-
人教必修
6
Unit
1A Short History of Western
Painting
西方绘画艺术简史
Unit 1
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN
PAINTING
Art
is
influenced
by
the
customs
and
faith
of
a
people.
Styles
in
Western
art
have
changed
many
times.
As(
因为
)
there
are
so
many
different styles of
Western art, it would be impossible to describe
all of
them in such a short text.
Consequently, this text will describe only the
most important ones, starting from the
sixth century AD.
The
Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)
During the
Middle
Ages,
the main aim of
painters
was to
represent
religious themes. A
conventional artist of this period
was
not interested
in
showing
nature and people
as
(
正如
)
they really were. A typical picture
at
this
time
was
full
of
(
充满了
)
religious
symbols,
which
created
a
feeling of
respect and love
for
God. But it was evident that ideas
were
changing
in
the
13th
century
when
painters
like
Giotto
di
Bondone
began to paint
religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The
Renaissance(15th to 16th century)
During
the
Renaissance,
new
ideas
and
values
gradually
replaced
those
held
in
the
Middle
Ages.
People
began
to
concentrate
less
on
religious
themes
and
adopt
a
more
humanistic
attitude
to
life.
At
the
same time painters returned to
classical Roman and Greek ideas about
art.
They
tried
to
paint
people
and
nature
as
they
really
were.
Rich
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人教必修
6
people
wanted to possess their own paintings, so they
could decorate
their
superb
palaces
and
great
houses.
They
paid
famous
artists
to
paint pictures of themselves, their
houses and possessions as well as
their
activities and achievements.
One of the most important
discoveries during this period was how to
draw things in perspective. This
technique was first used by Masaccio
in
1428.
When
people
first
saw
his
paintings,
they
were
convinced
th
at
(
相信
) they were
looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene.
If
the rules of perspective
had not been discovered, no one would
have
been
able
to
paint
such
realistic
pictures.
By
coincidence(
偶然
),
oil
paints were also
developed at this time, which made the colours
used in
paintings look richer and
deeper.
Without the new paints and the
new
technique, we would not be able to
see the many great masterpieces for
which this period is famous.
Impressionism(late 19h to
early 20th century)
In the late 19th century, Europe
changed
a great
deal
(
很多，表程度
),
from
a
mostly
agricultural
society
to
a
mostly
industrial
one.
Many
people moved from the
countryside to the new cities. There were many
new inventions and social changes
also
led
to
(
导致
) new
painting styles.
Among the painters who
broke away
from
(
脱离
) the
traditional style of
painting were the
Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.
The
Impressionists
were
the
first
painters
to
work
outdoors.
They
were
eager to
(
渴望做
)show how
light and shadow fell on objects at different
2
人教必修
6
times
of
day.
However,
because
natural
light
changes
so
quickly,
the
Impressionists had to paint quickly.
Their paintings were
not as
detailed
as
those of earlier
painters. At first, many people disliked this
style of
painting and
became
very angry
about
(
对
…
生气
)
it.
They
said that the
painters were careless and their
paintings were ridiculous.
Modern Art(29th century to today)
At
the
time
they
were
created,
the
Impressionist
paintings
were
controversial,
but
today
they
are
accepted
as <
/p>
(
作
为
…
被
接
受
)
the
beginning
of
what
we
call
art
This
is
because
the
Impressionists encouraged artists to
look at their environment in new
ways.
There
are
scores
of
(
几十种
)
modern
art
styles,
but
without
the
Impressionists,
many
of
these
painting
styles
might
not
exist.
On
the
one
hand,
some
modern
art
is
abstract;
that
is,
the
painter
does
not
attempt
to
(
打算做
)
paint
objects
as
we
see
them
with
our
eyes,
but
instead
concentrates
on
certain
qualities
of
the
object,
using
colour,
line and shape to represent them. On
the other hand, some paintings of
modern art are
so
realistic
that
they look
like photographs. These styles
are so
different. Who can
predict what
painting styles there will be in
the
future?
西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。人们的生
活方式和信
仰影响了艺术。中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。西方艺术丰富多
彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元
5
世
3
人教必修
6
纪开始的几种主要风格。
?
中世纪（公元
5
世纪到
15
世纪）
?
在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在
呈现人和自然
的真实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。因此，这
段时期的绘画充满着宗教
的信条。到
13
世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像
乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。
?
文艺复兴时期（
15
世纪到
16
世纪）
?
