-
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇
1.
并列关系
and,
furthermore, more than that, also, likewise,
moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance,
for
example
2.
转折关系
although,
however, on the contrary, but, in spite of,
nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite
3.
顺序关系
first, second, third, and so on, then,
after, before, next
4.
因果关系
as a result,
for, thus, because, for this reason, so,
therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of
5.
归纳关系
as a result, finally, therefore,
accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in
conclusion, so, in brief,
in a word
几个用得比较多的句子
:
As
far as I am concerned, the advantages of …
outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is
undeniable.
To sum up/ In
general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a
word, it is true that … bring about both
positive
and
negative
results.
But
we
can
try
our
best
to
reduce
the
negative
influence
to
the
least
extent.
Obviously, in every
aspect, …
This diagram
unfolds a clear comparison between…and…
As
to
the
other
three,
though
the
growth
rates
were
not
so
high,
they
were
indeed
remarkable
and
impressive.
英文作文中常用套句
下文中出现的
A,B,
“...”(某事物
),
要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换
.
开头
:
When it
comes to ..., some think ...
There is
a public debate today that ...
A is a
commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought
into focus.
提出观点
:
Now there is a growing awareness
that...
It is time we explore the
truth of ...
Nowhere in history has
the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点
:
... but
that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects.
Another is ...
Besides, other reasons
are...
提出假想例子的方式
:
Suppose that...
Just
imagine what would be like if...
It is
reasonable to expect...
It is not
surprising that...
举普通例子
:
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用
:
One of the
greatest early writers said ...
讲故事
(
先说故事主体
),this
story is not rare.
..., such delimma
we often meet in daily life.
..., the
story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因
:
There are
many reasons for ...
Why .... , for
one thing,...
The answer to this
problem involves many factors.
Any
discussion about this problem would inevitably
involves ...
The first reason can be
obiviously seen.
Most people would
agree that...
Some people may neglect
that in fact ...
Others suggest
that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比
:
The
advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages
of...
Although A enjoys a distinct
advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much
weight than B when sth is concerned.
A
maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage
that...
承上启下
:
To understand the truth of ..., it is
also important to see...
A study of
... will make this point clear
让步
:
Certainly, B
has its own advantages, such as...
I
do not deny that A has its own merits.
结尾
:
>From what
has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In
summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
在作文中引用合适的名言警句
,
会给你
的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言
,
可能会对
你有用。我们使
用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中
,
常见的使用形式如下
:
One
of the greatest early writers said ...
Useful
quotations
逆境
by Robert Collier
In
every
adversity
there
lies
the
seed
of
an
equivalent
advantage.
In
every
defeat
there
is
a
lesson
showing
you how to win the victory next time.
努力与成功
by Ann
Landers
Opportunities are usually
disguised as hard work, so most people don't
recognize them.
坚持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No
one can cheat you out of ultimate success but
yourselves.
Confucius
孔子
Our greatest
glory is not in never falling...
but
in rising every time we fall.
坚持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep
putting oil in it.
Henry
Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if
you divide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never,
never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe
middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力与成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must
suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The
strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and
Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.
Robert Collier
Success is
the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day
out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a
dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier
you get.
实际经验与间接经验
You'll learn more about a road by
traveling it...
than by consulting all
the maps in the world.
动机与结果
Vince
Lombardi
Winning isn't everything...
but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose
to go!to the moon and other things , oot because
they are easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The
strong do what they will.
The weak do
what they must.
为人态度
:
John Wooden
Talent is God
given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given--
Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given
--Be Careful.
行动
:
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what
you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No
one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so
easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it
reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good
fortune.
William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no
palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no
cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track,
you'll get run over... if you just sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if
you ardently wish to enter.
成功与失败
Vince
Lombardi
It's not whether you get
knocked down.
...It's whether you get
up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in
every calamity;
a pessimist sees a
calamity in every opportunity.
热情
(
年轻
/
年老
)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without
enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do
springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things
are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never
found again.
Voltaire
No
problem can stand the assault of sustained
thinking.
Napoleon
Victory
belongs to the most persevering.
细心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
计划与工作
Norman
Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today
and every day;
then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only
the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where
the last man left off.
理想与现实
What the
mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奋
Benjamin
Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards
sleep.
目标
Henry
David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit
only what they aim at.
幸运
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not
chance...
It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.
勤奋
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and
ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert
Einstein
Imagination is more important
than knowledge.
挑战
:
Walter Begehot
The great
pleasure in life is doing what people say you
cannot do.
机会与准备
Abraham Lincoln
I will
prepare and some day my chance will come.
信心与事实
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you
can't -- you are right.
English
Proverb
Where there's a will there's a
way.
There is no failure excepting no
longer trying.
Luck is what happens
when preparation meets opportunity.
