-
Part
I
Writing
(30
minutes
)
Directions
:
For
this part, you are allowed 30
minutes
to write an essay on
th
e importance of motivation and
methods in learning. You should write at
least
150 words but no more than 200
words.
________
__________________________________________________
____
__________
_____________
_________________________________________________<
/p>
__________
__________________
____________________________________________
__________
Part
II
Listening
Comprehension
(30
minutes
)
< br>说明：
由于
2019
年
6
月六级考试全国共考了两套听力，
本套真题听
力与前
2
套内容相同，
只是选项顺序不
同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part
III
Reading
Comprehension
(40
minutes
)
Section
A
Directions
:
In
this section, there is a passage with ten blanks.
You are require
d to select one word for
each blank from a list of choices given in a word
bank
following the passage. Read the
passage through carefully before making
yo
ur choices. Each choice in the bank
is
identified
by a letter.
Please mark the
corresponding letter
for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line
throug
h the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Steel is valued for its
reliability
, but not when it
gets cold. Most forms of ste
el __26__
become
brittle
（脆的）
at temperatures below
about -25
℃
unless they are
mixed with other metals.
Now, though, a
novel type of steel has been developed that
resists __27__ at
much lower
temperatures, while retaining its strength and
toughness
—
with
out the need for expensive __28__.
Steel's
fragility
at low temperatures first became a major concern
during the
Second World War. After
German U-boats torpedoed
（用鱼雷攻击）
numerous
British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap-
and-
cheerful
ships
replace
the lost
vessels, providing a lifeline for the
__29__ British. But the steel shells of
hundreds of the ships __30__ in the icy
north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.
Brittleness remains a problem when
building steel structures in cold
condition
s, such as oil rigs in the
Arctic. So scientists have __31__ to find a
solution
b
y
mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.
Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan
tried a more physical __32__. Rather
th
an adding other metals, they
developed a
complex
mechanical
process
invo
lving repeated heating and very
severe
mechanical
deformation,
known as t
empforming.
The
resulting steel appears to
achieve
a
combination
of strength and
toug
hness
that is
__33__ to that of modem steels that are very rich
in
alloy
cont
ent
and, therefore, very expensive.
Kimura's team intends to use its
tempformed steel to make ultra-high
strengt
h parts, such as bolts. They
hope to reduce both the number of __34__
need
ed in a
construction
job and their
weight
—
by replacing solid
supports with _
_35__ tubes, for
example. This could reduce the amount of steel
needed to m
ake everything from
automobiles to buildings and bridges.
A
）
abruptly
B
）
additives
C
）
approach
D
）
ardently
E
）
besieged <
/p>
F
）
channel
G
）
comparable
H
）
components
I
）
cracked
J
）
fractures
K
）
hollow
L
）
relevant
M
）
reshuffled
N
）
strived
O
）
violent
Section
B
Directions
:
In
this section, you are going to read a passage with
ten statemen
ts attached to it. Each
statement
contains
information given in one of the
pa
ragraphs. Identify the paragraph from
which the information is derived. You
may choose a paragraph more than once.
Each paragraph is marked with a le
tter.
Answer the questions by marking the corresponding
letter on Answer Sh
eet 2.
The
future
of
personal
satellite
technology
is
here
—
are
we
ready
for
it
?
A
）
Satellites used
to be the
exclusive
playthings of rich governments and
wealt
hy corporations. But increasingly,
as space becomes more democratized,
they
are coming within reach of
ordinary people. Just like drones
（无人机）
before them,
miniature
satellites are
beginning to fundamentally
transform
our
conceptions of who gets to do what up above our
heads.
B
）
As a
recent report from the National Academy of
Sciences highlights, these sa
tellites
hold tremendous
potential
for making satellite-based science more
a
ccessible
than
ever before. However, as the cost of getting your
own satellit
e in orbit drops sharply,
the risks of
irresponsible
use grow. The question he
re is no
longer
potential
downside
s of having a
slice
of space densely
populated
by equipment built
by people
not traditionally labeled as
nd
beneficial
development and use of this technology actually
look like? Som
e of the answers may come
from a nonprofit organization that has been
buildi
ng and launching
amateur
satellites for
nearly 50 years.
C
）
Having your
personal satellite launched into orbit might sound
like an idea str
aight out of science
fiction
. But over the past
few decades a
unique
class
of
satellites has been created that
fits the bill: CubeSats. The
y refers
to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat
is a 10cm
cube
,
so small that a single CubeSat could
easily be mistaken for a paperweight on
your desk. These mini-satellites can
fit in a launch vehicle's formerly
space.
combination
for
more
complex
missions
than
could be achieved by one CubeSat
alone.
D
）
Within
their
compact
bodies these
minute satellites are able to house
sensor
s and communications
receivers/transmitters that enable operators to
study E
arth from space, as well as
space around Earth. They're primarily designed
fo
r Low Earth Orbit
（
LEO
）
—
an
easily
accessible
region of
space from around 200 to 800 miles above
E
arth, where human-tended missions like
the Hubble Space Telescope and the
International Space Station
（
ISS
）
hang out. But they can
attain
more
dista
nt orbits; NASA plans for most of
its future Earth-escaping payloads
（
to the
moon and
Mars especially
）
to carry
CubeSats.