在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更
关心人而不是宗教。画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。他们尽力地画出
人和自
然的真实面貌。富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘
请著名艺术家来为
自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他
们的成就。
< br>?
在这个阶段，
最重要的发现
之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。
在
1428
年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的人，当人们第一次看到他的画
时，还以为是透过墙上的小孔，来观看真实的情景，并对此深信不疑。如果没
有透视法
，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画，在文艺复兴时期，油画也得到了
发展，它使得色彩看
上去更丰富，更深沉。
?
印象派时期
（
19
世纪后期到
20
世纪初期）
?
19
世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业
为
主的社会。
许多人从农村迁入城市。
有着大量的新发明，
还有许多社会变革。
这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化。
那些打破传统画法的人有在
巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。
?<
/p>
印象派画家是第一批室外写生的艺术家。他们想把一天中不同时
间投射到物体
4
人教必修
6
上的光线和阴影画出来。
由于自然光的变化很快，所以，印象派画家必须很快
地作画。因此，他们的画就不像以前
那些画家的画那样细致了，起初，多数人
都看不惯这种新式画法，甚至还非常生气。他们
说这些画家作画时心不在焉，
粗枝大叶，他们的作品更是荒唐。
?
现代艺术（
20
< br>世纪至今）
在印象派作品的创建初期，他们存在争议。
但是，现在已经被人们接受，
并且成为现在所说的
“
现代艺术
”
的始祖。如今，现代艺术已有几十多种
，如果
没有印象派艺术，也就没有那么多不同的风格，印象派画家帮助艺术家们用新
的方法来观察环境和艺术。有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算
把我们的眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中体现某些物体的某些品质和
特
征，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。另一方面，有些现代派的艺术作
品太逼真了，
看上去就像一张照片。预言将来艺术的风格倒是很有意思的。
?
The Best of
Manhattan’s
Art Galleries
曼哈顿艺术画廊荟萃
?
弗里克收藏馆
位于第五大道和麦迪逊大道之间
?
<
/p>
许多艺术爱好者都认为这个收藏馆是纽约最好的一家小型艺术陈列馆。
亨利
克莱
·
弗里克是纽约的一位富
豪。他去世于
1919
年，他把他的家具、房子和艺
术收藏品都捐献给了美国人民。在这个陈列馆里，你不仅看到
20
世纪以前的
西方绘画的珍藏品，而且，你还能浏览弗里克的美丽的故居。
在这个漂亮的公
寓里，花园也是很值得一看的。
?
古根海姆博物馆
?
第
5
大道和第
88
街交汇处
?
5
人教必修
6
这家博物馆拥有
5
，
000
幅现代油画、雕塑和素描。这些艺术品并不是同时
展出的，展品总是在
不断地更换。所收藏的艺术品中大部分是印象派和后印象
派的作品。古根海姆博物馆的大
楼是世界闻名的。当你走进画廊的时候，你会
觉得你进入了一个巨大的白色贝壳之中。看
画展最好是从顶层看起，一直往下
看到底层。展厅里没有楼梯，只有一条环行的小道。博
物馆里还有一家极好的
餐馆。
?
（纽约）大都会艺术博物馆
?
第
5
大道与第
82<
/p>
街交汇处
?
这
家博物馆是美国收藏艺术品最多的一家，它的艺术品收藏涵盖了
5
，
000
多年来世界上众多国家的文明史，其中包括美洲、欧
洲、中国、埃及、非洲和
南美洲。
这家博物馆展出的不仅仅只是
艺术，
它还给你介绍了古代的生活方式。
你可以看到埃及的寺庙
，明朝的御花园，
18
世纪法国豪宅中的住房，以及许多
其他特殊展品。
?
现代艺术博物馆
?
< br>第
53
街（位于第
5
和第
6
大道之间）
?
令人惊奇的是，在同一博物馆里竟能容纳下
19
世纪后期到
21
世纪的如此
众多的名家巨作。西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、凡
·
高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名
艺术家的作品。有几句话需要提醒你注意：博物馆票
价不菲，常常拥挤。
?
惠特尼美国艺术博物馆
?
麦迪逊大道
945
号（靠近第
75
街）
?
惠特尼博物馆藏有极好的当代美国画和雕塑品。馆内没有永久性的展出，展品
都是随
时更换的。惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览，展品是仍然在世的
画家们的新作。这
家博物馆还展出当代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品。
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人教必修
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A few simple forms of English poems
英语诗歌的几种简单形式
Unit
2 A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS
简体英文诗
There are various reasons (why people
write poetry)
定从
.
