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英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一
The
majority
of
successful
senior
managers
do
not
closely
follow
the
classical
rational
model
of
first
clarifying
goals,
assessing
the
problem,
formulating
options,
estimating
likelihoods
of success,
making
a
decision,
and
only
then
taking
action
to
implement
the
decision.
Rather,
in
their
day-by-
day
tactical
maneuvers,
these
senior
executives
rely
on
what
is
vaguely
termed
intuition
to
manage
a
network
of
interrelated problems
that require them to deal with ambiguity,
inconsistency
, novelty, and
surprise
；
and to
integrate action into the process of
thinking.
Generations of writers on management
have recognized that some practicing managers rely
heavily on
intuition.
In
general,
however,
such writers
display
a
poor
grasp
of what
intuition
is.
Some see
it
as
the
opposite
of rationality; others view it as an excuse for
capriciousness.
Isenberg's
recent
research
on
the
cognitive
processes
of
senior
managers
reveals
that
managers'
intuition
is neither of
these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at
least five distinct ways. First, they
intuitively
sense
when
a
problem
exists.
Second,
managers
rely
on
intuition
to
perform
well-learned
behavior patterns rapidly. This
intuition
is not arbitrary or
irrational, but is based on years of painstaking
practice and hands-on experience that
build skills. A
third function of
intuition is to synthesize isolated bits
of data and practice into an integrated
picture, often in an Aha
！
experience. Fourth, some managers use
intuition
as a check on the
results of more rational analysis. Most senior
executives are familiar with the
formal
decision
analysis
models
and
tools,
and
those
who
use
such
systematic
methods
for
reaching
decisions are occasionally leery of
solutions suggested by these methods which run
counter to their sense of
the
correct course
of
action.
Finally,
managers
can
use
intuition
to
bypass
in-depth
analysis
and
move
rapidly
to
engender
a
plausible
solution.
Used
in
this way,
intuition
is
an
almost
instantaneous
cognitive
process in which a manager
recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of
the intuitive style of executive management is
that thinking is inseparable
from
acting.
Since
managers
often
know
what
is
right
before
they
can
analyze
and
explain
it,
they
frequently
act
first
and
explain
later.
Analysis
is
inextricably
tied
to
action
in
thinking/acting
cycles,
in
which
managers develop thoughts about their companies
and organizations not by analyzing a problematic
situation and then acting, but by
acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty
of many of the management issues that they face,
senior managers often
instigate a
course of action simply to learn more about an
issue. They then use the results of the action to
develop
a
more
complete
understanding
of
the
issue.
One
implication
of
thinking/acting
cycles
is
that
action is often part of defining the
problem, not just of implementing the
solution.
1. According to the text, senior
managers use intuition in all of the following
ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a
solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together
disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The
text
suggests which
of
the following
about
the writers
on
management mentioned
in
line
1,
paragraph
2
？
1
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
[A] They have
criticized managers for not following the
classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have
not based their analyses on a sufficiently large
sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their
conclusions on what managers say rather than on
what managers
do.
[D] They have misunderstood
how managers use intuition in making business
decisions.
3.
It can
be
inferred from
the
text
that which
of
the
following
would
most
probably
be
one
major
difference in behavior
between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach
decisions, and Manager Y
, who uses
only formal decision
analysis
？
[A] Manager X analyzes
first and then acts
；
Manager Y
does not.
[B] Manager X
checks possible solutions to a problem by
systematic analysis
；
Manager Y
does not.
[C] Manager X
takes action in order to arrive at the solution to
a problem
；
Manager Y
does not.
[D] Manager
Y
draws on years of hands-on experience
in creating a solution to a
problem
；
Manager
X does not.
4. The text provides support for which
of the following statements
？
[A]
Managers
who
rely
on
intuition
are
more
successful
than
those
who
rely
on
formal
decision
analysis.
[B] Managers
cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers''
intuition works contrary to their rational and
analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to
employ their practical experience more
efficiently.
5.
Which of the following best describes the
organization of the first paragraph of the
text
？
[A] An assertion is made
and a specific supporting example is given.
[B]
A
conventional model is dismissed and
an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are
introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are
presented and evaluated.
2
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
答案与考点解析
1.
「答案」
D
「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的
senior
managers
暗示本题的答案信息在第三
< br>段
,
因为第三段首句包含题干中的
senior managers
。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点
,
我们可
推导出本题的正确选项是选项
D.
本题选项
A
、
B
、
C
所涉及的内
容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和
第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结
原文所表达的每一层含义。
2.
「答案」
D
「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息
圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句
是本题答案信息的最主要来源
,
通过阅读和理解此句
,
我们可推导出本
题的正确选项是
D.
考生在解题
时一定
要适当理解上下句之间的关系。
3.