能为四六级写作加分的精彩好句
一、用于驳性和比较性论文
1. In general, I don’t
agree with
2. In my opinion, this point of view
doesn’t hold water.
3. The chief reason why… is
that…
is no true that…
5. It is not
true that…
6. It can be easily denied
than…
7. We have no reason to believe
tha
t…
8. What is more serious is
that…
9. But it is pity that…
10. Besides, we
should not neglect that…
11. But the
problem is not so simple. Therefore…
12. Others may find this to be true,
but I believer that…
13.
Perhaps I was question why…
14
. There is a certain
amount of truth in this, but we still have a
problem with regard to…
15.
Though we are in basic agreement
with…,but
16. What seems to
be the trouble is^
17. Yet differences
will be found, that’s why I feel that…
18. It would be
reasonable
to take the view that …, but it would be foolish
to claim that…
19. There is
in fact on reason for us so believe
that…
20. What these people
fail to consider is that…
21. It is one thing to insist that… ,
it is quite another to show that …
22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has
its own disadvantages too.
23. The
advantages of B are much greater than A.
24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous
when B’s advantages are taken into
consideration.
二、用于描写图表和数据
1. It
has increased by three times as compared with that
of 1998.
2. There is an increase of 20%
in total this year.
3. It has been
increased by a factor of 4since 1995.
4. It would be expected to increase 5
times.
5. The table shows a three times
increase over that of last year.
6. It
was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.
7. The total number was lowered by 10%.
8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the
total this year.
9. Compared with 1997,
it fell from 15 to 10 percent.
10. The
number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.
11. It has decreased almost two and
half times, compared with…
三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文
knows that…
can be easily proved that…
3. It is true that…
4. No one can deny that
5.
One thing which is equally important to the above
mentioned is…
6. The chief
reason is that…
7. We must
recognize that…
8. There is
on doubt that…
9. I am of
the opinion that…
10. This
can be expressed as follows;
11. To
take …for an example…
12. We
have reason to believe that
13. Now
that we know that…
14. Among
the most convincing reasons given, one should be
mentioned…
15. The change in
…largely results from the fact that
16. There are several causes for this
significant growth in…,first …,second
…,finally…
17. A number of
factors could accoun
t for the
development in…
18. Perhaps
the primary reason is…
19.
It is chiefly responsible of…
20. The reasons for…are complicated,
And probably they are found in the
fact…
21. Here are several
possible reasons, excerpt that…
22. Somebody
believe
s/argues/holds/insists/thinks
that…
23. It is not
simple to give the reason for this complicated
phenomenon…
24. Different
people observes it in different ways.
四、用于文章的开头
1. As
the proverb says…
2. It goes
without saying tan…
3.
Generally speak
ing…
4. It is quite clear than
because…
5. It is often said
that …
6. Many people often
ask such question:“…?”
7.
More and more people have come to
realize…
8. There is no
doubt that…
9. Some people
believe that…
10. These days
we are often old that, but is this really the
case?
11. One great man said
that…
12. Recently the issue
of… has been brought to public attention.
13. In the past several
years there has been…
14.
Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt
whether…
15.
Currentl
y there is a widespread concern
that…
16. Now people in
growing number are coming to realize
that…
17. There is a general
discussion today about the issue of …
18. Faced with…, quite a few people
argue that…, but other people conceive
differently.
五、用于文章的结尾
1. from
this point of view…
2. in a
word…
3. in
conclusion…
4. on account of
this we can find that…
5.
the result is dependent on…
6. therefore, these findings reveal the
following information:
7. thus, this is
the reason why we mus
t…
8. to sum up …
9.
as far as…be concerned, I believe that…
10. It is obvious that…
11. There is little doubt
that…
12. There is no
immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might
be helpful
13. None of the
solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem
should be examined in a new way.
14. It
is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…
15. Taking into account all
these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion
that…
六、用于论证和说明
1. As it is described that…
2. It has been illu
strated
that…
3. It provides a good
example of…
4. We may cite
another instance of…
5.
History man provides us with the examples
of…
6. A number of further
facts may be added…
7. The
situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I
have heard.
8. A recent investigation
indicate that…
9. According
to the statistics provided …
10. According to a latest study, it can
be predicted…
11. There is
no sufficient evidence to show that…
12. All available evidence points to
the fact that…
13.
Examples given leads me
to conclude that…
14. It reveals the
unquestionable fact that…
15. The idea may be proved
by facts…
16. All the facts suggest
that…
17. No one can deny the fact
that…
18. We may face the undeniable fact
that…
●表示比较和对照关系的句型
:
1) A is to B what/ as C is
to D(A
之于
B
犹如
C
之于
D).
2) Just as..., so...
3) A and B have
sth in common.
4) A is similar to B.
