行为矫正原理与方法(英文)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Answers to Study Questions on Main Text

1. Generally, behavior is anything a person does or says. Technically, behavior is any

muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism. Synonyms include: activity,

action, performance, responding, response, and reaction.

2. Behavior is anything that a person says or does. Products of behavior are the

consequences

produced

by

the

behavior.

For

example,

studying

effectively

and

writing

the

correct

answers

to

questions

on

an

exam

are

beh

aviors.

Getting

an

“A”

is

a

product

of those behaviors.

3. Overt behaviors are behaviors that could be observed and recorded by an individual

other

than

the

one

performing

the

behavior.

For

example,

walking

and

talking

are

overt

behaviors. Covert behaviors are private or internal activities that cannot be readily

observed

by

others.

For

example,

thinking

particular

words

to

oneself

or

feeling

nervous

(increased heart rate, etc.) would be private behaviors.

4.

Thinking

in

words

(private

self-talk)

and

imagining

can

also

be

referred

to

as

cognitive

behaviors. For example, a hockey player may think before stepping on the ice at a

game, “I am going to play my best game yet” (private self

-talk), or a teacher may tell

the

class to close their eyes and picture a beach (imagining).

5. Any two dimensions can be described. Duration of a behavior is how long it lasts.

For

example, measuring how long an individual can tread water in a swimming pool.

Frequency

of

a behavior is

the number of instances that occur in

a

given period of

time.

For example, a figure skater counting the number of times that she or he lands a new

jump in a practice session. The intensity or force of a behavior refers to the physical

effort

or

energy

involved

in

emitting

the

behavior.

For

example,

the

force

of

a

person’s

grip when shaking hands.

6. Although their meanings vary from speaker to speaker, they always refer to ways of

behaving.

An

intelligent

person,

for

example,

solves

problems

quickly;

a

creative

person

frequently emits behaviors that are novel or unusual and have desirable effects.

7.

(a)

They

may

lead

to

pseudo

explanations

of

behavior;

(b)

they

can

negatively

affect the

way a labeled individual might be treated; and (c) they may influence one to focus on

an

individual’s problem behavi

ors rather than on his or her strengths.