-
Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another
礼尚往来
1:
I
was
having
dinner
at
a
restaurant
when
Harry
Steele
came
in.
Harry
worked
in
a
lawyer's
office years ago, but he is now working
at a bank.
1)
过去进行时:
< br>1>
概念:
表示在过去某一时
刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形
式为:
was
/were +
V-ing
。常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
last
night, last Saturday
等;或
者与
when, while,
as
引导的过去时间状语连用。
2>
基本用法
<1>.
过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
如:
He fell asleep when he was
reading.
他看书时睡着了。
<2>.
用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
如:
I was wondering if you
could give me a lift.
我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法,
但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。
<3>.
过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,
过去进行时也可表示满意、
称赞、
惊讶、
厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与
always, forever,
continually
等副词连用。
如:
They were always
quarrelling.
他们老是吵架。
<4>.
动词
be
< br>的过去进行时
动词
be
的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。
比较:
He was friendly.
< br>他很友好。
(
指过去长期如此
)
He
was being friendly.
他当时显得很友好。
(
指当时一时的表现
)
补充:
when
的后面加一般过去时
,
而且动词是非延续性动词。
while
的后面加过去进
行时,动词是延续性动词。
3>
特殊用法
<1>
、当句子意思很清楚时,我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully while the teacher
read the
text.
老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。
<2>
、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于
come,
go, leave, start, arrive
等表示位置转
移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如:
He told me that he was
going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。
<3>
、表示故事发生的背景。
It
was snowing as the medical team made its way to
the front.
那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天
正下着雪
。
<4>
、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进
行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he stood in the
doorway smoking a cigarette.
5
分钟后,
他已站在门口抽着烟。
<5>
、过去进行时还可和
when
结构遥相
呼应,含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street
when someone called me.
我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
<6>
、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She
went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot
of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
<7>
、与
always,
constantly
等词连用,表示感情色彩。
The
girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。
4>
常用的时间状语
this morning,
the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine
to ten last evening, when,
while ,at
that time,. just now
,
a
moment ago
My
brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and
hurt himself;
It was
raining when they left
1
the station.
When I got to the top of
the mountain, the sun was shining.
2)
at : 1>. in,
on
在方位名词前的区别
<1>. in
表示
A
地在
B
地范围之内。如:
Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
<2>. on
表示
A
地与
B
地接壤、毗邻。如:
North Korea is on the east
of China.
2>. at, in,
on
在表示时间上的区别
<1>. at
指时间表示:
(
1
)时间
的一点、时刻等。如:
They
came home at sunrise
(
at
noon, at midnight, at ten
o
’
clock, at daybreak, at
dawn
)
.
(
2
)
较短暂的一段时间。
可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。
He went
home at
Christmas
(
at New Year, at the Spring
Festival, at night
)
.
<2>.
in
指时间表示:
(
1
)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季
节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)
内。如:
in 2004, in March, in
spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc
(
2
)在一
段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以
后”
p>
。如:
He
will arrive in two hours.
谓
语动词为延续性动词时,
in
意为“在……以内”
。如:
These
products will be produced in a month.
注意:
after
用于将来时间也指一
段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”
,而不是“一段”
。
p>
如:
He
will arrive after two o’clock.
<3>. on
指时间表示:
(
1
)具体
的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:
On Christmas
Day
(
On May
4th
)
, there will be a
celebration.
(
2<
/p>
)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如:
He arrived at 10 o’clock on
the night of the 5th.
(
3
)准时,按时。如:
If the train should be on
time, I should reach home before dark.
3>.
at, in
和
on
表示地点时的区别
1.
at
表示地点:
< br>(
1
)用于指较小的地方。如:
I shall wait for you at the station.
(
2
)用于
门牌号码前。如:
He lives at 115
Zhongshan Road.
2.
in
表示地点:
< br>(
1
)用于指较大的地方。如:
He lives in Shanghai.
(
2
)虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里,
也可用
in
。商店、学校、机关等,若看作
一个地点(
point
)用
at<
/p>
,若看作一个场所(
place
)用
p>
in
。如:
I met him at
the post-office.
I’m now
working in the post
-office.
3. on
表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上;
在……旁”
。如:
The picture was hanging on the wall.
New
York is on the Hudson River.
2:
He
gets
a
good
salary,
but
he
always
borrows
money
from
his
friends
and
never
pays
it
back.
1)
salary
:
指按年定下,按月或星期平均给予的报酬,指脑力劳动者的薪水。
2
wage
:
多用复数形式,指按小时、日或星期的报酬,通常指体力劳动者的工资
2):borrow: 1>.
可用作及物或不及物动词。如:
May I borrow your dictionary?
我可以借用你的词典吗
?
Some
people neither borrow nor lend.
有的人既不借也不贷。
Japanese has borrowed heavily from
English.
日语借用了很多英语词汇。
2>.
一般不接双宾语,
若要表示类
似意思可用
borrow sth from [of]
sb (
用介词
of
比
from
更
正式
)
。如:
I wanted to borrow some money from
her, but she lent me nothing.
我想向她借点钱,但她
分文
没借。
下面三句同义。
May I borrow your
pen? Please lend me your
pen.
Please lend your pen to
me.
请把钢笔借给我。
3>.
borrow
表示借,是一时的动作,为终止性动词,因此它不与一段时间连用。
p>
4>
汉语中的“借用”
,不一定都可用
borrow
来表示,一般说来,
borrow
只表示借用那些
能够带走的东西
p>
(
如:书、钱、车、用具等
)
,而对于那些不能带走的东西
(
< br>如:电话、图书
室、厕所等
)
则
宜用
use
。如:
May I use your telephone?
我可借用一下你的电话吗
?
但有时两者都可用。
Can I borrow [use]
your car on Sunday?
星期六我可以用你的车吗
?
3): pay: spend, take, cost<
/p>
和
pay
的用法
这四个词都有花费的意思。
cost
指
花钱、时间、劳力等;
take
主要指花时间;
pay
指花钱;
spend
指
花时间、钱等。
cost
常以事物做
主语,而不以人做主语。初中阶段关于
花钱
,
花费时间
的词常见的有以下五个:
buy
,<
/p>
cost
,
pay
(
for
)
,
spend
和
take
。与时间有关
的只
有
take
和
spend
。
1>
.
buy
,
get
主语是人
,
其常见结构为
buy
sb
< br>.
sth
.或
buy sth
.
for
sb
.
I bought this
book
for 15yuan
.
Would you please buy me a
dictionary
?
Let
me buy
/
get you a
drink
.
Buy one
for me
.
2>
.
cost
指花钱,
表示价值
或代价
(此代价可以是时间)
。
主语是
事或物或动词不定式短语。
其常见结构是
cost
sb
.
some
money
。
The book
costs 50 fen
.
The
dictionary cost me 6 yuan
.
The work costs much time and
labor
.
3>
< br>.
pay
(
for
)
,
pay
表示付给人家钱
、
账单等;
pay for
表示买东西
付款,
也表示替别人付钱。
主语是人。其常见结构是
pay
sb
.
some
money
,
pay money for
sth
.
You must pay
me 100 yuan a week for your
meals
.
I have
paid all my
debts(
债务)
.
How much did you pay for that
book
?
Don't worry about
money
.
I'll pay for
you
.
4>
.
spend
指花钱或花费时间。
主
语是人。
其常见结构分别为
spend money on
sth
.
,
spend time
p>
(
in
)
doin
g sth
.
。
I spent six yuan on a new
dictionary
.
-How
do you spend your spare
time
?
-I spend my
spare time writing books
.
p>
5>
.
take
指
花钱(=
cost
)
It takes/costs
me a lot of money to buy a big
house
.
= To buy a
big house takes/costs me a lot of money.
take
用来说明做某事需要多少时间,有三种不同的结构:
<1>
主语是人
I took half an hour to get home
yesterday
.
She took the whole day to read the
novel
.
3
<2>
主语是某种活动
The journey took me half an
hour
.
Reading the
novel took her the whole
day
.
<3>
用形式主语
it
It took me half an hour to get home
yesterday
.
It takes much time to do the
shopping
.
试看
我六元钱买了一本词典
的
不同译法:
a
.
I bought the
dictionary for six yuan
.
b
.
The dictionary
cost me 6yuan
.
c
.
I paid six yuan
for the dictionary
.
d
.
I
spent six yuan on the
dictionary
.
e
.
It took me six
yuan to buy the dictionary
.
再看
读这本书花了我一整天的时间
p>
的不同译法:
a
.
I spent the
whole day reading the book
.
b
.
I took the
whole day to read the book
.
c
.
Reading the
book took me the whole day
.
d
.
It
took me the whole day to read the
book
.
例如:①
The composition
cost(took)me three hours.
②
How much did the radio cost
you?
这台无线电花了你多少钱?
(
不用
take)
③
The
work cost them much
labor.
这件工作花费他们很大的劳动。
④
It took them over two years
to build
the
bridge.
修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。
⑤
I spend 50 dollars on the c
amera.
买这架照相机,我花了
50
美元。
⑥
He often
spent his spare time(in)helping the
poor.
他经常利用业余时间帮助穷人。
< br>【注意】如要说
这件上衣我花了
20
美元
,可用下列几种表达方法
p>
The coat cost me 20 dollars.
=I spent 20
dollars on the coat.
=I paid 20 dollars for the coat.
=I bought the coat for 20
dollars.
=I bought the coat at the
price of 20 dollars.
3: Harry saw me
and came and sat at the same table. He has never
borrowed money from me.
