英语语言学概论第六章笔记

Chapter 6 Pragmatics

语用学

1.

What is pragmatics?

什么是语用学？

Pragmatics

can

be

defined

as

the

study

of

how

speakers

of

a

language

use

sentences

to

effect

successful communication.

As

the

process

of

communication

is

essentially

a

process

of

conveying

meaning

in

a

certain

context,

pragmatics

can

also

be

regarded

as

a

kind

of

meaning

study.

It

places

the

study

of

meaning in the context in which language is used.

语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。

由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，

因而语用学的本质是一种意

义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。< /p>

2.

Pragmatics and semantics

语用学和语义学

Pragmatics

and

semantics

are

both

linguistic

studies

of

meaning,

but

they

are

different.

What

essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context

of

use

is

considered.

If

it

is

not

considered,

the

study

is

restricted

to

the

area

of

traditional

semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.

语用学和语义学都是对意义的语言 学研究，

但两者是不同的。

它们的本质区别在于研究意义

时是否考虑了语言使用的语境。

没有考虑到语境进行的研究就没有超出 传统语义学的研究范

围；相反，考虑到语境进行的研究就属于语用学的研究范围。

3.

Context

语境

Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by

the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.

语境是语言的语用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解为说 话者和听话者所共有的知识。

The

shared

knowledge

is

of

two

types:

the

knowledge

of

the

language

they

use,

and

the

knowledge

about

the

world,

including

the

general

knowledge

about

the

world

and

the

specific

knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

< br>共有的知识包括他们所使用的语言方面的知识和双方对世界的认识，

包括对世界的 总的认识

和对正在进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。

4.

Sentence meaning and utterance meaning

句子意义和话语意义

The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, while utterance meaning is concrete,

and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract

meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

句子的意义是抽象的，非语境化的 ，

而话语的意义是具体的，

受语境制约的。话语意义基于

句子意义；

它是一个句子的抽象意义在特定语境中的具体体现，

或简而言之，

在一个语境中

的具体化。

5.

Speech act theory

言语行为理论

Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with

the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20

th

century.

言语行 为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰

.

奥斯汀在

20

世纪

50

年代提出的。

According to speech act theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.

根据言语行为理论，我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为。

According

to

speech

act

theory,

a

speaker

might

be

performing

three

acts

simultaneously

when

speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

根据言语行为理论，

说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：

言内行为，

言外行为和言后行为。

a)

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal

meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology.

言内行为是说出词、短语和分句的行为，

它是通过句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行

为。

b)

An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it

is the act performed in

saying something.

< br>言外行为是表达说话者的意图的行为，它是在说某些话时所实施的行为。

c)

A

perlocutionary

act

is

the

act

performed

by

or

resulting

from

saying

something;

it

is

the

consequence of, or the change brought about the utterance; it is the act performed by saying

something.

言后行为是通过某些话 所实施的行为，

或讲某些话所导致的行为，

它是话语所产生的后 果或

所引起的变化，它是通过讲某些话所完成的行为。

American

philosopher-linguist

John

Searle

classified

illocutionary

acts

into

five

general

types.

Each type has a common, general purpose.

美国的哲学语言学家约翰

.

舍尔把言外行为分为五类，每一类行为都有一个共同的、普遍的

目的。这五大类是：

a)

representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true

阐述类：陈述或描述说话者认为是真实的情况

示例：

I have never seen the man before. / the earth is globe.

b)

directives: trying to get the hearer to do something

指令类：试图使听话者做某些事情

示例：

Open the window!

/ Would you like to go to the picnic with us?

c)

commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action

承诺类：说话者自己承诺未来要有一些行为。

示例：

I promise to come. / I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.

d)

expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state

表达类：表达对某一现状的感情和态度。

示例：

I’m sorry for the mess I have made. / It’s really kind of you to have thought of me.

e)

declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something

宣告类：通过说话引起骤变。

示例：

I now declare the meeting open. / I fire you.

Important remark:

All

the

acts

that

belong

to

the

same

category

share

the

same

purpose

or

the

same

illocutionary

point, but they differ in their strength or forth.

每一类中的行为都有同样的目的，但具有同样 目的的言外行为可能具有不同程度的言外之力。