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动名词与不定式
1
）
动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是：
状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是：
目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2
）
接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3
）
动名词与不定式语义不同的有
11
组：
1
stop to
do
stop doing
2 forget to
do
forget doing
3
remember to do
remember doing
4
regret to do
regret doing
5
cease to do
cease doing
6 try to do
try doing
7
go on to
do
go on doing
8 afraid to do
afraid doing
9
interested to do
interested doing
10 mean to
do
mean doing
11 begin/ start to
do
begin/ start
doing
动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解
一、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位
置有以下两种：
(1)
把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there
by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)
用
it
作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①
It
＋
be
＋名词＋
to do
It's our duty to take good care of the
old.
②
It takes sb +some time+to
do
How long
did it take you to finish the work?
③
It
＋
be
＋形容词＋
for
sb
＋
to do
It is difficult for us
to finish writing the composition in a quarter of
an hour.
④
It
＋
be
＋形容
词＋
of sb
＋
to do
It is stupid
of you to write down everything the teacher says.
⑤
It
seems(appears)
＋形容词＋
to do
It seemed
impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：
difficu
lt,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary
等；
在句型④中，
常用
ca
reless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,r
ight,silly,stupid,wise
等
表
示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的
sb
，
可看作其逻辑主语。
这一句式有时相当于
Sb
is
＋形容词＋
to
do
句式
，
如：
It's kind of
you to help me with my English.=You are kind to
help me with my English.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without
practice is no good.
动名词作主语时，也常用
It
句式。如：<
/p>
①
It's +no good(no use, fun,
a pleasure,
a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good
reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②
It's
＋形容词＋
doing
It's dangerous swimming
in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有
expensive, nice,
tiring
等，但
important, necessar
y
则不适用于这种结构，应用不
定式
代替，如：
It's important for you
to keep fit.
③
There is no+doing
There is no
saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于
结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执
行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动
作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：
It's no good
eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much
fat.
②动名词结构作
主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：
It's no use your
pretending that you didn't know the rules.
二、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定
式作宾语。如：
agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,dec
ide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage
,offer,pl
an,prepare,pretend,promise,ref
use,wish
等，这些词大部分可接
th
at
引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my
money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money
back.
When
our visit to the farm was over,we expected to
start back on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we
expected that we would start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不
定式时，
先用形式宾语
it
代替不定式
，
把不定式置于补语之后，
即：
主语＋
动
词
＋
it
＋补语＋
to
do
句式。如
：
We think it quite important for us to
learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to
help the poor.
③介词
but,except,besides+to
do(do)
在这种句型
中，如介词前有动词
do
，后面应接不带
to
的不定式；如无
do
，则接
to
不定式，即带
do
不带
to
，
带
to
不带
do
< br>。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to
give in.
On
Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：
admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish ,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,
suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on,
put off
等。如：
I suggest spending our
summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up
smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend
the birthday celebration instead of staying at
home.
What
about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：
have
difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble (in) doing,
lose no
time(in)doing,
prevent/stop…
(from)doing, there is no
use(in)doing
等。
⒊部分动词后面，
既可接动词
不定式，
也可接动名词作宾语，
意义不变。
如：
begin, continue, start, hate,
like, love, need, require,
want
等。
在
need,require
,want
后接
-ing
形式，表示被
动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：
Your
handwriting needs improving(to be
improved). hate, love, like
接不定式表示特定的未来事
件，接动
名词表示目前
正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①
hate,like,lo
ve
前有
would(should)
时，如：
I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词
begin,continue,start
等是进行式时，如：
The students are starting to work on the
difficult maths problem.
③
begin,contin
ue,start
与
know,understand
等状态动词连用时，如：
I soon began to
understand
what
was happening.
⒋
advise,allow,encourage,forb
id,permit
等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our
teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers
don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应
根据句子语境选择使用。
①
forget,remember,regret
后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget
fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in
Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before
you leave.
I
remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to
tell you that all of you are not invited to attend
the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books
from abroad.
②
mean to do
打算做某事
doing
意味着
……
I meant to catch up with
the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③
try to do
设法尽力做某事
doing
试着做某事
You should try to
overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the
physics problem in another way.
④
stop to do
停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
doing
停止做某事
On the way to the
airport, I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop
arguing and do as you are told.
⑤
can't help
doing
禁不住
……
to
do
不能帮助干
……
They couldn't help
jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I
can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥
go on to do
做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing
继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on
to talk about world
situation.
他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'll go on
fighting so long as there is oppression inthe
world.
⑦
leave off to do
离开某地去干什么（目的状语）
doing
停下某事
It's time to
leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go
fishing.
三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语
表示抽象的一般行为。
①
To be kind to the enemy is
to be cruel to the people.
②
My chief purpose is to
point out the difficulties of the matter.
③
What I would suggest is to
put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时，
其含义一是条件，
一是结果
（例①）
。
当主语是
aim,duty,hope,idea,mista
ke,pl
an,purpose,suggestion
等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以
what
引导的名词性分句（例③），
不定
式说明主语的内容。
④
Our work is serving the
people.
⑤
What he likes is taking a
walk after supper.
⑥
The story told by is
interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如
Serving
thepeople is out
work,
而⑥句中是现在分词作
表
语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开
来。
四、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
①
The next train to arrive is
from Washington.
②
Have you anything to be
taken to your sister?
③
Do you have anything to say
on the question?
④
Would you please give me
some paper to write on?
⑤
My wish to visit France has
come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)
表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍
用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则
需用被动语态（例②）。
(4)
不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①
to arrive=that will
arrive
。
⒉动名词作定语
①
This passage can be used as
listening materials.
②
The reading room of our
school library can hold 800people.
③
All moving
bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，
即：
用来
……
的；
第③句为现在分词作定语，<
/p>
单个分词作定语常置于
被
修饰词之前，
与被修饰词之间，
可构成逻辑上的主谓
关系，
分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。
如：
The man
standing at the school
gate is Professor Hua.
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语
外，
有时还需要有宾语补足语，
说明宾语的行为、
状态、
特征，
这时意思才相
对
完整。
(1)
常要求不定式作宾补的
动词有：
allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive
（强迫）
，
encourage,expec
t,fo
rbid,force,get,would like (love,ha
te),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wis
h
等。如：
①
Would you
like me to give your regards to Mary?
②
I want you
to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)
部分动词后常接
to
be
＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时
to be
可省略，如：
believe,consider,discov