 'to hold' up or 'to support from below'. It refers to the ability

of a society, ecosystem or any such

ongoing system, to continue functioning into the

indefinite

future

(without

being

forced

into

decline

through

exhaustion

of

key

resources).

Sustainable

architecture

involves

a

combination

of

values:

aesthetic,

environmental,

social,

political

and

moral.

It's

about

one's

perception

and

technical

knowledge

to

engage

in

a

central

aspect

of

the

practice

i.e.

to

design

and

build

in

harmony with the environment. It is the duty of an architect to think rationally about a

combination

of

issues

like

sustainability,

durability,

longevity,

appropriate

materials

and sense of place.

The

present

environmental

conditions

have

led

to

the

discussion/search

for

‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’,

‘energy efficient’ building designs. For

the better

growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective

of

the

designer

is

a

sustainable

development

i.e.

environmentally

compatible.

This

paper

discusses

issues

related

to

Sustainable/environmental

architecture

.

The

main

focus of the paper is on sustainable

architecture

- its need, solutions and impact on the

future.

II. NEEDS AND ISSUES

The ecological crisis today is very serious and till date much of

the debate still

focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes.

As a result there is an urgent need to

emphasize and workout

the best possible approach towards environmental protection

thereby minimizing further degradation.

Architecture

presents

a

unique

challenge

in

the

field

of

sustainability.

Construction projects typically consume large

amounts of materials, produce tons of

waste, and often involve

weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical

significance against the desire for the development of newer,

more modern designs.

Sustainable development is one such

measure, which presents

an approach that can

largely

contribute

to

environmental

protection.

A

striking

balance

between

Environmental protection and Sustainable development is a difficult and delicate task.

Sustainable

design

is

the

thoughtful

integration

of

architecture

with

electrical,

mechanical,

and

structural

engineering.

In

addition

to

concern

for

the

traditional

aesthetics of massing,

proportion, scale, texture, shadow, and light, the facility design

team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environmental, economic, and human

as shown in Figure 1.

III. CONCEPT AND RELEV

ANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

In

the

present

day

scenario

the

idea

and

concept

of

Sustainable

Architecture/Development is relevant in the light of the following two aspects:

a) Ecological and Environmental crisis

b) Imminent disasters and their management

Some of the major causes, which greatly contribute to these

two aspects, can be

listed as:

??

Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization:

The

consequences

of

this

can

further

lead

to

Population

explosion,

Geological

deposits

of

sewage

and

garbage,

Unsustainable

patterns

of

living

&

development,

Environmental degradation (pollution of air, water, soil etc, food web disruption). Thus

sustainable urban development is crucial to improve the lives of urban populations and

the

remainder

of

the

planet.

Both

people

and

ecosystems

impacted

upon

by

their

activities.

??

Natural Calamities:

Natural calamities like volcanic eruptions,

earthquakes, flood, famine etc. which

are being

further aggravated by mankind add to the list of other ill effects like atomic

explosion, green house effect, ozone depletion etc. Sustainable design attempts to have

an understanding of the natural processes as well

as the environmental impact of the

design. Making

natural cycles and processes visible, bring the

designed environment

back to life.

??

Depletion of Non- renewable sources:

Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources is leading

to serious issues related to

energy

&

water

conservation

etc.

Thus

the

rational

use

of

natural

resources

and

appropriate management of the building stock can contribute to saving scarce resources,

reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality.

IV

. SOLUTIONS

A. Sustainable Construction

Sustainable construction is defined as

responsible management

of a healthy built environment based

on resource efficient and ecological principles

Sustainable designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through

energy and resource efficiency.

building

may

be

defined

as

building

practices,

which

strive

for

integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very

broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of

the

building

stock

will

contribute

to

saving

scarce

resources,

reducing

energy

consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.

Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking

environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account environmental

initiatives of the

construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in

the

market.

Governments

will

be

able

to

give

a

considerable

impulse

to

sustainable

buildings by encouraging these developments. Further the various energy related issues

during

the different

phases

in

the construction of buildings

can be

understood with

respect to the chart shown in Figure2.

B.

Environmentally Friendly Houses

Following the five basic principles of environmentally oriented design can lead to

the

construction

of

what

can

be

called

as

Environmentally

Friendly

House.

An

environmentally friendly

house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants,

nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is

located in, keeping in mind the

climate, material, availability and building practices.

The basic areas of design need to be considered at this stage can be listed as:

??

Orientation

??

Reduce Energy Gain or Loss

??

Lighting

??

Responsible Landscaping

??

Waste Management

??

External Ventilation

C. Green Building

A

green

building

places

a

high

priority

on

health,

environmental

and

resource

conservation

performance

over

its

life

cycle.

These

new

priorities

expand

and

complement the

classical

building design

concerns:

economy, utility, durability

and

delight.

Green

design

emphasize

a

number

of

new

environmental,

resource

and

occupant health concerns:

??

Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.

??

Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.

??

Minimize life cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.

??

Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainable harvested.

??

Protect and restore local air, water, soil, flora & fauna

??

Support pedestrian, bicycles, mass transit and other

alternatives to fossil-fueled

vehicles.

Most

green

buildings

are

high

quality

buildings

they

last

longer,

cost

less

to

operate

and

maintain

and

provide

greater

occupant

satisfaction

than

standard

development.

D. Green Roofs & Porous Pavements

As already discussed the rapid urbanization and

industrialization is resulting in

extensive deforestation as a

result the green areas are being covered with pavements

and concrete. The rainwater that naturally seeps through land covered with vegetation

and trees now just runoff, thereby leading to a major environmental imbalance in terms

of

groundwater.

This

problem

can

be

solved

to

a

great

extent

with

the

help

of

the

construction of Green Roofs and Porous Pavements.

Green

roofs

&

porous

pavements

present

a

unique

method

of

ground

water

conservation. Vegetation to hold water on rooftops, and pavement that lets it percolate

in the ground are

some of the latest ways that can save water tables. Visually

what

might come across may be a roof sprouted with plants

and a parking lot that drains

water like a sieve-probably the latest in groundwater conservation.

E. Building Materials

Tons of materials including timber go into building

construction. There are three

principal approaches to improve the material efficiency of building construction:

??

Reducing the amount of material used in construction.

??

Using recycled materials that otherwise would have been waste.

??

Reducing waste generation in the construction process.

Further

as

far

as possible

sustainable harvested building

materials

and finishes

should be used with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation.