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《新概念英语》第二册第11课

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2021-02-09 02:00
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2021年2月9日发(作者:magnifier)


Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another


礼尚往来



1:


I


was


having


dinner


at


a


restaurant


when


Harry


Steele


came


in.


Harry


worked


in


a


lawyer's


office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.


1)


过去进行时:

< br>1>


概念:



表示在过去某一时 刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形


式为:


was /were + V-ing


。常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:


last night, last Saturday


等;或


者与


when, while, as


引导的过去时间状语连用。








2>


基本用法



<1>.


过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。







如:


He fell asleep when he was reading.


他看书时睡着了。






<2>.


用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。






如:


I was wondering if you could give me a lift.


我不知你能否让我搭一下车。






【注】一般过去时也有类似用法, 但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。






<3>.


过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,


过去进行时也可表示满意、


称赞、


惊讶、


厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与

< p>


always, forever, continually


等副词连用。






如:


They were always quarrelling.


他们老是吵架。






<4>.


动词


be

< br>的过去进行时



动词


be


的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。






比较:


He was friendly.

< br>他很友好。


(


指过去长期如此


)





He was being friendly.


他当时显得很友好。


(


指当时一时的表现


)





补充:


when


的后面加一般过去时 ,


而且动词是非延续性动词。





while


的后面加过去进


行时,动词是延续性动词。






3>


特殊用法



<1>


、当句子意思很清楚时,我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时






We listened carefully while the teacher read the text.


老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。






<2>


、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于


come, go, leave, start, arrive


等表示位置转

移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。






如:


He told me that he was going soon.


他告诉我他很快就要走了。






<3>


、表示故事发生的背景。






It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.


那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天


正下着雪 。



<4>


、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。






过去进 行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。






Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5


分钟后,


他已站在门口抽着烟。






<5>


、过去进行时还可和


when


结构遥相 呼应,含有意外之意。






I was walking in the street when someone called me.


我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。






<6>


、用来陈述原因或用作借口。






She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.


她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。






<7>


、与


always, constantly


等词连用,表示感情色彩。






The girl was always changing her mind.


这女孩老是改变主意。







4>


常用的时间状语





this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when,


while ,at that time,. just now



a moment ago




My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself;



It was raining when they left


1



the station.





When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.


2)


at : 1>. in, on


在方位名词前的区别




<1>. in


表示


A


地在


B


地范围之内。如:



Taiwan is in the southeast of China.



<2>. on


表示


A


地与


B


地接壤、毗邻。如:



North Korea is on the east of China.






2>. at, in, on


在表示时间上的区别




<1>. at


指时间表示:





1


)时间 的一点、时刻等。如:




They came home at sunrise



at noon, at midnight, at ten o



clock, at daybreak, at dawn



.



2



较短暂的一段时间。


可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。


He went home at


Christmas



at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night



.



<2>. in


指时间表示:





1


)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季 节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)


内。如:




in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc




2


)在一 段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以


后”


。如:




He will arrive in two hours.



谓 语动词为延续性动词时,


in


意为“在……以内”


。如:




These products will be produced in a month.



注意:


after


用于将来时间也指一 段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”


,而不是“一段”



如:




He will arrive after two o’clock.



<3>. on


指时间表示:





1


)具体 的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:




On Christmas Day



On May 4th



, there will be a celebration.




2< /p>


)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如:




He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th.




3


)准时,按时。如:




If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.






3>. at, in



on


表示地点时的区别




1. at


表示地点:



< br>(


1


)用于指较小的地方。如:



I shall wait for you at the station.




2


)用于 门牌号码前。如:



He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road.



2. in


表示地点:



< br>(


1


)用于指较大的地方。如:



He lives in Shanghai.


< p>


2


)虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里, 也可用


in


。商店、学校、机关等,若看作

一个地点(


point


)用


at< /p>


,若看作一个场所(


place


)用


in


。如:


I met him at the post-office.



I’m now working in the post


-office.



3. on


表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上; 在……旁”


。如:




The picture was hanging on the wall.





New York is on the Hudson River.


2:



He


gets


a


good


salary,


but


he


always


borrows


money


from



his


friends


and


never


pays


it


back.


1)


salary



指按年定下,按月或星期平均给予的报酬,指脑力劳动者的薪水。



2



wage




多用复数形式,指按小时、日或星期的报酬,通常指体力劳动者的工资






2):borrow: 1>.


可用作及物或不及物动词。如:



May I borrow your dictionary?