5) The same is true of,The
same can be said of(……也是如此
).
6) The
advantages of A are much greater than B.
7) compared
with B, A has many advantages.
8) The advantages outweigh
the disadvantages(
利大于弊
).
9) Wonderful as
A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.
10) Although A
enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not
compete with B in...
11) Contrary to widely accepted views,
I believe that...
12) What people fail to consider is
that...
13) It
is one thing to insist that..., it is quite
another to show that...
14) Nothing can
rival…(……是无与伦比的
)
15) …has drawbacks as well
as merits.
16) A is superior(inferior) to B.
17) ...varies
from person to person(……是因人而异的
)
18) A is just
the opposite (to B)
19) A differs from B in that…(A
< br>不同于
B
在于……)
20) …is not the
same (as)
●过渡性句型
:
1) this is true that...
2) This is
true, no doubt, but...
3) ...also...
4) It is one thing to...; it is another
to...
●描写图表和数据的句型
1) .. . rank first (both)
in...
2) .. .in
proportion to...
3) A is by far the largest...
4) As many
as....
5) The
number is ...times as much as that of ...
6) The figure
has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of
last year.
7)
It accounts for 35% of...
8) By comparison with ..., it
decreased/increased/fell from...to...
9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)
10) ...remain
level...
11)
...reach ...
12)There
is
a
slight/slow/steady/rapid
rise/increase
demand./income
./population./prices./production./decrease/decline
/reduction/fall/drop in
13) be on the
increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加
,
减少
,
上升
,
下降
)
●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型
:
1) As can be
indicated in the table, ...
2) As we could find out
later, ...
3)
As is revealed in the table,...
4) As the survey results
show,...
5)
This table provides several important points of
comparison
between,...
6) The two graphs depict the same thing
in ...
7) The
key findings taken from the surveys are as
follows:
8)
According to the figures given in the table, ...
9) This chart
shows that ...
10) As is shown by the graph, ...
11) It can be
seen from the statistics that ...
12) It is generally
believed /accepted/thought/held ...
●说明原因的句型
:
1) There are
some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...
2) We have two
good reasons for...
3) The reason for ... is that +
从句
4) Among the most convincing reasons
given by people for..., one should be mentioned...
5) One may
think of the trend as a result of...
6) The change in... largely
results from the fact that...
7) There are several causes
for this significant growth in... irst...
8) A number of
factors could account for the ....
9) It is no simple task to
give the reason for ...
10) The cause of /reason for higher
prices was an increase in demand.
11) Because/As/Now
that/Since the demand has increased, the prices
are higher.
12)
An increase in demand causes/results in/leads
to/produces higher prices.
13) The demand has increased.
14)
Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because
of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.
15) If there is
an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up.
/boost./are higher.
16) Different people look at...in
different ways...
●表示不同看法的句型
:
1) Different people
have/hold different opinions/views on the
question/problem/matter. Some believe
that ...; Others argue that... :Still
others maintain that
2) They are quite different from each
other in their opinions.
3) Some people hold the opinion that it
is good to ....
4) They think quite differently on this
question.
5)
Opinions vary from individual to individual, from
culture to culture.
●表示必须
,
紧急
,
有困难做某事的句型
:
1) It is
important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy,
convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable,
advisable) for sb. to do sth.
2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard
time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.
(
有困难做某事
)
英语写作
20
字诀
Agreement:
主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致
,
关系代词与先行词的一致。
Ambiguity:
尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
Brief:
文章
< br>简为贵
要抓住要点
,
简明扼要。
Coherence:
文理通顺
,
前后连贯。
Development:
主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division:
词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当
,
划分要清楚
,
避免
使用重复字句和种子片段。
Figures:
正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
Inflated diction:
不使用做作的语言。
Key:
用适当的关键词突出主题
,
每段都应有主题
句。
Logical:
内容要符合逻辑。
Message:
信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
Omit:
合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition:
主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
Punctuation:
正确适时使用标点符号。
Relevant:
文章一定要要题。
Sentence
pattern:
句型要尽量多样化。
Strait:
开门见山
,
直来直去。
Style:
< br>文体恰切
,
适合内容要求。
Tense:
动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
Theme:
选题得当
,
主题突出。
1.
开门见山
,
揭示主题
文章一开头
,,
就交待清楚文章的
主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假
)
的开头是
:
I Spent my
last vacation happily.
下面是题为
谈诚实
)
一文中的开头
:
Honesty is one of the best
honest man is always trusted and the contrary,
one who tells lies is regarded
as a
2.
交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
在文章的开头
,
先把人物、事件和环境
交待清楚。例如
去金山旅游
)
的开头
:
The day before
yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.
The bus ride there took three hours. The
long trip made us very tired, but the
sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
3.