人们写诗
有着各种各样的理由。
Some poems tell a story or describe
something in a
way (that will give the
reader a strong
impression)
定从
.
有些诗是为了叙事，
或者说是描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象。<
/p>
Others try to
convey certain
emotions
.
而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。
Poets use
many different forms
of poetry to
express themselves.
诗人用许多不同风格的诗来表达自己的情<
/p>
感。
In this text, however, we
will look at a few of the simpler forms.
本文只谈
了几种格式比较简单的诗。
Some of the first poetry a young child
learns in English is nursery
rhymes.
孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。
These rhymes like the one on the
right (A) are still a common type of
children's poetry.
像右边的这首童谣（
A
）
至今仍然是常见的。
The language is concrete but
imaginative, and they
delight small
children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm
and a lot of
repetition.
童谣的
语言具体但富有想象力，这使得小孩子们快乐，因为它们押
韵，
节奏感强，
并较多重复。
The poems may not
make sense
and
even seem
contradictory, but they are
easy to learn and recite.
童谣不一定有什么意义，
甚至有的看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。
By
playing with the
words in
nursery rhymes, children learn about language.
通过童谣中的文字
游戏，孩子们学习了语言。
7
人教必修
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（
A
）
Hush, little baby, don't say a
word,
小宝宝，别说话，
Papa's going to buy you a
mockingbird.
爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟。
If that mockingbird won't
sing,
小嘲鸟，不会唱，
Papa's going to buy you a diamond
ring.
爸爸给你买个钻石戒。
If that diamond ring turns to
brass,
钻石戒，变成铜，
Papa's going to buy you a looking-
glass.
爸爸给你买个小镜子。
If that looking-glass gets
broke,
小镜子，打破了，
Papa's going to buy you a billy-
goat.
爸爸给你买个小山羊。
If that billy-goat runs
away,
小山羊，跑掉了。
Papa's going to buy you another
today.
爸爸今天再去给你买一只。
One of the simplest kinds of poems are
those like B and C that list things.
像（<
/p>
B
）和（
C
）这
样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种。
List poems
have a flexible line length and
repeated phrases which give both a pattern
and a rhythm to the poem.
清单诗
可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活。
形成固定句型和诗的节奏。
< br>Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C ).
有些清单诗有韵脚（如
B
）
,
但有一些没有（如
C
）
。
（
B
）
I saw a fish- pond all on
fire
我看到鱼塘在燃烧
I
saw a fish-pond all on
fire,
我看到鱼塘在燃烧，
I
saw a house bow to a
squire,
我看到房子向地主哈腰，
I saw a person twelve-feet
high,
我看到人高一丈八，
I
saw a cottage in the
sky,
我看到茅屋在天郊。
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人教必修
6
I saw a balloon made of
lead,
我看到气球用铅做，
I
saw a coffin drop down
dead,
我看到棺材把死人抛。
I
saw two sparrows run a
race,
我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，
I saw two horses making
lace,
我看到两匹马儿绣花包。
I saw a girl just like a
cat,
我看到姑娘像只猫，
I
saw a kitten wear a
hat,
我看到小猫带花帽。
I
saw a man who saw these
too,
我看到有人在一旁瞄，
And said though strange they all were
true.
虽奇怪，但也把实情报。
（
C
）
Our first football
match
我们的第一场球赛
We
would have won
...
我们本来会得冠军
……
if Jack had scored that
goal,
如果杰克踢进了那个球，
if we'd had just a few more
minutes,
如果我们还有几分钟，
if we had trained
harder,
如果我们训练的更严格，
if Ben had passed the ball to
Joe,
如果本把球传给了乔，
if
we'd had
thousands of
fans
screaming,
如果有大批球迷助威，
if I hadn't taken my eye off the
ball,
如果我死死盯住球，
if
we hadn't
stayed
up
(
熬夜
) so late
the night before,
如果我们头晚不熬夜，
if we hadn't
taken it easy
（放轻松）
,
如果我们没有放松警惕，
if we hadn't
run
out of
(
用尽
)energy
.
如果我们没有精疲力竭，
We
would have won
...
我们本来是会的冠军的
……
if we'd been
better!
如果我们能干的更好！
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人教必修
6
Another simple
form of poem that students can easily write is the
cinquain, a poem
made up
of
five lines.
另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是
由五
行组成的，叫做五行诗。
With these, students can convey a
strong picture in
just a few words.
用五行诗，学生可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面。
Look
at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next p
age.
请看下一页上端
的
D
和
E
两个例子。
（
D
）
Brother
兄弟
Beautiful,
athletic
爱美，又爱运动
Teasing, shouting,
laughing
爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑
Friend and enemy
too
是我的朋友
Mine
也是我的敌人
（
E
）
Summer
夏天
Sleepy,
salty
困乏，咸涩
Drying, drooping,
dreading
干涸，枯萎，恐怖
Week in, week
out
周而复始
Endless
永无止境
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry
that
is made up of (=consist of
< br>由
…
组成
)
17 syllables.
俳句诗（
Haiku
）是一种日本诗，由
17
个音节组成。
It is not
a traditional form of
English poetry, but
is very
popular with (
受到
…
欢迎
)
English write
rs.
它不属于英诗的传统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间，这
种诗也是很流行的。
It is easy to write and,
like the cinquain , can give a clear
10
人教必修
6
picture and create a special feeling
using the minimum of words(v-ing
做方式
/
伴随状语
).
它容易
写，而且像五行诗一样，它可以用最少的词语呈现出一幅清
晰的画面，
< br>表达出一种特殊的感情。
The two haiku poems (F
and G) above are
translations from the
Japanese.
下面两首俳句诗（右边的
F
和
G
）就是从日文
翻译过来的
。
（
F
）
A fallen
blossom
落下的花朵
Is
coming back to the
branch.
回到了树枝上。
Look, a
butterfly!
瞧啊，是只蝴蝶！
( by Moritake)
（作者：
Moritake
）
（
G
）
Snow having
melted,
雪儿融化了，
The
whole village is
brimful
整个村庄充满着
Of
happy children.
欢乐的儿童。
(by Issa)
（作者：
Issa
）
Did you know
that English speakers also enjoy other forms of
Asian poetry
- Tang poems from China in
particular?
你知道吗？说英语的人也喜欢其他类
型
的亚洲诗，
尤其是中国的唐诗，
A lot of Tang
poetry has been translated into
English
.
许多唐诗已经被翻译成英文了。
This Tang
poem (H) is a translation
from the Chin
ese.
下面这首唐诗（
H
）就是从中
文翻译过来的。
（
H
）
Where she awaits her
husband
望夫石
(by
Wang Jian)
王健
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人教必修
6
On and on the river
flows.
望夫处，江悠悠。
Never looking back,Transformed into
stone.
化为石，不回头。
Day by day upon the mountain top,wind
and rain revolve.
山头日日风复雨，
Should the traveller return,this stone
would utter speech.
行人归来石应语。
With
so many different forms of
poetry
to choose
from
, students may
eventually want to write poems of their
own.
有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，
学生们最终也许想自
己作诗了。
It is easier than you might think
and certainly
worth a
try!
写诗比你想象的要容易，绝对值得一试。
人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是
描述某件事，
并给读者以强烈的印象。而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。诗人用许多不同
格
式的诗来表达自己的情感。本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗。
最早用英文写的诗是童谣。
孩子们很小就学习童谣。
像下边的这首童谣
（
A
）
至今仍然是常见的。这些童谣能使俏皮孩子们快乐，因为它们节奏感强并且押
韵，而且重复多遍。这样就容易学，也容易背。通过童谣中的文字游戏，教孩
< br>子们学习语言。
（
A
）
小宝宝，别吵吵，爸爸给你买个小哩鸟。小哩鸟，不会唱，爸爸给你买
个钻石戒。钻石戒，变成铜
,
爸爸给你
买个小镜子。小镜子，打破了，爸爸给你
买个小山羊。小山羊，跑掉了。爸爸今天再去买
一只。
像（
B
）和（
C
）这样列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种，学
生可以
自己动手写。
清单诗可以重复一些短语和韵脚
（如
B
）
，
但有一些也不是这样
（如
C
）
。
12
人教必修
6
（
B
）我看到鱼塘在燃烧
我看到鱼塘在燃烧，
我看到房子向地主哈腰，
我看
到人高一丈八，
我看到茅屋在天郊，
我看到气球用铝做。
我看到棺材把死
人
抛。我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，我看到两匹马儿绣花包。我看到姑娘像只猫，我
看到小猫戴花帽。
我看到有人在一旁瞄，虽奇怪，但也把实情报。
（
C
）
我们的第一场球赛<
/p>
我们本来会得冠军
……
如果杰克踢进了那个球，如果
我们还有几分钟，如果我们训练得更严格，如果本
把球传给了乔，如果有大批
球迷助威，如果我死死盯住球，如果我们头晚不熬夜，如果我
们没有太大意，
如果我们没有精疲力竭，我们本来会得冠军
……
如果我们再干得好一些！
另外，一种
学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。用五行诗，
学生可以用少量的词语传
递一幅动人的画面。请看下面的（
D
）和（
E
）两个例
子。
（
D
）兄弟
爱美，又爱运动爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑
