-
All petroleum reservoirs
experience pressure declines, and most wells
require
artificial lift at some point,
most commonly where reservoir pressure is
insufficient for
natural flow.
Artificial lift systems may also be used to
enhance production from flowing
wells
with a reservoir pressure that is insufficient to
produce a require amount of fluid.
所
有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程
,
大多
数井在某些阶段需要人工举升
,
通常
是在储层的
压力不足以自流自喷。
人工举升系统也可以用于
自喷井和储
层压力不
足以生产所需量时的增产。
Extensive research and field studies
have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift
systems that have been developed and
applied extensively to meet industry needs. These
systems include beam pumping, gas lift,
electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity
pumps, and
hydraulic.
为满足行
业的
需求
,
广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了
,
人工举
升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。
这些系
统包括游梁抽油机
,
气举
,
电潜
泵
(ESP
,
螺
杆
泵
(PCP
的
,
和液压泵。
Gas lift
lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow
and correspondingly lower the
sand-face
pressure.
气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地
降低砂表面压力。
One
definition of lift system efficiency is found by
dividing the power added to the
fluid
stream by the amount of power needed from external
sources such as motors or
compressors.
升降系统
效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以
外加能量
,
例
如电机或压缩机
所需的功率量。
Beam pumping systems
actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and
standing valves. PCP pump rotate from
rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor
inside a rubber stator and moves a
cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins.
< br>游梁式抽油
系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井
下柱塞泵。
螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡
胶
定子内的金属转子
,
使一腔流体向上移
动
,
由于
泵的旋转。
ESP systems include a motor
powered though a three-phase cable from the
surface
to rotate a stack of impellers
inside a stack of hydraulic reciprocating pump
is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump
with ball-and-seat check vavles.
电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相
电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器
和里面的一堆分
离器。
液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速
往复式柱塞泵。
In
intermittent lift, the well is produced and is
periodically shut in until sufficient
pressure builds in the casing to lift
liquids and to produce the well for a brief time
before
shutting the well in again. The
same downhole equipment that was used for
continuous
lift may be adapted to
perform equally well intermittently.
在间歇
气举时
,
油井生产和定
期关闭
,
直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升
流体
,
并在一个短暂的时间里生产
,
在再次关井
之前。相同的井下设备用于连续
气举
,
同样也适
用于间歇气举。
Tubing
pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow
situations and when a
particular tubing
pressure is required, such as in an intermittent
lift application where the
valve is
designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid
load is present in the tubing.
The
pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge
or a spring to provide the closing
force. Normally a bellows is used to
contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide
the
operating area. All of the valves
will include a reverse-flow check valve which
prevents
backflow. Tubing pressure
valves may be used in places where casing pressure
is limited.
However, fluctuations in
tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the
injection
point up and down between
lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or
multi-point
injection in some cases.
油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况
下
,
以及当一个特定
的油管的压力是
必需的
,
如
在间歇气举的应用
,
控制阀保持关闭
,
直到有足
够的流体负载存在于油管
,
压力
控制阀使用一个
圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。
波纹管通常被
用来包含穹顶压
力包或以其他方式提供的区域。
所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀
,
防止了
回
流。
油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有
限的。
然而
,
油管压力波动会导致
注入点在较低
的阀之间上下周期性运动
,
从而导致低效的举升
或在某些情况下
,
多
点注入。
Hydraulic pumps provide another
efficient artificial-lift candidates that
lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain
acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but
which still have acceptable
productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for
hydraulic
pumps .Two basic pump types
are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types
requir
similar surface ,offer good lift
efficiencies ,and are serviceable with slickline
well
servicing operations.
液压泵提供了另一种供选择
的有效的人工举升方式。
缺乏井
底压力来维持足
够的流速和低气液比
,
但仍有可接受的生产能力
的井
,
是理想的使
用液压泵的候选井。
两种基本
类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。
两种泵要求类似的
地面装置提供良好的举升效
率
,
便利的带绳索式
的井下维修作业。
PCPs are
generally the preferred method for lifting cold
viscous, sand laden fluids.