回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如
泰山游
)
的开头是
:
I
remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as
if it were yesterday.
4.
概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness
of Reading
Books”(读书的快乐
)
的开头
:
People often say that gold and silver
are the most valuable things in the world. But I
say that to read
books is more valuable
than anything else, because books give us
knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
5.
介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一
场事故
)
的开头是
:
It was a rainy and windy
morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was
low, and the street was nearly
empty. I
was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding
car came round the corner.
6.
交待写作目的的开头。
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的
,
如通过文章要
表扬谁
,
批评谁
,
或说明一个什么问题等。如
控
制
污染
)
的开头
:
In this article I shall draw your
attention to the subject of pollution control.
英语作文的文章的正文
文章的正文是
由若干段落组成的
,
段落通常由几个或者更多的句子组成
,
有时候一个句子也能成段。
文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索
,
具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主题。文章不论长短
,
每个段落都必须为主题服务。
像说明文和议论文这一类的文章
,
一个主题还常分成几个小主题
,
每个小主题要用一个段落处理
,
另起一段时
,
应是一层
新的意思。每一段的开头
,
要放一个表示段落小主题的主题句
,
这样可使文章条理化
,
易于阅读
,
便于读者抓住主题。段
内的所有句子应围绕主题句的意义
加以阐述或论证
,
为中心思想服务。
句
子之间应衔结自然
,
有条不紊
,
而且还要合乎逻
辑
,
段落中不能出现任何与主题无关的句子
;
英语写作比较重视主题
句的作用
,
缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。
主题句也
可放在段落的中间和末尾等部位
,
但对初学者来说
,
以放在段首为好。见下列这篇题为<
/p>
to Be a
Good Stude
nt
(
怎
样做个好学生
)
的文章
:
We
students are the builders and masters of the
country. It is important for us to know how to be
a good
student.
A good
student, I think, should be diligent in his
studies. The more he studies, the more he will
increase
his knowledge. Without enough
knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to
the modernization of our
country.
To take care of one's own body is
another important thing for good student to do.
Anyone, who hasn't got
a strong body,
can do nothing for his country, even if he has
much knowledge. There was a man, who, when
he was student, studied hard but
neglected his health. No sooner did he come to
serve the country than he
died
of
poor
health.
From
this
we
may
see
that
to
have
a
strong
body
is
really
very
important
for
a
student.
Lastly, to
cultivate one's own virtue is most important.
Virtue is the essence
of a noble and
good character. It will greatly help one to be
useful and his country heart and soul. When
learned people go astray, they do more
harm than good to society. We should draw lessons
from this.
这篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主题
,
第二、
第三和第四段则是文章的正文
,
每—段的第一句即是段落的主题句
,
它
们既
支持了文章中心的观点和思想
,
同
时又概括了全段的意思。
在同一段落中
,
其余的句子都围绕主题句所表示的中心展开
,
同时句子间的衔
结也很自然
;
各层的意思都很连贯。
分段是文章组织上重要的一步
,
但如果
写的题目范围很小
,
那就无须再将题目分成小的主题
,
并分入各个段落去阐述了。
像一篇简短的评论<
/p>
;
某一事情的简短记载
,
某一个想法的说明
,
对一个人物或一件事情的简要叙述
或说明等
,
就可以只用
一个段落来表现
主题。
在记叙文中
,
段的结构有时可以很简单
,
不需要有主题句
,
叙事一气呵成
,
中途没
有停顿。
段与段之所以分开
,
只是为了
起
修辞作用
,
以便把某一细节置于显著
的地位。
某些测试用的表达题
,
在题目中就已经说明只需要根据。所给的提示写一个段落
,
而不是一篇文章。对于这一类的写作
试题
,
就可以予以简洁的处理
,
并不是非要扩充成
一篇有头有尾的完整文章。
下面这篇题为“Weekend
Homework”(谈周末作业
)
的短文
,
就是用一个段落来论述问题和表达观点的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for
students to get back to their desks and do their
weekend homework.
Six school days are
enough for the students who have many other
interests. I think weekend homework should
not be given. With homework arranged
for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when
can he find time to
help around the
house, play a game of football or see a good film,
or just relax? In fact weekend homework
is
usually
put
off
until
Sunday
night.
As
a
result
our
homework
is
done
very
poorly
and
we
achive
no
results.
If there were no
homework on weekends, students would go to school
on Monday well rested, willing to work.
Teachers, don't you agree?
英语作文的文章的结尾
文章结尾的作
用是概括全文内容
,
进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想
,
使文章意义表达得更加深刻。
文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的
,
常见的有以下几
种
:
1.
首尾呼应
< br>,
画龙点睛
在文章的结尾
,
把含义较深的话放在末尾
,
以点明主题
,
深化主题
,<
/p>
起到画龙点睛的效果。如
我
忘不了她
)
的结尾
:
After her death, I felt as if something
were missing in my life. I was sad over her
passing away, but I
knew she would not
have had any regrets at having given her life for
the benefit of the people.