「答案」
C
「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的
who
uses intuition to reach decisions
暗示本题的<
/p>
答案信息在第四段
,
因为第四段首句含有
和题干中
who uses intuition to reach
decisions
大致相同的
the
intuitive style of executive management
。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话
,
我们可发现第四段的
第一句话都在强调
act
（行动）
,
可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选
项
C.
本题的答案信息来源
是第四段的
第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位
,
然后要善
于归纳和理解原文中的中
心主旨信息。
4.
「答案」
D
「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出
本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。
在这种情况下
,
考生往往迷失解题思路。
在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨
,
并且抓住各
段的核心句。本文的中心主旨
句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句
,
并结合第
三段的
第四、五句
,
就可以推导出本题
的正确选项应该是
D.
考生在解题时
,
尤其是在迷失解题思路时
,
一定要
首先抓全文的中心主旨句
,
同时还要抓一些
明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。
5.
「答案」
B
「考点解析」本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的
do
not
和第二句句首的
rather
是破解本题
的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该
是
B.
考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定
的词语以及表示启承转合的词语
,
更要注意句子之间的相互关
系。
[
参考译文
]
大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式
,
即：
首先确定目标
,
然后估定问题
,
摆出各种可能性
,
估
计成功率
,
再做决定
,
最后才付诸行动去实施。相反
,
在这些人的日常决策过
程中
,
他
们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付
大量相关问题
,
这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清
,
自相矛盾
,
奇特无
比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择
,
而且在考
虑过程中就要有相应的行动。
<
/p>
管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说
,
这些写
作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有
些人将其视作理性的对立面
,
还有人认为它是反复无常的（做法
、
性格）的一个借口。
Isenberg
最近对高层管理人
员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。
高层管理者是在五个
不同的方面使用直觉。首先
,
他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二
,
依靠直觉
,
管理
者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意
,
非理性的
,
而是在多年实践磨练
,
和亲身
体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。
第三
,
直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情
况组合为一个完整画面
,
这经
3
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
常表现为一声
Aha
式的体验。
第四
,
有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。
大部分高层
管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具
,
那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对
< br>一种情况保持警惕
,
那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们
对正确行为的感觉不符。
最后
,
管理者
可通过
直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。
这
么使用时
,
直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程
,
这一模式为管理者所熟悉。
这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能分开。由
于（在这种方式中）管理者在分
析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做
,
他们经常是先行动
,
后解
释。在思考
?D
行动的循环中
,
分
析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思
考其公司、组织的情况
,
而是行
动和分
析在高度一致地进行。
由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况
,
他们
鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他
们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考
行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分
,
而不只
是解决问题的步骤。
4
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析二
Roger
Rosenblatt?s
book Black
Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather
than sociopolitical criteria to
its
subject, successfully alters the approach taken by
most previous studies. As Rosenblatt
notes, criticism
of
Black
writing
has
often served
as
a
pretext
for
expounding
on
Black
history.
Addison
Gayle?s
recent
work,
for
example,
judges
the
value
of
Black
fiction
by
overtly
political
standards,
rating
each
work
according to the notions of Black
identity which it propounds.
Although
fiction
assuredly
springs
from
political
circumstances
，
its
authors
react
to
those
circumstances in ways
other than ideological, and talking about novels
and stories primarily as instruments
of
ideology circumvents much of the fictional
enterprise.
Rosenblatt?s
literary analysis discloses affinities
and connections among works of Black
fiction which solely political studies have
overlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black
fiction, however, presupposes giving
satisfactory answers to a
number of
questions. First of all, is there a sufficient
reason, other than the facial identity of the
authors, to
group
together
works
by
Black
authors
？
Second,
how
does
Black
fiction
make
itself
distinct
from
other
modern
fiction with which it is largely
contemporaneous
？
Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction
constitutes
a distinct body of writing
that has an identifiable
，
coherent literary tradition. Looking at
novels written by
Black over the last
eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and
designs independent of chronology.
These
structures
are
thematic,
and
they
spring,
not
surprisingly,
from
the
central
fact
that
the
Black
characters
in
these
novels
exist
in
a
predominantly
white
culture,
whether
they
try
to
conform
to
that
culture or rebel against it.
Black
Fiction
does
leave
some
aesthetic
questions
open.
Rosenblatt?s
thematic
analysis
permits
considerable
objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is
not his intention to judge the merit of the
various
works
?D
yet
his
reluctance seems
misplaced,
especially
since
an
attempt
to
appraise
might
have
led
to
interesting results. For instance, some
of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.
