-
【
Passage
1
】
Immediately
relevant
to
game
theory
are
the
sex
ratios in certain
parasitic wasp species that have a large
excess of females.
< br>与博弈论有着紧密联系的是特定寄生蜂种群中的性别比
例，该种群有着大量的雌蜂
。
In these
species, fertilized eggs develop into females
and unfertilized eggs into males.
在这些种群中，
受精卵发展成为雌蜂
，
而未受精的卵发展
成为雄蜂。
A female stores sperm and
can determine the sex of
each egg she
lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
雌蜂储存精子，并通过受精与否决定每个卵的性别。
By Fisher‘s genetic
argument that the sex ratio will be
favored which maximizes the number of
descendants an
individual will have and
hence the number of gene copies
transmitted,
it
should
pay
a
female
to
produce
equal
numbers of sons and
daughters.
通过
F
的遗传论据，
性别比例将会倾向于那些将后代数量
< br>最大化的个体，并因此大量的基因复制得以被传输。而这应
该会使得雌蜂生产等量
的雌雄幼体。
Hamilton,
noting
that
the
eggs
develop
within
their
host
—
the
larva
of
another
insect
—
and
that
the
newly
emerged adult wasps mate immediately
and disperse,
offered a remarkably
cogent analysis.
H
认为，
蜂卵将在它们寄主
-
其他昆
虫的幼虫中进行发育，
新长成的成年蜂会立即进行交配并分散开。
Since
only
one
female
usually
lays
eggs
in
a
given
larva,
it
would
pay
her
to
produce
one
male
only,
because this one
male
could fertilize all his
sisters on
emergence.
由于只有雌蜂会在特定的幼虫中产卵，
这将使它只生产一
< br>只雄性蜂，因为在紧急情况下，该雄峰可以使其姊妹得以受
精。
< br>
Like
Fisher,
Hamilton
looked
for
an
evolutionarily
stable
strategy, but he went a step further in
recognizing
that he waslooking for a
strategy.
与
F
一样，
H
寻找一种进化稳定的策略，
但他比公认他
只
是在寻找一种策略更进一步。
<
/p>
（
T1
）
C
The
author
suggests
that
the
work
of
Fisher
and
Hamilton was similar in
that both scientists
：
作者认为
F
和
H
的工作相似是因为两个科学家都：
A
、
conducted
their
research
at
approximately
thesame time
在相同的时间得出相似的结论。
B
、
sought to manipulate the sex ratios of
some of
the animals they studied
寻找操控他们研究的某些动物的性别比例的方法。
C
、
sought an explanation of why certain
sex ratios
exist and remain stable
寻找对于为什么特定性别比例能够存在并保持稳定
的原因。
D
、
studied
game
theory,
thereby
providing
important
groundwork for the later development
of
strategy theory
研究博弈论，从而为后面策略理论的发展提供重要<
/p>
依据。
E
、
studied
reproduction
in
the
same
animal
species
研究相同物种的繁殖。
（
T2
）
B
The passage contains information that
would answer
which of the following
questions about wasps?
文中包含的信息可以回答以下哪些问题？
A
、
How
many eggs does the female wasp usually
lay in a single host larva?
雌蜂通常在单个寄主幼体中产多少个卵？
B
、
Can
some
species
of
wasp
determine
sex
ratios among their
offspring?
某些蜂种可以决定其后代的性别比例吗？
C
、
What is the approximate sex ratio among
the
offspring of parasitic wasps?
在寄生蜂后代中大概的性别比例是多少？
（
T3
）
D
Which of the following is NOT true of
the species of
parasitic wasps
discussed in the passage?
下面哪一项文中关于寄生蜂的讨论是错误的？
A
、
Adult female wasps are capable of
storing
sperm.
成年的雌蜂有能力储存精子。
B
、
Female wasps lay their eggs in the
larvae of
other insects.
雌蜂在其他昆虫的幼虫中产卵。
C
、
The
adult female wasp can be fertilized by a
male that was hatched in the same larva
as
herself.
成年雌蜂可以被在同一幼体中孵化的雄蜂受精。
D
、
So
few
male
wasps
are
produced
that
extinction is almost certain.
极少数的雄峰被生产以至于物种灭绝是肯定的。
E
、
Male wasps do not emerge from their
hosts
until they reach sexual maturity.
雄峰未能从其宿主中形成直到它们达到性成熟。
【
Passage
2
】
Tocqueville,
apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian
America was not a fluid, egalitarian
society where
individual wealth and
poverty were ephemeral
conditions.