2.
重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上
,
达到强调的
效果。如“I Love My Home
Town”(我爱家乡
)
的结尾
:
I love my home town, and I love its
people. They too have changed. They are going all
out to do more for
the good of our
motherland.
3.
自然结尾
随着文章的结束
,
文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼
)
的结尾
:
I caught
as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my
brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we
lay
down on the river bank, bathing in
the sun. We returned home very late.
4.
含蓄性的结尾
< br>用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法
,
而是让读者
自己去领会和思考。如“A
Day
of
< br>Harvesting”(收割的日子
)
的结尾
:Evening came before we realized it. We put
down our sickles and looked at each other. Our
clothes
were wet with sweat, but on
every face there was a smile.
5.
用反问结尾
虽然形式是问句
,
但意义却是肯定的
,
并具有特别的强调作用
,
引起读者
深思。如
We
Learn
to
Do
Housework?<
/p>
(
我们要不要学做家务
?)
的结尾。
Everyone
should learn to do housework. Don't you agree,
boys and girls?
6.
指明方向
,
激励读者
结尾表示对将
来的展望
,
或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in
for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动
)
的结尾
:
As we have said above, sports
can be of great value. They not only make people
live happily but also help
people to
learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound
mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.
怎样写好英语句子
下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。
1) Some one
consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.
(96
年
1
月
,2
分
)
2) One man's life lack of money, he
will impossible to live on. (95
年
1
月
,5
分
< br>)
3) As is
know, that there are much fake commodities in
today's society.(97
年
12
月
,6
分
)
这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的
写作水平是一致的
,
其中
5
、
6
分的例句具有典型性
,
代表了近乎中等水平考生的
写作水平。
从这些例句中不难看出
,
中等水平的考生
,
事实上也包括中上等水平的考生
,
在写作上存在的主要问题是表达
思想不清楚。
表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生
作文中严重汉化的英语
,
即中式英语
,
比如
:
can
live
happiness
is
iron, and food is steel.
。此外<
/p>
,
语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人
,
比如
,
主谓
不
一致
,
名词单复数不分
,
动词时态语态滥用
,
常用词拼写错误比比皆是。
这些严重地影响了思想的表达。
考试实践表明
,
多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法
,
而是最基本的单句写作能力。
文章无论长短
,
都是由句子组成的
,
句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此
,
句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚
,
将
直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究
生入学英语考试的实践都表明
,
考生写作成绩长期得不到
明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。
为改变这种状况
< br>,
我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手
,
对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析
,
来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。
否定结构除了在助动词、
情态动词<
/p>
,be
和
have
后面加
not
之外
,
还有许多不含
not
的否定结构。
若能正确使用他们
,
文章会显得生动活泼
< br>,
增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看
:
1.
含有否定意义的词汇和短语
以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否
定的含义
,
因此无需用否定词。
介词
against, beyond, but,
except, without,...
形容词和动词
absent, deny, differ,
different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the
last, used to,
reluctant, lack, want,...
短语
keep...from,
protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a
loss, in vain, instead of, out
of the question, rather
than, too...to, by no means, anything but,...
我们看以下例句
:
1) Women fail to get the
equal rights in some countries.
在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。
2) This is by
no means the best way to solve the problem of
energy crisis.
这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。
3) We should
protect trees from being destroyed.
我们应保护树木
,
不让它们受破坏。
4) In old China we could
not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.
在旧
中国
,
我们连一个钉子都造不了
,
更不用说制造机器了。
2.
含有半否定意义的词语
barely, hardly, few,
little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not
everyone, not
everything,...
具
有半否定的意义。例句
:
1) We could
hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on
market several years ago.
几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。
2) These young
people know little about how to choose good books
to read.
这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。
3.
不含否定意义的否定结构
有些词和词组形式上是否定结构<
/p>
,
但其含义是肯定的
,
< br>比如
:cannot but, can't help,
no
sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other
than, nothing but,
等等。例句
:
1) We can't but
face the reality.
我们只有面对现实。
2) These old
buildings will be replaced by modern apartment
buildings in no time.
这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。
4.
否定结构的倒装语序
我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词
组放在句首
,
这时句子结构应倒装。例如
:
1) On no
account should we follow
blindly.
我们决不应当盲从。
2) No where has
the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for
learning as in our
country.
没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。
五、
含有
i
t
的结构
考生病句
:
1. As is known to all of us
that science and technology play an important role
in the
development of society.
2. It is known
to us, practice makes perfect.
正确表达
:
1. It is known to all of us
that science and technology play an important role
in the
development of society.
(
或
:As is known to all of us,
science...)
