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Prefixes and suffixes
1.
Negative prefixes
（否定前缀）
:
“not”
---
”<
/p>
不
…
，非。
。<
/p>
。
”
a-:
?not,
without, opposite to? as in
apolitical,
asexual, atypical, asocial, amoral
dis-:
?not, the
converse of? as in
disobey, discredit,
disloyal, disorder, disuse
in-
：
(il-, ir-, im-): same in
meaning as for dis- as in inaudible, injustice,
illiterate, illegitimate,
irresistible,
irresponsibility, improbable, immature
non-:
?not?, a
productive affix expressing the idea that a person
or thing does not have the
qualities
or
characteristics
referred
to,
as
in
non-classical,
non-smoker,
non-violence,
non-president, non-virtue
un-
（
more
frequent
）
:
same
in
meaning
as
for
dis-,
a
very
productive
affix
as
in
undemocratic, ,unwillingly,, unbuilt,
unsmiling
2
.
Reversative or
Privative Prefixes (
逆反前缀
)
de-
:
'reversing
the
action,
depriving
of
’
,
as
in
decentralize,
demystify,
dehumanize,
deforestation;
fixed to nouns to form
verbs, as in deice, defeather, debug, descale
dis-:
“
reversing
the action
”
, with verbs as
in disallow, dispossess, disunite; also meaning
‘
lacking
’
, with adjectives, e.g. disinterested ,
discoloured
un-:
same
in meaning
as for de-
with
verbs
as
in
unbug,
unlock, unwrape; but
meaning
‘
depriving of, releasing
from
’
in limited
use with nouns to make verbs, e.g. unseat ,
unhorse, unmask
3
.Pejorative Prefixes
(
贬义前缀
)
maltreat
to treat roughly or cruelly
malodorous
having a bad
smell
mishear
to hear mistakenly
pseudoscience/friend
pretended science
mal-:
?badly,
bad? added to verbs, adjectives, and abstract
nouns, e.g.
maltreat, malformed,
malnourished, malodorous, malpractice,
mala dministration
mis-:
?wrongly,
astray?,
added
to
verbs
and
abstract
nouns,
e.g.
misinterpret,
mistrust,
misleading, misconduct, misunderstand
pseudo-:
?false,
imitation?,
a
productive
affix
with
nouns
a
nd
adjectives,
e.g.
-scientific,
-classicism, -democratic; often used to
show disapproval, e.g.
–
friend, -parent
4.
Prefixes of Degree or Size
(
表范围、程度
)
arch-:
?supreme,
most?, with human nouns, e.g.
archbishop, archduke, productive
usually
with pejorative effect, e.g.
arch-enemy, arch-hypocrite, arch-capitalist, arch-
rival
co-:
?jointly,
on
equal
footing?,
productive
with
nouns
and
verbs,
e.g.
cohabit,
codirect,
co-star, co-manager, co-author
extra-:
?very?, productive
with adj., e.g. extra
-large, extra-
strong, extra-bright
hyper-:
?extreme?,
with
adj.,
sometimes
pejorative,
e.g.
hyperactive,
hypercreative,
hypercautious, hypercritical
macro-:
?large?,
forming
technical
terms,
e.g.
macroeconomics,
macrostructure,
macrocosm
extra-:
?very?, productive
with adj., e.g. extra
-large, extra-
strong, extra-bright
hyper-:
?extreme?,
with
adj.,
sometimes
pejorative,
e.g.
hyperactive,
hypercreative,
hypercautious, hypercritical
macro-:
?large?,
forming
technical
terms,
e.g.
macroeconomics,
macrostructure,
macrocosm
micro-:
?very
small?,
the
opposite
of
macro
-,
e.g.
microsurgery,
microwave,
microfilm,
microparticle
mini-:
?little?, productive
with nouns, e.g. min
i-bus, -camera,
-tour, -market, -bikini
out-:
?surpassing?, with verbs, nouns and
adj. to form new transitive verbs, e.g. outswim,
outlive, outwit, outclass, outnumber,
outsmart, outbrave
super-:
?more than, beyond, very special?,
productive with adj., nou
ns to form
words of the
same
classes,
e.g.
-sophisticated,
-modern,
-simplification,
-natural,
-human,
-hero,
-brain
sur-:
?over and
above?, added to nouns, e.g. surcharge, surpass,
surtax
ultra-:
?extreme?, with adj., e.g.
-conservative, -intelligent,
-civilized, -feminine
under-:
?insufficient,
beneath?,
productive
with
verbs,
nouns
and
adj.,
e.g.
-pay,
-value,
-surface, -ground,
-growth, -nourished, -developed
es of
Orientation and Attitude
(
表方向、态度
)
Degree
archenemy
chief enemy
hypersensitive
extreme sensitive
overwork
to
work too hard
ultra-conservative
extreme conservative
anti-:
?against,
opposed
to?,
e.g.
-abortion,
-social
-government,
-nuclear;
?preventing,
destroying?,
e.g.
-bacterial,
-inflation,
-freeze,
-aging,
-
aircraft;
?against
traditional
characteristics? and ?of or belonging
to the hypothetical world consisting of
antimatter?,
e.g. -hero, -music,
-theater, -man, -quark
contra-:
?opposite, contrasting?, e.g.
-distinction, -factual, -flow
counter-:
?against, in opposition to?, e.g.
–
espionage, -accusation, -offer,
-strike, -reform
pro-:
?for,
on the side of?, productive with nouns and adj. to
form adj., e.g. pro
-democracy,
-authority, -student, -feminist
6.
