-
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：
00832
）试卷
结构
Chapter 5
Word Meaning
(
词的意义
)
Reference
(
所指关系
) is the relationship between
language and the world.
Concept
(
概念
)
，
which is beyond language,
is the result of human cognition
n.
认识；知识；认识
能力
,
reflecting the objective world in the human
mind.
Sense
(
语义
)denotes the
relationship inside the language. Every word that
has meaning has sense
(not every word
has reference)
M
otivation
(
词义理据
)ac
count for the connection between the
linguistic(word) symbol and its
meaning.
Onomatopoeic
motivation(
拟声理据
) words were
created by imitating the nature sounds or
noises.
Morphological
motivation
(
形态理据
)compounds
and
derived
words
are
multi-morphemic
words
and
the
meanings of many are the sum total of
the morphemes
combined.
很多合成词和派生词都是这类，
Semantic motivation
< br>(
语义理据
)refers to the
mental associations suggested by the conceptual
meaning of a word. It explains the
connection between the literal sense and
figurative sense of
the word.(
由字面义派生出来的引申义
)
Etymological
motivation
(
词源理据
)
the
meaning
of
many
words
often
relate
directly
to
their
origins.
In other words the history of the word
explain the meaning of the word.
Grammatical
meaning
refers to that part of the
meaning of the word which indicates grammatical
concept or relationships.
Conceptual meaning
also
known as
denotative
meaning(
外延意义
),
is
the meaning given in the
dictionary and
forms the core of word-meaning.
Associative meaning
is the
secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual
meaning.
Connotative
meaning
refers
to
the
overtones
or
associations
suggested
by
the
conceptual
meaning,
traditionally know as
connotations
.
Stylistic
meaning
refers
to
stylistic
features,
which
make
them
appropriate
for
different
contexts.
Affective
meaning
indicates
the
speaker
’
s
attitude
towards
the
person
or
thing
in
question.(appreciative or
pejorative).
Collocative
meaning
is that part of the word-
meaning suggested by the words before or after the
word in discussion.
Stylistic meaning and affective meaning
are revealed by means of collocations.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations
and Semantic
Field(
语义关系和语义场
)
Polysemy
（多义关系）
<
/p>
1
．多义关系的形成：
Polysemy
is a common feature peculiar to all nature
language that a word has
more than one
sense.
An overwhelming
majority of words are polysemous. When a word is
first coined, it is always
monosemic.
But
in
the
course
of
development,
the
same
symbol
must
be
used
to
express
more
meanings.
The result is
polysemy.
approaches to
polysemy(
多义关系的两种研究方法
):
diachronic
approach
(
历时角度
)and
synchronic
approach
(
共时角度
).
process of dev
elopment(
词义发展的两种模式
)
1
）
Radiation
(
辐射型
) is a semantic
process in which the primary meaning stands at the
center
and the secondary meanings
proceed out of it in every direction like rays.
The meanings are
independent of one
another. But can all be traced back to the centre
meaning .
2)
Conca
tenation
(
连锁型
),
meaning
‘
linking
together
’
, is the semantic
process in which the m
eaning of a word
moves gradually away from its first sense by
successive
adj.
连续的；继承的；
依次的；接替的
shifts.
Homonymy
（同形
spelling
同音
sound
异义
me
aning
关系）
of homonyms
hom
onyms
(
完全同形同音异义词
)a
re words identical both in sound and spelling, but
different in
meaning.
(
同形词
) are words
identical only in spelling but different in sound
and meaning .
(
同音词
)are words
identical only in sound but different in spelling
and meaning. Homophones
constitute the
largest number and are most common.
Origins of
Homonyms
1. Change in sound
and spelling.
2.
Borrowing.
3.
Shortening.
Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(
同形同异义词与多义词的区别
)
They are fully identical with regard to
spelling and pronunciation.
1)Form
形式
One and same
word
homonyms
fundamental
different
words
（
share
form
）
The
difference
最根本的区别
2)Etymology
词源
3)Semantic
relatedness
语义相关性
4) In
dictionaries
字典上
same source
Correlated
相关的
Different sources
unrelated
All
meanings
listed
Separate
entries
under
one
headword(
词
条
)
Rhetoric
features of homonyms(
同形同音异义词的修辞特色
)
< br>Synonymy
(
同义关系
)
—
2
类型
+4
来源
+3
区分
of
synonyms
(
同义词的定义
):words
different
in
sound
and
spelling
but
most
nearly
alike
or
exactly
the same in
meaning.
2.
同义词的
2
个分类
1)absolute
synonyms(
完全同义词
)
also known as
complete
synonyms
are words which are identical
in meaning in all its
aspects.
2)relative
synonyms
（相对同义词）
also called
near-synonyms
are similar or
nearly the same in
denotation, embrace
different shades of meanings or different degree
of a given quality.
3.
同义词的
4
个来源
1)
Borrowing. (
外来词
)
2) Dialects and regional
English.
（方言和区域性的英语）
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of
words.
(
词的引申义和委婉语用法
)
4) Coincidence with idiomatic
expressions.
(
与习惯表达巧合一致
)
4.
同义词的辨析（
3
个区分）
1)difference
in denotation
.(
外延意义
)
2)difference
in
connotation
.(the stylistic and emotive
colouring of words)
(
内涵意义
)
3)difference in
application
.
应用上（
d
ifference in usage. different
collocations
）
Antonymy
反义关系—
semantic
opposition
（语义相反关系）
1.
反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词
1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and
non-gradable)--oppositeness
2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two
poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in
comparison
with the
other.)
—
semantic
relativity
3) Relative terms
.(interdependent
相互依存
)
—
relational opposites
2.
三类反义词的特点和区别
Some of the characteristics of
antonyms
1)
Antonyms are classified on the basic of
semantic opposition.(adj. v.
n.)there
are more synonyms than antonyms.
2)
A word which
has more than one meaning can have more than one
antonym.
3)
Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
Pairs of antonyms are seen as
marked
and unmarked terms respectively.
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