2.
It is known to us that practice makes perfect.
(
或
:As is known to us,
practice...)
评议与分析
:
例句
1<
/p>
是
93
年
12<
/p>
月六级考试
11
分作文的评分样卷句子<
/p>
,
例句
2
选自<
/p>
97
年
1
月四级
考试作文。很显然
,
两个考生
混淆了<
/p>
it
和
as
的用
法。
如果用
it
作形式主语
,
后面的主语从句必须由
that
引起
;
如果用
as,
则后面不能用
that,
因为
< br>as
是关系代词
,
代表
practice makes
perfect
。
It
在英语中是个相当活跃的代词
,
在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握
,
并能灵活运用。
1.
作形式主语
It is necessary
for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It
makes difference whether
we could purify the air or not.
2.
作形式宾语
We find it
rather difficult to prevent people from doing
that. Modern science has made it
possible for babies to
grow healthily and for people to live longer.
3.
引导强调句
It is only by
this way that we can achieve success. It was then
that people began to realize
the importance of
controlling population.
、
结构
考生病句
:
1. There are many people
like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of
vegetables can be bought on the market by people.
正确表达
:
1. There are many people
who like to go to the movies.
2. There are different
kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the
market.
这两个例句的错
误比较有普遍性
,
因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用<
/p>
there be
这一最常用的句式。在这
种结构中
,there
是引导词
,<
/p>
没有实际意义。
be
在句中作谓语
,
有时态和数的变化。
例如
:
1. There was no school in the village
at that time. (=there was not a school...)
注意
:<
/p>
在否定句中
,
否定词用
< br>no,
也可用
not
a
或
not
any
。
not
a
后接单数名词
,not a
后接复
数名词
,no
后面的名
词单复数都可以
。
2.
There is not a moment to be lost.
3. There are many people
rushing into the cities every year.
4. There are many things we
can do to prevent traffic accidents.
5. There is no use holding
back the wheel of history.
从以上例句还可看出
,
句中的主语后面
可接多种修饰语
,
如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短
语等等。这
无疑使该结构增加了表现力
,
使句子表达内容更加丰富。
在运用这一结构时
,
考生最容易犯的错误是在
there be
之后
又用了一个动词作谓语
,
使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况
,
对此我们在写作中要格
外注意。
二、
比较结构
考生病句
:
1. Comparing with the bike,
the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than
other cities.
正确表达
:
1. Compared with the bike,
the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than
that of other cities.
评议与分析
:
许多考生在作文中用
compare
或
than
表示比较
,
但相当多的表达有误。
在例
1<
/p>
中
,
对两个事物进行比较的句式为
Compared with A, B...,
只能用
compare
的过去分词
,
不能用现在分词
,
因为
B
是分词的逻辑主语
,
只能被比较。在例
2
中
,
考生误将
天气
与
城市
进行比较
,
而二者没有可比性
,
只有将
后者
改为
其他城市的天气
才符合逻辑
,
很显然
,
考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。
比较结构是常用结构
,
正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化
,
有利于提高写作成绩。
一般说来
,
考生若能
恰当、正确地运用这一结构
,
其写作成绩应在
5
分以上。
下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。
1.
同级比较
1) In 1998 we produced as many cars as
we did in the previous five years.
2) We have accomplished as
much in the past three years as would have taken
ten years
in the past.
2.
比较级
1) Children now enjoy better medical
treatment than before.
2) We can live longer without food than
we can (live ) without water.
3.
最高级
1) This is the most interesting book
I've ever read.
2) Of all his novels I like this one
best.
4. the
more…the more…结构
1) The harder you w**r
progress you will make.
2) The more a man knows, the more he
discovers his ignorance.
5.
选择比较
1) I prefer
staying at home to going out.
2) They prefer to work
rather than (to) sit idly.
3) He prefers to work alone.
注意
:<
/p>
这里的
1)
句用的是
Prefer A to B
结构
,to
< br>为介词
,
后接名词或动名词
;2
)
句是以不定式作
prefer
的宾
语
;3)
句用法同
2),
只是不把
rather than
部分表达出来。
6.
对比
1) Motion is absolute while stagnation
is relative.
2)
He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.
注意
:while
和
whereas
均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句
,<
/p>
相当于汉语的
而
字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句
式
,
尤其在图表作文中。
三、
表达原因的结构
考生病句
:
1. The real reason to our
failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is
because some people want to earn plenty of money
without
working hard.
正确表达
:
1. The real reason for our
failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is
that some people want to earn plenty of money
without working
hard.