Is this a defect, or are
the authors
working out
of, or trying to forge, a
different kind of
aesthetic? In
addition, the style of some
Black
novels, like Jean
Toomey?s
Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does
this technique provide
a counterpoint
to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate
against which Black heroes are
pitted,
a theme
usually conveyed by more
naturalistic modes of
expression
？
In spite
of such
omissions, what
Rosenblatt
does
include
in
his
discussion
makes for
an
astute
and
worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys
a wide variety of
novels, bringing to
our attention in the process
some
fascinating
and
little-known
works
like
James
Weldon
Johnson?s
Autobiography
of
an
Ex-Colored
Man.
Its
argument
is
tightly
constructed,
and
its
forthright,
lucid
style
exemplifies
levelheaded
and
penetrating criticism.
1. The author
of the text is primarily concerned with
__________.
[A]
Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.
[B] Comparing
various critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing
the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing
the major points made in a work of criticism.
2.
The
author
of
the
text
believes
that
Black
Fiction
would
have
been
improved
had
Rosenblatt
5
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
__________.
[A] Evaluated more carefully the
ideological and historical aspects of Black
fiction.
[B]
Attempted to be more objective in his approach to
novels and stories by Black authors.
[C] Explored in greater
detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black
fiction throughout its history.
[D] Assessed the relative
literary merit of the novels he analyzes
thematically.
autho
r?s
discussion of Black
Fiction can be best described as __________.
[A] Pedantic
and contentious.
[B] Critical but admiring.
[C] Ironic and deprecating.
[D]
Argumentative but unfocused.
author of the text employs
all of the following in the discussion of
Rosenblatt?s
book
EXCEPT
：
__________.
[A] Rhetorical questions.
[B] Specific examples.
[C] Comparison
and contrast.
[D] Definition of terms.
5. The author of the text
refers to James Weldon
Johnson?s
Autobiography of
an Ex-Colored Man most
probably in
order to __________.
[A] point out affinities between
Rosenblatt?s
method of
thematic analysis and earlier criticism.
[B] Clarify the
point about expressionistic style made earlier in
the passage.
[C] Qualify the assessment of
R
osenblatt?s
book made in
the first paragraph of the passage.
[D] give a specific example
of one of the accomplishments of
Rosenblatt?s
work.
6
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
答案与考点解析
「答案」
A
「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是
首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们
可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出
< br>“evaluating”
（评价）一词的选项
A.
考生在解题时一定要注意
段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内
含和作用。
「答案」
D
「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与
反推题。从本题题干中的
“would
have
been
improved”
可推断
出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面
“
不足
”
的地方。尾段首句的
“suc
h
omissions”
（这样的忽略）
暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信
< p>息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确< /p>
选项是
D.
考生在解题时一定要具备利用
上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力，更要具备反推即逆
向思维的能力。
「答案」
B
「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本
题的答案信息来源不局限于某一
段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全
文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答
案
B.
本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且
对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。
「答案」
D
「考点解析」这是一道写作手法题
型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题
目。本题
A
、
B
、
C
所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三
句里找到。
第一段的第三句涉及
B
和
C
两个选项。
选项
D“definition of terms”
（给词语下定义）
在原
文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要
注意英文中常见的写作手段。
「答案」
D
「考点解析」这是一道例（举）证题。通过题干中的
“Weldon
Johnson''s
Autobiography
of
an
Ex-
Colored Man
”
可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，
本句中的
“like”
（例如）
一词暗
示本题的正确选项应该是含有
“specific
example”
的选项
D.
考生
在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键
词的应用和理解。
[
参考译文
]
罗杰？罗森布莱特的着作
《黑人小说》
，
试图运用文学的而不是社会政治
的标准来研究黑人小说，
这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到
的，黑人着作的评论经常被充当为
一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森？盖尔的最新
着作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小
说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各
观念对每个作品进行评价。
虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说和故事
的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森？布莱特对黑人文学的分
析揭示了
黑人小说着作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。
然而写出为人
所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了
这些作家
的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类？其次，黑人小说如何将
自己和其他现代小说分开？它们大半属于同一时代的作品。罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构
7
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
成了一个与众不同的作品群体，它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统。着眼于最近八十年
黑人创作
的小说，罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局。这些
结构与主题相关，
并不让人感到惊奇的是，它们源于这样一个中心事实，即小说中的黑人
生存在一个白人文化支配的
环境中，不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化。
《黑人小说
》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性；
他甚
至直言，
对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图
?D?D
然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的，
尤
其是
因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果。例如，一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。这是否是
一个缺陷，或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑，还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学？另外，
< p>象金？图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格，近于表现主义和超现实主义；难道这个技巧只是用更< /p>
自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗？
尽管存在这些遗漏
，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究
内容。
《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知<
/p>
的作品上，
如詹姆士？威尔顿？约翰逊的
《一个曾是有色人的自传》
。
这本书的主题结构紧密，
直率、
明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。
< br>
8
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析三
Bernard
Bailyn
has
recently
reinterpreted
the
early
history
of
the
United
States
by
applying
new
social
research findings on
the experiences of European migrants. In his
reinterpretation, migration becomes the
organizing
principle
for
rewriting
the
history
of
preindustrial
North
America.