E
）
Because they're
so small and light, it costs much less to get a
CubSat into Ear
th's orbit than a
traditional
communications
or GPS satellite. For instance,a
r
esearch group here at Arizona State
University recently claimed their
develop
mental small CubeSats could cost
as little as $$3,000 to put in orbit. This
decre
ase in cost allows researchers,
hobbyists and even
elementary
school
groups
to put simple instruments into
LEO or even having them deployed from the
I
SS.
F
）
The first
CubeSat was created in the early 2000s,as a way of
enabling Stanfor
d graduate students to
design, build, test and
operate
a
spacecraft
with
sim
ilar capabilities to the USSR's
Sputnik
（前苏联的人造卫
星）
.Since
then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and
even Boeing h
ave all launched and
operated CubeSats. There are more than 130
currently i
n operation. The NASA
Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program,
which o
ffers free launches for
educational groups and science missions, is now
open t
o U. S. nonprofit corporations as
well. Clearly, satellites are not just for
rocket
scientists anymore.
G
）
The National
Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats'
importance in
scientific discovery and
the training of future space scientists and
engineers.
Yet it also acknowledges
that
widespread
deployment
of LEO CubeSats isn't
risk-free. The
greatest concern the authors raise is space
debris
—
pieces of
j
unk
potential
to cause serious damage if they
collide
with operational
units, including the ISS.
H
）
Currently,
there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked
closely. Yet as LE
O opens up to more
amateur
satellites, they may
pose an increasing
threat
.
As the
report authors point out, even near-misses might
lead to the
of a
burdensome
regulatory
framework
and
affect
the future
disposition
of science CubeS
ats.
I
）
CubeSat
researchers suggest that now's the time to
ponder
unexpected
an
d
unintended possible consequences of more people
than ever having access t
o their own
small
slice
of space. In an
era when you can simply buy a CubeS
at
kit off the
shelf
, how can
we trust the satellites over our heads were
devel
oped with good intentions by
people who knew what they were doing? Some
expert
amateurs
inspiration
for
ho
w to
proceed
responsibly.
J
）
In
Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
（
AMSAT
）
was created
in or
der to
foster
ham radio
enthusiasts'
（业余无线电爱好者）
parti
cipation
in space research and
communication
. It continued
the effort
s, begun in 1961, by Project
OSCAR
—
a U. S.
-based group that built and launched
the very first nongovernmental satellite
just four years after Sputnik. As an
organization of volunteers, AMSAT was
pu
tting
amateur
current
CubeSat
craze.
And over time, its members have
learned a thing or two about
responsibility.
Here,
open-
source
development has
been a central
principle
.
Within the or
ganization, AMSAT has a
philosophy of open sourcing
everything
—
making
tec
hnical
data on
all aspects of their satellites fully
available
to everyone in
the
organization, and when possible,
the public. According to a member of the
te
am responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's
first CubeSat, this means that there's
n
o way to sneak something like
explosives or an energy emitter into an
amate
ur
satellite
when everyone has access to the designs and
implementation
.
K
）
However,
they're more
cautious
about
sharing information with nonmembers
, as
the organization guards against others developing
the ability to hijack an
d take
control
of their satellites.
This form of
thin long-standing
amateur
organizations that,
over time, are able to build a
sense of
responsibility to
community
members,as well as society in general.
But what happens when new players
emerge
, who don't have deep
roots wit
hin the existing culture?
L
）
Hobbyists and
students are gaining access to technologies
without being part
of a long-standing
amateur
establishment
. They're still
constrained
by
fi
mders, launch providers and a series
of regulations
—
all of which
rein in what
CubeSat developers can and
cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-
equipp
ed to think through
potential
unintended
consequences. What these uninten
ded
consequences might be is admittedly far from
clear. Yet we know innovat
ors can be
remarkably
creative
with
taking technologies in
unexpected
dire
ctions. Think of something as
seemingly
benign
as the
cellphone
—
we have
m
icrofinance and text-based
social
networking at one end
of the
spectrum
,
an
d
improvised
（临时制作的）
explosive
devices at the other.
M
）
This is where a
culture of
social
responsibility around CubeSats becomes
imp
ortant-not simply to ensure that
physical risks are minimized, but to
engage
with a
much larger
community
in
anticipating and managing less
obvious
co
nsequences of the technology. This is
not an easy task. Yet the
evidence
fro
m
AMSAT and other areas of technology development
suggests that responsib
le
amateur
communities can and
do
emerge
around novel
technologies. The
challenge
here, of course,
is ensuring that what an
amateur
community
c
onsiders to be responsible, actually
is. Here's where there needs to be a
much
wider public
conversation
that extends
beyond government agencies and
sc
ientific communities to include
students, hobbyists
，
and
anyone who may
potentially
stand to be
affected
by the
use of CubeSa
t technology.
36. Given the easier accessibility to
space, it is time to think about how to
pr
event
misuse
of satellites.
37. A group of mini-satellites can work
together to
accomplish
more
comple
x
tasks.
38. The greater accessibility of mini-
satellites increases the risks of their
irres
ponsible
use.
39. Even school pupils can have
their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the
lowe
red launching cost.
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