评议与分析
:
以上两个病句分别引自
92
年
1
月和
97
年
12
月四级考试的
考生作文。从遣词造句上看
,
这两位考生具有一定的写
作能力
,not far to seek, plenty of
money
以及
without working hard<
/p>
等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是
,
第一
位考生不知道
reason
不与<
/p>
to
搭配而应接介词
for,
第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误
,
就是用
because
引起表语
从句
,because
这个词不能引起表语从句
,<
/p>
在本句中只能改用
that
才正确。
掌握好表达
原因的结构是十分重要的
,
几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或
可以写原因。
在大学英语四、
六级考试、
研究生入学英语考试以及
TOEFL
考试中
< br>,
写作的文体基本上是议论文
,
而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、
讲道理
,
讲道理就
是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。
英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用
as ,
because, since, seeing that, considering that,
now that, not
that...
等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如
:
1. Now that we
have seen these great achievements with our own
eyes, we feel more
proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor
Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make
rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy
a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious
problem, not that we don't have the ability to
solve it, but that
some people have not realized the
consequences of the problem.
我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如
:
1. The reason
for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key
factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was
ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed
that he had made the
mistake. =He was ashamed because he
had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外
,
英语中还有很多或易或难
的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候
,
不能满足于一
知半
解
,
要讲究书面语言的正确性和准
确性。比如
,because
是最常用的引导原因从句的连词<
/p>
,
语气最强
,
表
示直接的原因
,
若
because
置于句首
,
后面的主句不能再用
so
。用
as
引导的原因
从句语气较弱
,
所说明的原因是附带的
,
而
since
表示的
原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。
四、
否定结构
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to
worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to
go to the movies, too.
正确表达
:
1. Some people think we
needn't worry (
或
don't need
to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people
don't like to go to the movies, either.
评议与分析
:
例句
1
选自
96
年
1
月四
级考生作文
,
例句
2
< br>选自
92
年
1
< br>月六级考生作文。例句
1
的错误在于该考生混淆了
need
作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。
need
作为情态动词时
,
主要用
于否定句
,
后面的动词不带
to,
needn't worry,
作
we
的谓语。
need
作为实意动词时
,<
/p>
可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句
,don't
need
to
worry
中的
to
worry
作
don't
need
的宾语。例句
2
的错误在于该考生混淆了
too
和
ei
ther
的区别
,
这两个词都表示
也
的意思
,
但是在英语中
too, also
只能用于肯定句
,
而
ei
ther
只能用于否定句。
怎样写好英语段落
段落
( paragraph
)
是由表达单一中心思想
(controlling idea
or central idea )
的一组句子
(
包括主题句
topic
sentence,<
/p>
推展句
supporting
sent
ences
及结论句
concluding
< br>sentence)
构成
,
是文
章结构的基本独立单位。本讲我们
将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。
主题句与推展句
1.
主题句
主题句
(topic
sentenc
e)
是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意
,
要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下
例
:
My
mother
has
passed
along
to
me
certain
rules
for
getting
along
with
others.
Don't
argue
with
parents;
they
will
think
you
don't
love
them.
Don't
argue
with
children;
they
will
think
themselves
victimized.
Don't
argue with spouses;
they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't
argue with strangers; they will think
you are not friendly. My mother's
rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words:
Don't argue.
主题句中提出的
指的是什么
?
展开句中通过四个
逐一加以交代。从结构来
看
,
这是一个
比较典型的段落
,
它包括了主题句
,<
/p>
推展句和结论句
(
即本段中的末句
)
。
主题句的位置
主题句通常放在段落的开端
,
其特点是开门见山地摆出问题
,
然后加以详细
说明。
其作用是使文章的结构更清晰
,
更
具说服力
,
便于读者迅速地把握主题
和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用
,
或放在段尾起概括
全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握
,
因而在四级考试中
,
考生应尽量采用将主题句
放在段落开头的写作手法。
例
1: Our life
today depends very much on energy. In towns and in
villages, on farms and in factories,
machines
have
made
life
easier
than
it
used
to
be.
The
machines
use
energy,
and
energy
is
needed
for
heating,
lighting, communications, carrying
goods -- everything. Factories and industrial
plants use a great deal
of energy to
make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段文
字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出
现的三句都是具体事例
,
对第一句进行说明和论
述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句
(
斜体部分
)
。
例
2:
(
主题句
)No
one
can
avoid
being
influenced
by
advertisements.
(
推展句
1)Much
as
we
may
pride
ourselves
on
our
good
taste,
we
are
no
longer
free
to
choose
the
things
we
want,
for
advertising
exerts
a
subtle
influence
on us.
(
推展句
2)In their efforts to
persuade us to buy this or that product,
advertisers have made a close
study of
human nature and have classified all our little
weakness.