Locative Prefixes
(
方位前缀
)
income
what comes in
transatlantic
crossing the Atlantic
international
among nations
intra-class
within class
telecommunication
communication at a distance
ante-:
?in
front
of; before?, e.g.
anteroom
apo-:
?away from?, e.g. apogee,
apocentric
circum-:
?around?, e.g. circumstance,
circumlunar
endo-:
?inside, within?, e.g. endocentric,
endobiosis
epi-:
?around?, e.g. epidemic,
epibiosis
ex-:
?outside, out of , away from?,
e.g.
export, exit
by-:
?near,
close?, e.g. byway, by path
extra-:
?outside?, e.g. –
curricular,
-territorial, -marital
fore-:
?front
part of?, e.g. forearm, forehead
hypo-:
?below, beneath,
under?, e.g. hypodermic injection
infra-:
?below,
beneath?, e.g.
-structure, -red, -sonic
inter-:
?between,
among?, e.g. –
city, -personal, -state,
-marriage, -weave, -breeding, -play
intra-:
?within?, e.g.
–
class, -party, -generation; introduce
peri-:
?around, enclosing?,
e.g.
-central, period, -meter, -derm,
-carp
pro-:
?forward?, e.g.
-gress, -ject, -long, -trude, -mote,
-spect, -pel
retro-:
?backward?, e.g. retrospect,
retroactive, retrocede
super-:
?above?
with nouns, e.g. –
structure, -script
trans-:
?across,
from one
place
to another?,
e.g.
–
atlantic,
-continental,
-plant,
-late,
-mit,
-form, -cribe
7
.
Prefixes of
Time and Order (
表时间、顺序
)
ante-:
?prior to,
before?, e.g.
-cedent, -cipate
ex-:
?former?,
e.g.
-lover, -husband, -convict,
-service
fore-:
?before?,
e.g.
-word, -thought, -fathers,
-knowledge
mid-:
?middle?,
e.g.
-summer, -night
post-:
?after?, e.g.
-election,
-independence, -structuralism
pre-:
?before, in
advance?, e.g.
-trial, -retirement,
-industrial, -prepared, -adolescent, -judge,
-determine
pro-:
?earlier, before?, e.g.
-phet, -logue
re-:
?again,
back?, e.g.
-marriage, -read,
-consider, -distribution
Time:
ex-president
former president
preview
to
view beforehand
postwar
after war
rethink
think again
foreword
note before the book
8.
Number
prefixes(
数字前缀
)
hemi-,
demi-,
semi-:
?half?
(semi
-
most
productive)
as
in
semi-automatic,
semi-naked,
semi-skilled, demigod, demidevil,
hemisphere
mono-,
uni-:
?one?
as
in
unisex,
uniform,
unidirectional,
monoculture,
monocentric,
monorail
di-, bi-:
?two? as in
bicycle,
bilingual, bilateral, bimonthly, dichotomy
tri-:
?three? as
in
triangle, tricolour, tripartite
tetra-, quadr-:
?four?, as in
quadrilateral,
tetralogy
penta-, quint-:
?five?, as in
pentagon,
quintet
hexa-, sex-:
?six?,
as in
hexagon, hexameter, sexennial
hepta-, sept-:
?seven?, as
in
heptagon, September
octa-:
?eight?,
as in
octopus, October
ennea-, nona-:
?nine?, as in
enneagon,
nonagon, November
deca-, deci-:
?ten, one tenth?, as in
decade, decimal
hecto-,
centi-:
?hundred, one
hundredth?, as in
hectometre,
centipede, centigrade
kilo-, milli-:
?thousand, one thousandth?, as
in
kilowatt, milliampere
mega-, micro-:
?million, one millionth?, as
in
megaton, microampere
poly-,
multi-:
?many?
(multi
-
more
productive)
as
in
multi-
candidate,
multi-purpose,
multi-dimensional, polytechnic,
polysyllabic
9
.
Conversion
Prefixes (
转化前缀
)
Prefixes
of
this
category
differ
from
those
in
other
sections
in
having
little
semantic
value, their chief
function being to effect a conversion of the base
form from one word class
to another.
English has only three traditional conversion
prefixes.
a-:
added
to
verbs
to
produce
predicative
adjectives
(
表语形容词
),
e.g.
asleep,
awash,
aglow, atremble,
alive
10.
Miscellaneous
Prefixes (
其他类型前缀
)
eco-:
?of environment?, e.g.
-crisis, ecology -catastrophe, -cide,
-activity, -freak
auto-:
?self?, e.g.
-biography,
-suggestion
neo-:
?new, revived?, e.g.
-Liberal, -Nazi
pan-:
?all, the
whole of?, e.g.
-continental,
-European, -Indian
proto-:
?first, original? with nouns, e.g.
-fascist, -horse, -coalition
vice-:
?deputy? freely with
nouns, e.g.
-provost
quasi-:
?as if,
to some degree?, e.g.
–
sovereign, -official
hetero-:
?different?,
e.g.
–
sexual,
-doxy
homo-:
?same, like?, e.g.
–
phone, -graph, -geneous
Verb-forming prefixes
belittle/numb
to make little
befriend/jewel/flower/dust
to treat like a friend
bewail/fall
to
cry over
be +
n
／
adj
→
v.i
／
v.t
embitter
to
fill with bitter feelings
enlarge
to make large
enable
to cause danger to
empower
to
give sb the power
embody, encase,
encircle, enclose, enjoy, enlist, enroll,/
enchain, enlace
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