是我的朋友
也是我的敌人
（
E
）夏天
困乏，刺激
干涸，枯萎，恐怖
周而复始
永无止境
俳句诗（
< br>Haiku
）是一种日本诗，由
17
个音节组成。它不属英诗的传统形式，
但是在说英语的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行
的。它容易写，而且像五行诗一
样，它可用很少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面，表达出一
种特殊的感情。下面
两首俳句诗下面的（
F
）和（
G
）就是由日文翻译而来的。
（
F
）
落
下的花朵
回顾到树枝上。瞧啊，是个蝴蝶！
< br>（作者：
moritake
）
（
G
）
雪儿溶
化了，整个村庄充满着
,
欢乐的儿童。
（作者：
Issa
）
你知道吗？说英语的人也借另外一种亚洲诗，
那就是中国的唐诗，
许多唐诗
已经翻译成英文了。这些诗都译成了自由体，说英语的人都喜欢模仿
它。下面
这首唐诗就是从中文译成英文的。
（
H
）望夫石
王
健
望夫处，江悠悠。化为石，不回头。山头日日风复雨，
13
人教必修
6
行人归来石应语。
Using
Language Listening,reading and discussing
我保留了夏天
Rod Mckuen
_________
我把夏天留
下，<
/p>
全都交给了你。
当雪花儿初降时，
让冬天的早晨停住。
我把阳光留下，
万一你需要它。
在那远离黑暗的地方，
你的心灵会得到补养。
那年你芳龄十九，
我就珍藏了你的微笑。
等你长大成人以后，
才知道年轻勇敢的微笑
的奥秘。
我不知道有什么办法，
帮你踏上你人生的旅
程。
爷爷的忠告
Unit 3
It is a beautiful day here and I am
sitting under the big tree at the end of
the
garden.
I
have
just
returned
from
a
long
bike
ride
to
an
old
castle.
It
seems amazing that
at
my
age
(
在我这个年纪
) I am
still fit enough to cycle 20
kilometres
in an afternoon. It's my birthday in two weeks'
time and I?ll be
82
years
old! I think my long and active life must be
due
to(
由于
)
the
healthy life I
live.
This brings me to the real
reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your
mother tells me that you started
smoking
some
time(
一段时间
)
ago
and how
14
办法也许就在某处：
在白天结束的那个时
辰。
如果你需要爱，
我会献上我所有的爱。
它也许能帮你踏上旅
程，
直到你也找到属于你的
爱。
人教必修
6
you
are
finding it difficult to
give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to
begin smoking and how tough it is to
stop. You see, during adolescence I also
smoked and
became addicted
to
cigarettes.
By
the
way(
顺便说下
)
,
did
you
know
that
this
is
because
you
become
addicted in three
different ways. First, you can become physically
addicted to
nicotine, which is one of
the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This
means
that
after
a
while
your
body
becomes
accustomed
to(
对
…
习惯
)
having
nicotine
in
it.
So
when
the
drug
leaves
our
body,
you
get
withdrawal
symptoms. I
remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even
in pain
(
处
< br>于痛苦中
). Secondly, you become addicted
through habit. As you know, if you
do
the
same
thing
over
and
over
again(
反
复
地
)
,
you
begin
to
do
it
automatically.
Lastly,
you
can
become
mentally
addicted.
I
believed
I
was
happier and more relaxed after having a
cigarette, so I began to that I could
only feel good when I smoked. I was
addicted in all three ways, so it was very
difficult to quit. But I did finally
manage.
When
I
was
young,
I
didn't
know
much
about
the
harmful
effects
of
smoking. I didn't know,
for example, that it could
do terrible
damage to(
对
…
造
成严重损害
)
your
heart
and
lungs
or
that
it
was
more
difficult
for
smoking
couples to become
pregnant. I certainly didn't know their babies may
have a
smaller birth weight or even be
ab
normal
in some
way
(
在某种程度
).
Neither
did I
know that my
cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-
smokers.(
倒
装
)
However, what I
did
know was
(that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible).
She said my breath and clothes smelt,
and that the ends of my fingers were
15
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