显然，
托克维尔是错误的，
杰克逊式的美国并不是不稳固
的，在平均主义社会中，个体的富裕和贫穷
是短暂的状况。
At least so argues
E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study
of
the very rich in the United States between 1825
and
1850.
至少伊
-
佩森在其
1825
年到
1850
年间对于美国巨富的
反传
统研究中是如此描述的。
Pessen does
present a quantity of examples, together
with some refreshingly intelligible
statistics, to establish
the existence
of
an inordinately wealthy
class
.
（
T1
A
选
项论据）
佩森列举了大量的例子及一些令人耳目一新令人可理解
的统计数据，去证明一个极度富
有的阶层的存在。
Though
active in commerce or the
professions
（
T1
C
选项论据）
, most of the wealthy
were not self-made,
but
had
inherited family
fortunes.
（
T1
D
选项错误的原因）
尽管多数富豪活
跃于商业中或专职领域，
但他们并非白手
起家，而是继承家族财
产。
In no sense mercurial,
these great fortunes survived
the
financial panics
（
T1
E
选项论据）
that destroyed lesser
ones.
由于这些巨大的财富未
被置于流通中，
它们得以在经济恐
慌中保存。而规模较小者则被
击垮。
Indeed,
in
several
cities
the
wealthiest
one
percent
constantly increased its
share
（
T1
B
选项论据）
until by
1850 it owned half of the community‘s
wealth.
的确，
在不少的城
市中，
最富有者的百分之一固定地增长
着他们的财富份额，直到
1850
年，这些人掌握了一半的社
会
财富。
Although
these
observations
are
true,
Pessen
overestimates their importance by
concluding from them
that the undoubted
progress toward inequality in the late
eighteenth
century
continued
in
the
Jacksonian
period
and
that
the
United
States
was
a
class-ridden,
plutocratic society even before
industrialization.
尽管这些观察是真的，
对于十八世纪后期毋庸置疑的不平
等进一步延续至杰克逊时期的结论，以及美国早在工
业革命
前就是一个阶级分化的财阀社会的结论，使得佩森过度估计
了巨富们的重要性。
(T1)
According to the passage, Pessen
indicates that all
of
the
following
were
true
of
the
very
wealthy
in
the
United States between
1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:
根据文章，佩森指出下列关于美国
1825
年至
1850
年间
巨富的事实正确，除了：
A
、
They formed a distinct upper class.
他们来形成于独特的上层阶级。
B
、
Many
of
them
were
able
to
increase
their
holdings.
他们其中的许多有能力增加他们的财产。
C
、
Some
of
them
worked
as
professionals
or
in
business.
他们中的有些人供职于专业工作或者商业领域。
D
、
Most of them accumulated their own
fortunes.
其中的许多人积累着他们的自己的财富。
E
、
Many
of
them
retained
their
wealth
in
spite
of
financial upheavals.
尽管金融剧变，其中的许多人依旧保持着他们的财
富。
< br>
（
T2
）
Which of the following best states the
author‘s main
point?
下列哪一个选项是作者中心思想的最佳表述？
A
、
Pessen‘s study has overturned the
previously
established view of the
social and economic
structure
America.
佩森的研究颠覆了之前建立的关于十九世纪
早
期美国社会和经济结构的观点
（错
误，文中并没有涉及佩森的研究是关于十
九世纪早期的）
B
、
Tocqueville‘s analysis of the United
States in
the
Jacksonian
era
remains
the
definitive
account of this
period.
托克维尔关于美国在杰克逊时期的分析在这一
of
early
nineteenth-century
时期保持着决定性的因素。
（错误，
文中开头便提到托克维尔的观点是错
误的，
“
< br>Tocquevi
lle, apparently, was
wrong”
）
C
、
Pessen‘s study is valuable primarily
because
it shows the continuity of the
social system
in
the
United
States
throughout
the
nineteenth century.
佩森的研究是有价
值的主要是因为它展示了贯
穿十九世纪的美国社会系统的连续性。
（错误，文章并没有对佩森的研究的价值给予
过多的评价，
相反最后一段指出佩森的研究得
出了不正确的结论）
D
、
The
social
patterns
and
political
power
of
the
extremely
wealthy
in
the
United
States
between
1825
and
1850
are
well
documented.
在
1825
年至
1850
年间，
< br>美国巨富群体的社会
分布和政治权力被很好的记录了下来。
（错误，该点并非文章中作者的主要思想）
E
、
Pessen challenges a view of the social
and
economic system in the United
States from
1825 to 1850, but he draws
conclusions that
are incorrect.