1
)
see:1>. see sb
do sth
看见某人做过某事,
I often see him draw a picture.
2>.
see sb doing sth
看见某人正在做某事。
When I pass the
window I see him drawing a
picture.
3>.
be seen to do ,
用于被动语态还原
to
He is seen to draw a picture.
2
)
Same
1>.
表示“相同的”
“同样的”等,通常与定冠词连用。如:
Those two dresses are the same.
那两件衣服是一样的。
You
and I will work in the same office.
你和我将在同一办公室工作。
口语中有时可省略
the
。如:
A
:
Happy
Christmas.
祝圣诞快乐。
B
:
Same to you.
也祝你圣诞快乐。
A
:
I
’
ll have a
coffee.
我要一杯咖啡。
B
:
Same for me, please.
我也要一杯。
A
:
I think
she
’
s awful.
我觉得她
这个人糟透了。
B
:
Same
here.
我看也是。
2>. <
/p>
表示
“与……一样”
,
< br>要用
the same
as
,
不能用
as same as
或
the same with
[like]
。
如:
She knew he felt just the same as she
did.
她知道他的感受和她一样。
He
’
s angry
because my marks are the same as his.
他很生气,因为我与他的分数一样。
但是在
it
’
s the same
with
…(……也一样)这一句式中可以用
with
。如:
He wants to go
abroad, and it is the same with me.
他想出国,我也一样。
Butterflies come from caterpillars.
It
’
s the same with moths.
蝴蝶由毛虫演变而来。飞蛾也是
一样。
3>.
为了加强
the same
的语气,可说
much the
same
(大致一样)或
exactly the same
(完
全一样)
,
但通常不说
quite the same
。
但有
趣的是,
在否定句中却可以说
not
quite the
same
(不完全一样)
。如:
That
’
s not quite
the same thing, is it?
那不完全是一回事,对吗?
4
4>.
用于
all the same,
主要用法有:
(1)
用作形容词,意为“……一样”
“无所谓”
。如:<
/p>
A
:
When
shall we meet again?
我们什么时候再次碰头
?
B
:
Make it any day
you like
;
it
’
s all the same to me.
随你定在哪天,我无所谓。
(2)
用作副词,意为“仍然”
“还是”
。如
:
Thank you all the
same.
(不管怎样)我还是要谢谢你。
It is a hot day but I shall enjoy a
walk all [just] the same.
天气很热,但我还是要出去走走。
5>.
比较
the same
…
as
与
the
same
…
that
(1)
一般说来,用
as
表示同类物,用
that
表示同一物。如:
This is the same pen as I lost
yesterday.
这钢笔与我昨天丢失的一模一样。
This is the same (=the very) pen that I
lost yesterday.
这正是我昨天丢失的那枝钢笔。
但以
上区别只是大致的,
在实际运用中,
两者常可混用
(尤其是当它们在所引导的定语从中
作宾语时)
。如
:
Meet me at the same place
as you did yesterday.
你我在昨天见面的老地方碰头。
He
uses the same book as [that] you do.
他用的书与你的一样。
(2)
p>
当从句没有动词(即有所省略)时,要用
as
。如:
You
’
ve made the
same mistake as (=that you made) last time.
你犯了与上次一样的错误。
(3)
当
the same
之后没有名词时,
要用
as
。如:
My stand on this is just the same as it
was four years ago.
我对这问题的立场仍和
4
年前一样。
根据情况,
the
same
之后的名词有时也可用
who, whom, whe
re
等引导的定语从句来修饰。
如:
He
’
s the same man
that [who] we met yesterday.
他就是我们昨天遇见的那个人。
Put the book back in the same place
where you found it.
把书放回原处。
4: While he was eating, I asked him to
lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me
the
money immediately.
1)
while:
1>
、
while
作名词用,表示“一会儿”
“一段时间”
。
likes to lie down for a while after lunch.
她喜欢午饭后躺一会儿。
to another country to study requires a
big adjustment and it takes a while to fit in.
来
到另一个国家求学,需要花一段时间来适应。
2>
、
While
作连词
(1)
引导时间状语
。
must strike
while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
she was listening to the
radio
,
she fell asleep.
她听着收音机睡着了。
(2)
引起让步状语从句,意思是“虽然…但是…
.
”
、
“尽管…但是…”
(
多放于句首
)
he
loves his students
,
he is
very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很<
/p>
严格。
these experiments are interesting and
useful
,
it is important to
remember that they may
not always tell
us much.
虽然这些实验很有趣也有用,但是很重要的是要记住,这些实验也<
/p>
可能不会告诉你很多。
(3)
引起条件状语,意思是“只要”
。
there is life there is
hope.
只要生命存在,就有希望
there is a
way there is away.
有志者事竟成。
3>
、
Wh
ile
作并列连词用,意思为“而,然而”
,表对比。而
but
表转折。注意用心比较体会
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