我可以借用你的词典吗


?


Some people neither borrow nor lend.


有的人既不借也不贷。



Japanese has borrowed heavily from English.


日语借用了很多英语词汇。



2>.


一般不接双宾语,


若要表示类 似意思可用



borrow sth from [of] sb (


用介词



of




from



正式


)


。如:


I wanted to borrow some money from her, but she lent me nothing.


我想向她借点钱,但她 分文


没借。



下面三句同义。


May I borrow your pen? Please lend me your



pen.


Please lend your pen to me.


请把钢笔借给我。



3>. borrow


表示借,是一时的动作,为终止性动词,因此它不与一段时间连用。



4>


汉语中的“借用”


,不一定都可用



borrow


来表示,一般说来,


borrow


只表示借用那些


能够带走的东西



(


如:书、钱、车、用具等


)


,而对于那些不能带走的东西



(

< br>如:电话、图书


室、厕所等


)


则 宜用


use


。如:



May I use your telephone?


我可借用一下你的电话吗


?


但有时两者都可用。


Can I borrow [use] your car on Sunday?


星期六我可以用你的车吗


?




3): pay: spend, take, cost< /p>



pay


的用法



这四个词都有花费的意思。


cost


指 花钱、时间、劳力等;


take


主要指花时间;


pay


指花钱;


spend


指 花时间、钱等。



cost


常以事物做 主语,而不以人做主语。初中阶段关于



花钱




花费时间



的词常见的有以下五个:


buy


,< /p>


cost



pay



for




spend



take


。与时间有关 的只



take


spend




1>



buy



get


主语是人


,


其常见结构为



buy



sb

< br>.


sth


.或



buy sth



for sb




I bought this book


for 15yuan




Would you please buy me a dictionary




Let me buy



get you a drink




Buy one for me




2>



cost


指花钱,


表示价值 或代价


(此代价可以是时间)



主语是 事或物或动词不定式短语。



其常见结构是



cost sb



some money




The book costs 50 fen




The dictionary cost me 6 yuan




The work costs much time and labor




3>

< br>.


pay



for




pay


表示付给人家钱 、


账单等;


pay for


表示买东西 付款,


也表示替别人付钱。


主语是人。其常见结构是

< p>


pay sb



some money



pay money for sth




You must pay me 100 yuan a week for your meals




I have paid all my debts(


债务)




How much did you pay for that book





Don't worry about money



I'll pay for you




4>



spend


指花钱或花费时间。


主 语是人。


其常见结构分别为


spend money on sth




spend time



in



doin g sth





I spent six yuan on a new dictionary




-How do you spend your spare time




-I spend my spare time writing books




5>



take


指 花钱(=


cost




It takes/costs



me a lot of money to buy a big house




= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.

take


用来说明做某事需要多少时间,有三种不同的结构:



<1>


主语是人



I took half an hour to get home yesterday





She took the whole day to read the novel




3



<2>


主语是某种活动



The journey took me half an hour











Reading the novel took her the whole day




<3>


用形式主语


it


It took me half an hour to get home yesterday





It takes much time to do the shopping




试看

< p>


我六元钱买了一本词典



的 不同译法:



a



I bought the dictionary for six yuan






b



The dictionary cost me 6yuan




c



I paid six yuan for the dictionary









d



I spent six yuan on the dictionary




e



It took me six yuan to buy the dictionary




再看



读这本书花了我一整天的时间



的不同译法:



a



I spent the whole day reading the book







b



I took the whole day to read the book




c



Reading the book took me the whole day





d



It took me the whole day to read the book




例如:①


The composition cost(took)me three hours.




How much did the radio cost you?


这台无线电花了你多少钱?


(


不用


take)



The work cost them much labor.


这件工作花费他们很大的劳动。




It took them over two years to build



the bridge.


修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。




I spend 50 dollars on the c amera.


买这架照相机,我花了


50


美元。




He often spent his spare time(in)helping the poor.


他经常利用业余时间帮助穷人。


< br>【注意】如要说



这件上衣我花了


20


美元



,可用下列几种表达方法



The coat cost me 20 dollars.


=I spent 20



dollars on the coat.







=I paid 20 dollars for the coat.


=I bought the coat for 20



dollars.





=I bought the coat at the price of 20 dollars.


3: Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me.




1



see:1>. see sb do sth


看见某人做过某事,



I often see him draw a picture.