佩森挑战了对于
1825
年至
1850
年间美国社会
和经济系统的一般观点，但他得出了不正
确的
结论。
（正确，前面段落描述佩
森用大量的研究指出
托克维尔关于杰克逊时期美国的观点是错误的，
但最后一句表面，佩森未能客观看待美国巨富
的重要性，
导
致其得出不正确的结论，
“
Pessen
overestimates their
importance”
）
【
Passage
3
】
Anaerobic
glycolysis
is
a
process
in
which
energy
is
produced,
without
oxygen,
through
the
breakdown
of
muscle
glycogen
into
lactic
acid
and
adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the energy
provider.
无氧酵解是这么一种过程，在没有氧气
的情况下产生能量，
经过分解由肌肉糖原变为乳酸以及三磷酸腺苷（
ATP
）—能
量的提供者。
The
amount
of
energy
that
can
be
produced
anaerobically
is
a
function
of
the
amount
of
glycogen
present
—
in
all
vertebrates
about
0.5
percent
of
their
muscles‘
wet weight.
（
T1
D
选项的论据）
大量的能量可以无氧
地被生产出来是由于一种机制，即一定
数量的糖原存在于所有有脊椎动物中，大概占它们
肌肉湿重
的
0.5%
。
Thus the anaerobic
energy reserves of a vertebrate are
proportional to the size of the animal.
因此有脊椎动物的厌氧能量的吸收与该动物体型大小成比
例。
If,
for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton
dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur
would have been
able to generate almost
instantaneously, via anaerobic
glycolysis,
the
energy
of
3,000
humans
at
maximum
oxidative metabolic energy production.
例如，
一些捕食者攻击一个重达
100
顿通常行动迟缓的恐龙，
而恐龙可以通过无氧酵解瞬间产生相当
巨大的能量，相当于
3000
个人在最大有氧代谢下产生的能量
。
（
T1
）
The
passage's
suggestion
that
the
total
anaerobic
energy reserves of
a vertebrate are proportional to the
vertebrate‘s
size
is
based
on
which
of
the
following
assumption?
文章中关于有脊椎动物所吸收的全部无氧能量与有脊椎
动物的体型大小成比例
关系的设想是基于以下哪一个论
据？
A
、
larger
vertebrates
conserve
more
energy
than
smaller vertebrates
大型有脊椎动物比小型有脊椎动保存更多能量。
（错误，
文中并没有提及大型有脊椎动物及小型有脊椎
动物与保存能量之间的关系。
）
B
、
larger vertebrates use less oxygen per
unit weight
than smaller vertebrates
大型有脊椎动物比小型有脊椎动物在每单位重量下用
更少的氧。
（错误，
文中并没有提到大型有脊椎动物
和小型有脊椎
动物每单位重量下氧的用量，
并且也没有指出氧气
用量
与无氧能量吸收及体型的比例关系。
）
C
、
the
ability
of
a
vertebrate
to
consume
food
is
a
function of its size
有脊椎动物消耗食物的能力是其体型的基本功能。
（错误，文中并未提及消耗食物等概念。
）
D
、
the
amount
of
muscle
tissue
in
a
vertebrate
is
directly related to its size
有脊椎动物肌肉组织的总量直接与其体型大小有关。
（正确，
文中提到糖原存在于有脊椎动物中，
并
占其肌
肉湿重的
0.5%
，
“
The amount of energy that can be
produced anaerobically is a function of
the amount
of
glycogen
present
—
in
all
vertebrates
about
0.5
percent
of their muscles
wet weight”
，这就表明有脊
椎动物体型越大其肌肉组织越多，
肌肉组织中糖
原越多，
可得出其吸收或产生的无氧能量越多。
）
E
、
the
size
of
a
vertebrate
is
proportional
to
the
quantity of energy it
can utilize
有脊椎动物体型的大小与它可以利用的能量的多少成
比例关系。
（错误，
文中并未提及能量的利用率与无氧能量的吸收
及有脊椎动物体型大小的比例关系）
【
Passage
4
】
Extraordinary
creative activity has been characterized as
revolutionary,
flying
in
the
face
of
what
is
established
and
producing
not
what
is
acceptable
but
what
will
become
accepted.
超凡的创造力被刻画为变革者的特征，公然对抗那些已经建
立的事物，创造不被现在所接受但终将会被接受的事物。
According
to
this
formulation,
highly
creative
activity
transcends the
limits of an existing form and establishes
a new principle of organization.
根据这种描述，非凡的创造力超越现有体制的限制，并建立<
/p>
一种新的组织原则。
However,
the
idea
that
extraordinary
creativity
transcends
established
limits
is
misleading
when
it
is
applied to the arts, even though it may
be valid for the
sciences.
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