His
approach rests
on four
separate propositions.
The
first
of
these
asserts
that
residents
of
early
modern
England
moved
regularly
about
their
countryside; migrating
to the New World was simply a natural spillover.
Although at first the colonies held
little
positive
attraction
for
the
English
?D
they
would
rather
have
stayed
home
?D
by
the
eighteenth
century
people
increasingly
migrated
to
America
because
they
regarded
it
as
the
land
of
opportunity.
Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary
to the notion that used to flourish in America
history textbooks, there
was never a
typical New World community. For example, the
economic and demographic character of early
New England towns varied
considerably.
Bailyn's
third
proposition
suggest
two
general
patterns
prevailing
among
the
many
thousands
of
migrants:
one
group
came
as
indentured
servants,
another
came
to
acquire
land.
Surprisingly,
Bailyn
suggests
that
those who recruited
indentured
servants were
the
driving
forces
of
transatlantic
migration.
These colonial
entrepreneurs
helped
determine
the
social
character
of
people
who came
to
preindustrial
North America. At
first,
thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by
the 1730's, however, American
employers
demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the
colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the
European culture system.
He is
undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies
were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to
divide
the empire into English core and
colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the
achievements of colonial
culture. It is
true, as Bailyn claims, that high
culture in the colonies never matched that in
England.
But
what of
seventeenth-century New England, where the
settlers created effective
laws, built
a distinguished
university, and
published books
？
Bailyn might respond that New England
was exceptional.
However, the
ideas and institutions developed by New
England Puritans had powerful effects on North
American culture.
Although
Bailyn
goes
on
to
apply
his
approach
to
some
thousands
of
indentured
servants
who
migrated just prior to
the revolution, he fails to link their experience
with the political development of the
United
States.
Evidence
presented
in
his
work
suggests
how
we
might
make
such
a connection.
These
indentured servants were treated as
slaves for the period during which they had sold
their time to American
employers. It is
not surprising that as soon as they served their
time they passed up good wages in the cities
and
headed
west
to
ensure
their
personal
independence
by
acquiring
land.
Thus,
it
is
in
the west
that
a
peculiarly
American
political
culture
began,
among
colonists
who
were
suspicious
of
authority
and
intensely anti-aristocratic.
Which
of
the
following
statements
about
migrants
to
colonial
North
America
is
supported
by
information in the
text
？
[A]
A
larger percentage of migrants to
colonial
North America came as
indentured servants than as
free agents
interested in acquiring land.
[B]
Migrants
who
came
to
the colonies
as
indentured
servants
were
more
successful
at
making
a
9
英语专业八级（考研）阅读理解模拟试题及解析
livelihood than were farmers and
artisans.
[C]
Migrants to colonial North America were more
successful at acquiring their own land during the
eighteenth century than during the
seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already
skilled
in a trade were in more demand
by
American employers
than
were unskilled laborers.
The author of the text states that
Bailyn failed to
[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the
cultural and political interdependence of the
colonies and England.
[B]
Describe
carefully
how
migrants
of
different
ethnic
backgrounds
preserved their
culture
in
the
United States.
[C] Take advantage of social research
on the experiences of colonists who migrated to
colonial North
America specifically to
acquire land.
[D] Relate the experience of the
migrants to the political values that eventually
shaped the character of
the United
States.
Which
of the following best summarizes the author's
evaluation of Bailyn's fourth
proposition
？
[A] It is totally
implausible.
[B] It is partially acceptable.
[C] It is
highly admirable.
[D] It is controversial
though persuasive.
According
to
the
text,
Bailyn
and
the
author
agree
on which
of the
following
statements
about
the
culture
of colonial New England
？
[A] High
culture in New England never equaled the high
culture of England.
[B]
The
cultural
achievements
of
colonial
New
England
have
generally
been
unrecognized
by
historians.
[C]
The
colonists
imitated
the
high
culture
of
England
，
and
did
not
develop
a
culture
that
was
uniquely
their own.
[D]
The southern colonies were greatly influenced by
the high culture of New England.
The
author
of
the
text would
be
most
likely
to
agree with which
of the
following
statements
about
Bailyn's work
？
[A] Bailyn
underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on
North American culture.
[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic
dependence of the colonies on Great
Britain.
[C]
Bailyn's
description
of
the
colonies
as
part
of
an
Anglo-American
empire
is
misleading
and
incorrect.
[D] Bailyn failed to test his
propositions on a specific group of migrants to
colonial North America.
10