-
英语中的六大省略现象
概念:为了避免重复,省略句中的一个或几个句子成分,这种
语法现象称为省略。
简
单句中的省略现象
1.
例:
(
1<
/p>
)在对话中,例如:
—
How is your mother today?
你妈妈今天怎样?
—
(She is) Much better.
(她)好多了。
(
2
)在祈使句中,例如:
(You) Open the door, please!
请开门!
(
3
)在感叹句中,例如:
What a (good) boy (he is)!
多好的男孩啊!
How
(hard) they are working!
他们工作得多努力呀!
(
4
)表示讲话人的意见和看法,上下文意思很清楚,例如:
(It) sounds fine to me.
(It's a) pity you couldn't come.
你不能来,真遗憾。
(
5
)提问,例如:
(Is there) anything wrong?
发生了什么事吗?
(Have
you) found the treasure?
你已经找到珠宝了吗?
(
6
)名词所有格修饰的名词若表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明
确指出过的
事物。例如:
at
her mother's (house)
在她妈妈家里
at the doctor's (house)
在医院里
at the
barber's (shop)
在理发店里
at the tailor's (shop)
在裁缝店里
(
7
)
动词不定式的省略。
前面出现
过的动词在下文再次出现时,
可以单纯使用不定
”
。
例如:
to
。动词不定式的省略,一般只省略动词,而保留符号“
to
式符号.
你愿意跟我一块去吗?—
Will you go with
me?
—
Well, I'd
like to(go with you).
我非常愿意。
I'd love to. /I'd be happy to.
来取代。也可用
I'd like you ever
been to England?
—
No, I
can't afford
to
(go
to
England).
—
—你去过英格兰吗?
—没有,
我负担不起去那里的费用。
They
asked me to go swimming.
—
You don't have to (go
swimming) if you don't want to (go swimming).
—
—
他们叫我去游泳。
—如果你不愿意去就没有必要去。
2.
并列句中的省略
现象
如果后面分句中有与前面相同部分常被省略。例如:
Bob has done his homework, but Tom
hasn't (done his homework).
Bob
已经做了家庭作业,但是汤姆却没有。
Mary
can (speak English) and (Mary) ought to speak
English.
玛丽能讲英语,她也应该讲英语。
We tested the depth (of the water) and
(the) temperature of the water.
我测量了水的温度与深度。
3.
惯用的省略结构
(
1
)无动
词祈使句,无主句祝愿句,这类句子往往用感叹号。例如:
If only I could remember his name!
要是我能记住他的名字该多好啊!
Oh, for a friend to help us
and advise us!
要是能有一位朋友来帮助和指教我们该有多好啊!
/doin
g
。例如:+名词
/
(
2
)固定
句型代词
How
/What about What about some more milk?
再来一点牛奶,行吗?
他怎
么样?
What about
him?
出去散步怎么样?
How about going out
for a walk?
的不定式。例如:
Why not
+省
去
to
(
3
)
)
so excited?
为什么你这么激动?(相当
于:
Why do
you get Why get so excited?
)为什么不马上去呢?(相当于
Why don't you
go at once?Why not go at once?
4.
复合句中的省略现象
(
1
)主句中的省略
①主句中的省略多见于句首,多用于口语中。例如:
(
It is /was
a
)
pity you couldn't come.
你不能来真遗憾!
②在对话中答句省去整个主句,只用从句。例如:
—
Shall I go to
play?
我可以去玩吗?
—
If you like (you can go to
play).
如果你愿意,你可以去玩。
—
When could I
start?
什么时候可以开始玩?
—
(You may)
Whenever you like.
任何时候都可以。
(
2
)宾语从句中的省略。
①由
which, when, where, how ,
why
引导的宾语从句,可全部或部分省去,只保留
引导词。例
如:
Please pass me one of
these books, I don't care which (you pass me).
请递给我一本书,哪本都行。
He will come back, but he doesn't
know when (he will come back).
他会回来的,但他也不知道什么时候能够回来。
She wants to learn English well, yet
she doesn't know how (she can learn
it
well).
她想学好英语,但她不知道怎样才能学好英语。
②用
I'm afraid, I
think, I believe, I guess, I suppose, I imagine, I
believe,
I
expect
等作答句,
后面跟
so
与
not
分别表示肯定或否定,
宾语从句可省去。
例如:
—
Do you think it will rain?
你认为天会下雨吗?
—
I think so /not.
我认为会
/
不会。
(
I think not =I
don't think so,
以上列举的动词都有此用法)
—
Will we be
late?
—
I'm
afraid so /not.
—我们会迟到吗?
—我想会(不会)
。
注意:
I hope
so
的否定式只能用
I hope
not,
不可用
I don't hope so.
(
3
)状
语从句中的省略
①状语从句出现在句末时,一般都可以作句尾省略。例如:
John will go if Mary will (go).
如果玛丽去,约翰就会去的。
I'll help you if (it is) necessary
/possible.
如果有必要
/
可能,我会帮助你的。
You can ask me questions if (there are) any
(questions).
如果有问题,你可以问我。
②有时条件从句完全省略,只剩下主句。例如:
I would have come yesterday. (If I
had wanted to.)
我昨天本可以来。
You
might do me a fever. (If you would)
请你帮我一个忙。
I
would not do that (If I were in your place).
我可不会做那件事。
③以
as,
than
引导的比较状语从句可全部或部分省去。例如:
I can only do the way as (I was) told
to do (it in that way).
我只能按照别人的吩咐去做。
After half an hour, she became quieter (than she
had been).
半小时后,她变得比以前安静了。
He runs faster than I (run).
他比我跑得快。
比较:
I run
faster than I did last year.
我比去年跑得快。
(
4
)状语从句在句首的省略
状语从句位于句首时,
如果从句的
主语与主句的主语指同一个人或同一件事,并且从
句主语后紧挨有
be
动词时,这时可省略从语中的主句及
be
动词。例如:
When (you are)
crossing the road, you'd better look at both
sides.
过马路时,你最好两边看。
(
Because we
were
)
Moved by the story, we
decided to help her.
由于被这个故事所感动,我们决定帮助她。
(
When he
was
)
At the age of 12, he was
taken to England by Father.
12
岁时,他被父母带到了英格兰。
Unless (I am) invited I will not go.
如果没有人邀请我,我不会去的。