以上这段由
三句话组成。第一句是主题句
,
直截了当指出无人不受广告影响
这个主题
,
接着列举两个推展句对其补
充和支持
,
指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品
,
理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理
,
并完全掌握了我们的弱点。
句
子衔接自然
,
步步紧扣主题。
如何写好主题句中的关键词
段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的
。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包
括两个方面
:
一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展
;
二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚
地表达段落主题、写好
段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的例
1,
例
2
中
,
主题句的关键词分别为
:depends
very
much
on energy; no one can
avoid being influenced.
我们再看下列例句
:
原句
1: He can fix
a bicycle himself.
斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容
,
并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开
,
是用
因果关系法还是用分类法
?
修正
:He can fix a
bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正
:There are several reasons
why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句
2: She tries
to improve her looks.
斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么
?
或者她采取什么方法来改善呢
?
我们无法从
关
键词中清楚得知。
修正
:She tries
many ways to improve her looks.
修正
:There are some reasons
why she tries to improve her
looks
。
如何写好主题句的中心思想
主题句由两部分组成
,
即主题
(topic)
和中心思想
< br>(controlling idea)
。中心思想的作用是导向
(control)
和制约
(limit)
。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络
,
所谓制约就是限制主题的覆
盖范围
,
两者不可分割。没有导向
,
内容就
会离题或偏题
;
没有制约
,
内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。
对于初学写作的人来说,“导向”的重要性容易理解
,
但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句
,
就可能忽视“制约”
这一面。例如
:
There are two
ways
in which
one
can own a
book. The
first
is the property right you establish by
paying
for it, just as you have made it
a part of yourself and the best way to make
yourself a part of it is by
writing in
it.
本段的主题句如果没有
in which
引出的定语从句
,
那么
two
ways
不仅不能起制约作用
,
而且
也不能起导向作用
,
句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。
Exercise
is
beneficial
to
your
heart.
A
22-year
study
was
conducted
by
doctors
in
California.
They
found
that
people
who
work
at
physical
jobs
experience
fewer
heart
attacks
than
other
people.
These
active
people
work all the time at moderate speeds,
their daily routine gives them an adequate amount
of exercise and
helps them stay in
shape.
< br>这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上
来加以
control
和
limit,
那
就流于空泛。
因此
,<
/p>
紧紧把握主题句中
controlling idea
的导向和制约作用
,
是短文写作成功关键之一。<
/p>
2.
推展句
主要推展句
主要推展句
(major supporting state
ment)
的主要特点是
:
围绕段落主
题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进
一步的说明或证明
,
句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。
例
1
主题句
)
There
are
several
factors
affecting
climate.
(
推展句
1)One
factor
is
the
mount
of
sunlight
received.
(
推展句
2)Altitude, or the
height above sea level, also determines climate.
(
推展句
3)The oceans
have
an
effect
on
the
climate
of
adjacent
land.
(
推展句
4)In
addition,
climate
is
influenced
by
the
general
circulation of the atmosphere.
主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。
然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。
第一种是太阳光的接收量
,
第二种是海拔高度
,
第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。
次要推展句
次要推展句
(minor
supporting statement)
是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和
举例说明。它从属于某一个
或某几个推展句。
例
2:(
主题句
)I
don't
teach
because
teaching
is
easy
for
me.
(
主要推展句
1)Teaching
is
the
most
difficult
of the various
ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic,
carpenter, writer.
(
主要推展句
2)For me,
teaching
is
a
red-eye,
sweaty-palm,
sinking-stomach
profession.
(
次要推展句
1)Red-eye,
because
I
never
feel
ready
to
teach
no
matter
how
late
I
stay
up
preparing.
(
次要推展句
2)Sweaty-
palm,
because
I'm
always
nervous
before
I
enter
the
classroom,
sure
that
I
will
be
found
out
for
the
fool
that
I
am.
(
次
要
推
展
句
3)
Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an
hour later convinced that I was even more boring
than
usual.
从属于主要推展句
2
的三个次要推展句起着解
释说明作用
,
分别解释
red-
eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach
的
含义
,
这就更加形象生动地证明了
这个主题。
主要推展句与次要推展句的关系
主要推展句与次要推展句的关系
(r
elation)
基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three
-part)
规则。
1
〕每个主要推展句都应该是对主题
句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。
2
〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它的
主要推展句。
< br>3
〕含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材
,
又要有次要推展素材。
写好推展句的方法
主题句及关键词确定后
,
开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上
,
针对
关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一
个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前
加以设问
,
然后解答
,
即设问
-
解答
(why-be
cause)
的方法。下面我们
通过举例来看一看这种分类过程
是如何完成的。例
3:
假设
(suppose) Topic sentence:
English is an international language?
设问
(why) Why can
we say English is an international language?
解答
(because)
Because: English is spoken
by pilots and airport control operators on all the
airways of the world.
Because: Over 70 percent of the world's
mail is written in English.
Because: More than 60
percent of the world's radio programs are in
English.
Because: Pakistan was once one of the
British colonies.