-
英语写作中
,
动词的常用时态的使用主要遵循下列规则：
1.
关于事实、真理和习惯通常用一般现在时。例如：
New Year's Eve
is
the world's oldest celebration. (
Text
A, Unit 6, Book 1
)
2.
对于发生在过去时间里的事实或事件通常使用一般过去时。例如：
In fact, ancient people
celebrated
the New Year even
before they
had
ways of
measuring time.
(
Text A, Unit 6, Book
1
)
3.
对于发生在过去，但状态
却一直持续到现在，或许将来还会发生的事情，通常使用现在完成时。例如：
For more than twenty years, millions of
Americans
have been
able to
watch the New Year's Eve
celebrations in Times Square on
television. (
Text A, Unit 6, Book
1
)
4.
对于将要发生的动作或存
在的状态，以及将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作通常使用一般将来时。例如：
At Sunday's graduation. Su-kyeong Kim
will
speak to the 385
memebers of her class.
(
Text
A, Unit 2, Book 1
)
英语写作中主语和谓语动词的一致性主要遵循下列规则：
1.
非谓语动词形式作主语时
,
谓语动词要使用第三人称单数形式。例如：
Giving them up isn't
a good
idea as they are useful to have around.
(
Text B, Unit 4, Book 1
)
2.
定语从句中的谓语动词要和关系代词所指代的先行词的单
复数保持一致。例如：
In China, Yashung
and her future husband are one of
thousands of couples that
have
chosen May
18th for their wedding day.
(
Text A, Unit 7, Book 1
)
3.
在倒装句式中，前置的谓语动词应与后面的主语保持一致
。例如：
1) While it is
important to read things with an open mind, here
are some of the article's
findings.
(
Text A, Unit 10, Book
1
)
2) Here
is a
brief history of Christmas and some of the
traditions
connected with it.
(
Text B, Unit 5, Book
1
)
4.
由
what
引导的名词性从句作主语时
,
谓语动词的单复数形式取决于谓语动词后表语的形式或从句的内容。例如：
1) What the nonverbal gestures put
across very often, and very efficiently,
is the emotional side
of the message.
(
Text A, Unit 8, Book 1
)
2) What we need
are well-
trained teachers.
英语写作中
,
动词时态的转换主要遵循下列规则：
1
．通常在文章中的句与句之间，从句与主句之间的时态要统一，除特殊情况，一般不得
随意变换时态。例如：
Although weddings
vary
greatly from country to
country, they
are
happy
events in every culture.
In
most American weddings, the bride
wears
a traditional style of
dress.
(
Text B,
Unit 7, Book 1
)
2
．但如果从句表示的是客观事实，真理或一个人（或物）经常性的特点，其时态通常用一般现在时，不受主句
时态的影
响。例如：
These
experiences
taught
Kim an
important lesson about learning English well: you
have
to be brave.
(
Text A, Unit 2, Book
1
)
3
．在某些特殊情况下，根据情
景需要，要对时态进行调整，特别是在状语从句和定语从句中，时态有时不需要
呼应。例
如：
This year,
Tommy also
entered
school,
where he and Joy
play
very
different games.
(
Text B, Unit 10, Book
1
)
4
．如果主句中谓语动词的时态
是现在时或将来时，从句可以根据需要选用时态。例如：
It
is
believed that St.
Nicholas
learned
about a man
who was hopelessly in debt
英语写作中，代词的使用主要遵循下列规则：
1.
代词必须清楚地指代某个成分，不能指代不明。例如：
Faulty:
A Japanese man asks
an American passenger whether the airport has a
luggage-trolley
service.
He
wants to say that there
is not only a trolley service, but that it is
free!
Clear:
A
Japanese man asks an American passenger whether
the airport has a luggage-trolley
service.
The
American
wants to say that there is not
only a trolley service, but that it is free!
(
Text B, Unit 8, Book
1
)
2.
代词也不能随意更改指代内容。例如：
Faulty:
Everything from your
sex, racial background, social class and
communication style all
influences
his
body language.
Clear:
Everything from your sex, racial background,
social class and communication style all
influences
your
body language.
(
Text A, Unit 8, Book 1
)
3.
代词应与其所替代的成分在人称和数方面保持一致，
并且应当与其所指代的成分尽量保持就近位置。
但当
everyone
等
做主语
时，虽然谓语动词使用单数形式，但是其相应的代词却可以既使用单数形式也可以使用复数形式。例如：
1) Everyone,
however
, can improve
his or
her
listening skills with practice.
(
Text B, Unit 2, Book 1
)
2) Everyone is embarrassed when
they
make a mistake and
everyone makes mistakes.
(
Text A, Unit 2, Book
1
)
英语写作中
,
并列连词的使用主要遵循下列规则
:
1.
两个单句之间的连接要使用逗号和并列连词。英语中并列
连词共有
7
个：
or
, and, but, yet, so,
for
, nor
。例如：
1) At some weddings, the man who
catches the garter will place it on the leg of the
woman who
caught the
flowers,
or
they may start
the next dance. (
Text B, Unit 7, Book
1
)
2) My doctor
tells me I am healthy,
and
this is much more important than being thin.
(
Text B, Unit 2,
Book 2
)
3)
Mr
. Smith was greatly surprised,
but
he went on, in spite of
his obvious error
.
(
Text B, Unit 3, Book
1
)
4) I'm away from home,
so
I have many things to
adjust to... (
Text B, Unit 1, Book
1
)
5) We often had different
opinions,
yet
our
discussions helped both of us learn more about
what
we were trying to
make.
6) You'd better put on your
sweater
,
for
it
is rather cold outside.
7) She couldn't
speak the language,
nor
could she write it.
2.
如果跟在并列连词后面的不是一个完整句子，那就不用逗号。例如：
1) With a smile, he told us what
building we were looking for
and
where we could park our
car
.
(
Text B, Unit 1, Book
1
)
2)
or
if there's trash in the
parking lot.
(
Text B, Unit 9, Book
1
)
英语并列连词的使用还要遵循下列规则：
1.
在三个或三个以上并列的名词、
形容词、
动词或词组当中，
每两项当中要用逗号隔开，
这种结构经常会使用
and
或
or
。例如：
1) When the evening came, he dressed up
smartly, took a taxi,
and
told the driver to go straight to
the party. (
Text B, Unit 3,
Book 1
)
2) They
finish up a question with a raise of the hand, a
lift of the chin,
or
a
widening of the eyes.
(
Text A, Unit 8, Book
1
)
2.
由并列连词
and,
or
引导的分句
,
其主语若与前一分句的主语相同
,
则
可以省略该主语而不影响整个句子的意义。
例
如：
1) A fad lasts
a very short time
and
is not
very important. (
Text A, Unit 2, Book
2
)
2) Some of them ring
bells
or
let off fireworks.
(
Text A, Unit 6, Book 1
)
3.
并列连词连接两个独立的句子时
,
其位置固定在所引导的句子的句首。例如：
1) You'll have a great time and a lot
of fun on the way.
Yet
your
education is also a very serious
business. (
Text A, Unit 1,
Book 1
)
2)
But
as soon as it gets over
its problem, it's going to
buy everyone
who missed his plane a free drink.
Text
A, Unit 4, Book 1
)