PCPs are a
positive displacement pump with a helical metal
rotor which rotates in an
elastomeric
stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to
metal tubing.
螺杆
泵
一般都是举
升冷粘性
,
含砂流体的首选
方法。
螺杆泵是一个正排量泵
,
带有在橡胶定子里旋转
的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。
Many challenges still in the design of
artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries
differ significantly from the vertical
wellbores where artificial lift has historically
been
applied. Horizontal wells,
multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells
with sand-
laden production, wells with
corrosive fluids, and other
conditions
all contribute problems which must be considered
when using artificial
lift requirements
may be for production of several thousands of
barrels per day or may be
for a very
few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a
gas well so that gas can produce
efficiently.
Unique challenges also exist in
applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well
requirements do not significantly
change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize
the
need for reliability more than in
other applications.
Even more
complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift
systems are considered in
combination
as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative
to increasing
compression capabilities
for the gas-lift system.
These and
other design issues will provide the future
advances in the application of
artificial-lift systems in well
completions.
此处跟以上内容相似
故略去翻译。
Methods
for Sand Exclusion
Four broad groups of
sand exclusion methods are
available:
(1 production restriction methods, (2 mechanical
methods (3 in-situ
chemical
consolidation methods, and (4 combination methods.
With the exception of
production
restriction methods, the remaining methods provide
some means of
mechanical support for
the formation and help prevent formation movement
during
stressed that result from fluid
flow or pressure drop in the reservoir.
四个应用广泛的防
砂方法是可用的<
/p>
:(1
生产的限制的方法
, (2
p>
机械的方法
(3
就地化学胶结方法
,
及
(4
相
结合的方法。
与生产限制的方法不同
,
其余的方
法提供了一些装置
,
用于形成机械
支撑
,
并有助
于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下
降引起的应力下运移的
方法
Production Restriction
In a
sandstone formation, stresses resulting from fluid
production or pressure drop
act on the
minerals that bond the sand grains together,
resulting in sand production. One
means
of reducing this sand production is to restrict
the production rate. This method has
the lowest initial
cost and in some cases, may
be a successful alternative to other available
methods.
However, in most cases, it is
not a durable or economical solution to formation
sand
production.
在砂岩地层
中
,
源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶
结了砂子颗
粒的矿物上
,
导致了出砂。
一种减少
这种出砂的方法是限制产量
,
这种方法成本最
< br>低
,
有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法
< br>,
然而
,
大多数情况下它也不
是一个持久的经济
的方法。
Mechanical
Methods
Mechanical methods are the most
common well treatments for excluding sand
production. Mechanical sand-control
methods are diverse, but they always include some
type of device installed downhole that
bridges or filters the sand out of the produced
fluids or gases. These devices include
a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped
screens, and prepacked screens, which
are generally uses with gravel-pack
procedures
机
械方
法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。
机械防砂法是多
样的
,
但它们总包含一些固
定在井下的装置桥堵
或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。
这些装置包
含割缝衬管
,
绕丝筛管
,
预充填筛管<
/p>
(
广泛用于
砾石充填工艺
。
Screens and
slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole
filtration devices.
These devices (1
filter out the formation sand, (2 retain any
particular materials, graded
sand, or
other proppants placed against the formation to
support it, and (3 stain out the
naturally loose component grains.
Variations in screen designs, which will be
discussed
later, are affected by cost,
durability, and flow- through characteristics.
筛管和割缝衬管
包
< br>括一系列的井下过滤设备
,
这些设备
(1
过滤
出地层的砂子
(2
保留一些特殊的矿物
,
分级
的砂子
,
< br>或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层
(3
过滤
出天然松散的组成颗粒。
不同的
筛管设计后面将
要讨论
,
受成本
,
耐用性
,
和流过流体的特性的
< br>
影响。
Selecting
the Appropriate Sand Exclusion Method Once a well
is identified as
requiring sand
exclusion, the appropriate exclusion method must
be determined based on the following
criteria: (1 economics
—
the
initial cost of the
treatment and its
effect on production, (2 historical success, (3
applicability
—
degree of