英语专业精读1课后1-7

Unite 1

Paraphrasing

(1)

This

ability

to

take

familiar

bits

of

language

and

to

combine

them

to

make

new

words

and sentences is

what

sets

language

apart from

other ways that

human beings

use to communicate.

=Because

of

the

existence

of

morphological

and

syntactic

rules,

language

enables

to

create new words and sentences making use of available materials. This is

not possible

with

other ways

that we use to

communicate, such as the use of

facial expressions

or

bodily gestures.

(2) We have to

beware

the word ?language‘. It‘s often used in a vivid way to mean any

kind of connection between people.

=We have to

be cautious about

the use of

―< /p>

language

‖

because it is oftenused figuratively,

refering to

any means

of communication (body

language) or even the basis of mutual

understanding (speaking the same language).

(3)

We

learn

many

rules

of

grammar

in

order

to

express

different

meanings,

such

as

changing the order of words in a sentence. But

we d

on‘t have rules which change the

order of our facial expressions to express different meanings.

=Facial

expressions

are

different

from

real

language

in

that

there

are

no

grammatical

rules such as word order to help us express different meanings when we communicate

with facial expressions.

(4) If I have the ability, I can paint them, draw them, sculpt them, dance them, compose

them into a symphony or a ballet or a piece of jazz, and express myself in all the

ways

that are called ―arts and crafts‖.

=

―

Arts and crafts

‖

are also

means

of communication. If I have the ability, I can express

my thoughts and feelings in painting, drawing, sculpture, dance and music.

(5) In our everyday lives we produce and comprehend language with such apparent ease

that we

take it for granted

. Yet the ease with which we use language belies a level of

complexity of immense proportions.

=Our everyday use of our native language, whether to express ourselves or to understand

others,

is

so

easy

that

we

have

never

realizedthe

great

complexity

behind

this

simple

fact.

Translation

（

1

）

Once

we‘ve

learned

a

few

thousand

words,

and

learned

the

ways

our

language

allows us to put them together into sentences, we can say things that nobody has ever

said before.

一旦我 们掌握了数千个单词和语言所允许的将这些单词组合成句的方法，

我们就可

以说出别人从未说过的话。

（

2

）

When

people

use

their

faces

or

hands

to

show

their

feelings,

they‘re

doing

something that is very different from what they do when they speak, write, or use a deaf

sign language.

当人们用脸或手来表达情感的 时候，

他们所做的是一件与说话、

书写或者使用聋人

（

3

）

Language allows us to talk about our experience of the world in a way that no other

means of communication can.

语言使我们能够以一种其他交际手段所不能比拟的方式谈论我们对世界的体验。

（

4

）

那件鲜红的大衣使她在姑娘们中间显得特别

突出

。

(apart from)

Her bright red coat set her

apart from

the other girls.

（

5

）

我们的触觉能力也可以

演绎出

一套语言

。

(deve lop into)

Our ability to touch can also

be developed into

a language.

（

6

）

他

以

蛮横无理

的方式

对他的助 手们发号施令

。

He orders his assistants around

in a way

that is very offensive.

（

7

）

与书面语不同的是，我们在口语中并不是按照段落或章节来

组织

思想的

。

Unlike writing, our thoughts are not

framed

in paragraphs or chapters in speech.

Unite 3

Paraphrasing

(1)

Scollon

points

out

that

Athabaskan

Indians

consider

it

inappropriate

to

talkto

strangers,and

that

this

has

an

odd

effect

when

an

Athabaskan

meets

a

non- Athabaskan,whiteorblack.

One wants to get to know the other by talking andthe

other feels it is inappropriate to talk until they know each other.

=Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do not know.

According

to

Scollon,

this

causes

a

strange

effect

when

theAthabaskan

Indians

meet

people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with

the

Athabaskans

by

talking

to

them,

but

the

Athabaskans

will

not

talk

to

the

non-

Athabaskans before they become acquaintances.

(2)As she puts it, Gonjans are so aware of the indirect function of questions to imply

unstated meaning that

“the pure information question hasn't got a chance.”

=Gonjans

take

it

for

granted

that

questions

are

always

asked

to

achieve

indirect

functions, so they never ask questions for pure information.

(3)This is the value associated with

to facts

-values taken for granted in American business and education,andperhaps more

generally by American men.

=The

Americans

usually

take

it

for

granted

that

in

communication

people

should

be

direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they

mean. This is especially true in business and education and applies more to American

men than to women.

(4)To the extent that no two people have exactly the same communicative

background,to

that

extent,all

communication

is

cross- cultural,and

understanding

cross

cultural communication is a means to understanding language at the same time, it

is

also

a

means

to

understanding

and,

one

hopes,

improving

problems

and

tasks

facing the world and the people in it, including the task of teaching and learning

new languages.

=No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, all communication is

cross-cultural to someextent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication

can

help

us

understand

the

nature

of

language

and

tackle

problems

in

the

world,

especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles

in foreign

language teaching and learning.

Translation

(1)Just

as

physicists

understand

the

nature

of

physical

elements

by

observing

their

behavior in various environments and in interaction with other elements, so we

come to understand the nature of language by observing it in communication

and in contact with other systems of communication.

物理学家通过观察物质元素在 不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理

解它们的本质。

与此相似，

我们通过观察交际中的语言以及语言与其他交际符号系

统的关联来认识语言的本质。

(2) One who learns the explicit vocabulary and grammar of a new language is

likely to stuff it into the implicit paralinguistic and discourse casings of the

native communicative system.

外语学习者可能会把在一种新的语言中所学的显性的词汇和语法填充到母语交际

系统中 隐性的语篇框架或副语言外壳里。

(3)As social networks are always local,not global,people in different communities have

different

ways

of

using

linguistic

means

to

communicative

ends,and

their

ways

oftalking,like other cultural patterns,define them as a community.