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一、
Directions:
Please define the following terms.
1.
minimal pair
test
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words that differ in only one
sound
They differ in
meaning, they differ only in one sound segment,
the
different sounds occur in the same
environment
Example: beat,
bit They form a minimal pair
So /ea/ and /i/ are different sounds in
English
They are different
phonemes
2.
the Sapir-
Whorf Hypothesis
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linguistic determinism
(
语言决定论
) -Language determines
thought.
and
linguistic
relativity
(
语言相对论
)-There
is
no
limit
to
the
structural
diversity of languages.
3.
Behaviorism
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Behaviorism in
linguistics holds the view that Children learn
language
through
a
chain
of
stimulus-response-reinforcement
(
刺激—反应—强化
),
and
adults’ use of language
is also a process of
stimulus
-response.
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4.
discovery
procedures
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A grammar is discovered through the
performing of certain operations on
a
corpus of data
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Universal Grammar
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UG consists
of a set of innate grammatical
principles.
Each principle
is associated with a number of
parameters.
6.
Systemic Grammar
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It
aims
to
explain
the
internal
relations
in
language
as
a
system
network,
or meaning potential.
7.
Ideational
Metafunction
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The Ideational Function (Experiential
and Logical) is to convey new
information, to communicate a content
that is unknown to the hearer. It is
a
meaning potential.
It
mainly
consists
of
“transitivity”
and
“voice”.
This
function
not
only
specifies the available options in meaning but
also determines the
nature of their
structural realisations. For example, “John built
a new
house” can be analysed as a
configuration
of the functions
(
功能配置
):
Actor: John
Process: Material:
Creation: built
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Goal:
Affected: a new house
8.
Interpersonal
Metafunction
The
INTERPERSONAL
FUNCTION
embodies
all
uses
of
language
to
express
social
and personal relations. This includes
the various ways the speaker enters
a
speech situation and performs a speech
act.
9.
basic speech
roles
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The
most
fundamental
types
of
speech
role
are
just
two:
(i)
giving,
and
(ii) demanding.
Cutting across this basic distinction
between giving and demanding is
another
distinction that relates to the nature of the
commodity being
exchanged. This may be
either (a) goods-&-services or (b)
information.
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10.
finite verbal
operators
Finiteness
is
thus
expressed
by
means
of
a
verbal
operator
which
is
either
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temporal or modal.
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11.
Textual
Metafunction
The textual
metafunction enables the realization of the
relation
between
language
and
context,
making
the
language
user
produce
a
text
which
matches the
situation.
It refers to the
fact that language has mechanisms to make any
stretch
of spoken or written discourse
into coherent and unified texts and make a
living passage different from a random
list of sentences.
It is
realized by thematic structure, information
structure and
cohesion.
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12.
theme and
rheme
The Theme is the
element which serves as the point of departure of
the
message.
The
remainder of the message, the part in which the
Theme is developed,
is called the
Rheme.
As a message
structure, a clause consists of a Theme
accompanied by a
Rheme.
The
Theme
is
the
first
constituent
of
the
clause.
All
the
rest
of
the
clause
is
simply labelled the Rheme
13.
experientialism
Experientialism
assumes
that
the
external
reality
is
constrained
by
our
uniquely human
experience.
The parts of
this external reality to which we have access are
largely
constrained by the ecological
niche we have adapted to and the nature of
our
embodiment.
In
other
words,
language
does
not
directly
re
?
ect
the
world.
Rather, it
re
?
ects our unique human
construal of the world: our ‘
world
view’ as it appears to us through the
lens of our embodiment.
This
view of reality has been termed experientialism or
experiential
realism
by
cognitive
linguists
George
Lako
?
and
Mark
Johnson.
Experiential
realism
acknowledges that there is an external reality
that is re
?
ected by
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concepts
and
by
language.
However,
this
reality
is
mediated
by
our
uniquely
human experience
which constrains the nature of this reality ‘for
us’.
14.
image schemata
An
image schema is a recurring structure within our
cognitive processes
which establishes
patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image
schemas
are formed from our bodily
interactions, from linguistic experience, and
from historical context.
15.
prototype theory
Prototype
theory
is
a
mode
of
graded
categorization
in
cognitive
science,
where
some
members
of
a
category
are
more
central
than
others.
For
example,
when asked to give
an example of the concept furniture, chair is more
frequently cited than, say, stool.
Prototype theory has also been applied
in linguistics, as part of the mapping
from phonological structure to
semantics.
二、
Directions: Please answer
the following questions.
1.
Why is
Saussure called “one of the founders of structural
linguistics and “father of modern
linguistics”?
He
helped
to
set
the
study
of
human
behavior
on
a
new
footing
(basis).
He
helped to promote semiology.
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He clarified the formal strategies of
Modernist thoughts.
He
attached
importance
to
the
study
of
the
intimate
relation
between
language and human mind.
2.
What are the similarities and
diffe
rences between Saussure’s
langue and parole and Chomsky’s
competence and performance?
The similarities (1) language and
competence mainly concerns the
user’s
underlying knowledge; parole and
performance concerns the actual
phenomena
(2)
language
and
competence
are
abstract;
parole
and
performance
are concrete.
The
differences
(1)
according
to
Saussure,
language
is
a
mere
systematic
inventory of
items; according to Chomsky, competence should
refer to the
underlying competence as a
system of generative processes (2)According to
Saussure, language mainly base on
sociology, in separating language from
parole, we separate social from
individual; according to Chomsky,
competence was restricted to a
knowledge of grammar.
3.
What
is
the
conflict
between
descriptive
adequacy
and
explanatory
adequacy?
A
nd what is Chomsky’s solution to this
conflict?
a theory of
grammar: descriptively adequate should adequately
describe the grammatical dada of a
language.
should not just
focus on a fragment of a language.
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a theory of grammar:
explanatorily adequate
should explain the general form of
language.
should choose
among alternative descriptively-adequate
grammars.
should essentially
be about how a child acquires a
grammar.
A
theory of
grammar should
be
both descriptively and
explanatorily
adequate.
But there is a conflict:
To achieve DA, the grammar must be very
detailed.
To achieve EA, the
grammar must be very simple. (think
why?)
because the child can
learn a language very easily on very little
language exposure.
Chomsky’s
solution:
construct a simple UG
let individual grammars be derivable
from UG
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