2>. see sb doing sth


看见某人正在做某事。


When I pass the window I see him drawing a


picture.









3>. be seen to do ,


用于被动语态还原


to






He is seen to draw a picture.


2




Same



1>.


表示“相同的”


“同样的”等,通常与定冠词连用。如:



Those two dresses are the same.


那两件衣服是一样的。



You and I will work in the same office.


你和我将在同一办公室工作。



口语中有时可省略



the


。如:



A



Happy Christmas.


祝圣诞快乐。


B



Same to you.


也祝你圣诞快乐。



A



I



ll have a coffee.


我要一杯咖啡。


B



Same for me, please.


我也要一杯。



A



I think she



s awful.


我觉得她 这个人糟透了。


B



Same here.


我看也是。



2>. < /p>


表示


“与……一样”


< br>要用



the same as



不能用



as same as




the same with [like]



如:



She knew he felt just the same as she did.


她知道他的感受和她一样。



He



s angry because my marks are the same as his.


他很生气,因为我与他的分数一样。



但是在


it



s the same with


…(……也一样)这一句式中可以用


with


。如:



He wants to go abroad, and it is the same with me.


他想出国,我也一样。



Butterflies come from caterpillars. It



s the same with moths.


蝴蝶由毛虫演变而来。飞蛾也是


一样。



3>.


为了加强



the same


的语气,可说



much the same


(大致一样)或



exactly the same


(完


全一样)



但通常不说



quite the same



但有 趣的是,


在否定句中却可以说



not quite the same


(不完全一样)


。如:



That



s not quite the same thing, is it?


那不完全是一回事,对吗?



4



4>.


用于



all the same,


主要用法有:



(1)


用作形容词,意为“……一样”


“无所谓”


。如:< /p>



A



When shall we meet again?


我们什么时候再次碰头


?


B



Make it any day you like



it


< p>
s all the same to me.


随你定在哪天,我无所谓。



(2)


用作副词,意为“仍然”


“还是”


。如 :



Thank you all the same.


(不管怎样)我还是要谢谢你。



It is a hot day but I shall enjoy a walk all [just] the same.


天气很热,但我还是要出去走走。



5>.


比较



the same



as



the same



that


(1)


一般说来,用


as


表示同类物,用

< p>
that


表示同一物。如:



This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.


这钢笔与我昨天丢失的一模一样。



This is the same (=the very) pen that I lost yesterday.


这正是我昨天丢失的那枝钢笔。



但以 上区别只是大致的,


在实际运用中,


两者常可混用


(尤其是当它们在所引导的定语从中


作宾语时)


。如 :



Meet me at the same place as you did yesterday.


你我在昨天见面的老地方碰头。



He uses the same book as [that] you do.


他用的书与你的一样。



(2)


当从句没有动词(即有所省略)时,要用


as


。如:



You



ve made the same mistake as (=that you made) last time.


你犯了与上次一样的错误。



(3)



the same


之后没有名词时, 要用


as


。如:



My stand on this is just the same as it was four years ago.


我对这问题的立场仍和

4


年前一样。



根据情况,


the same


之后的名词有时也可用


who, whom, whe re


等引导的定语从句来修饰。


如:



He



s the same man that [who] we met yesterday.



他就是我们昨天遇见的那个人。



Put the book back in the same place where you found it.


把书放回原处。



4: While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the


money immediately.


1) while:



1>



while


作名词用,表示“一会儿”


“一段时间”





likes to lie down for a while after lunch.


她喜欢午饭后躺一会儿。




to another country to study requires a big adjustment and it takes a while to fit in.



到另一个国家求学,需要花一段时间来适应。




2>



While


作连词



(1)


引导时间状语





must strike while the iron is hot.


趁热打铁。




she was listening to the radio



she fell asleep.


她听着收音机睡着了。



< p>
(2)


引起让步状语从句,意思是“虽然…但是…


.




“尽管…但是…”


(


多放于句首


)


he loves his students



he is very strict with them.


虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很< /p>


严格。




these experiments are interesting and useful



it is important to remember that they may


not always tell us much.


虽然这些实验很有趣也有用,但是很重要的是要记住,这些实验也< /p>


可能不会告诉你很多。




(3)


引起条件状语,意思是“只要”


< p>


there is life there is hope.


只要生命存在,就有希望


there is a way there is away.


有志者事竟成。




3>



Wh ile


作并列连词用,意思为“而,然而”


,表对比。而


but


表转折。注意用心比较体会


5


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