-
Lesson 1
Visible
trade
有形贸易
: The
fo
rm of co
mmodity trade,
i.e. expo
rting and impo
rting
goods produced o
r manufactured in
one country for
consumptio
n
o
r resale in another.
(including cash
transaction
-by means
of
mo
ney and market, and counter
trade)
Invisible
trade
无形贸易
: The
fo
rm of transportatio
n,
co
mmunication, banking, insurance,
consulting, informatio
n etc. is
called invisible trade or service
industries.
FDI( foreign direct
investments)
is made of returns
thro
ugh
co
ntro
lling the enterprises
or assets invested in a host
country.
Portfolio
investment
证券投资
: Purchases of
foreign financial assets fo
r a purpose
other than co
ntrolling.
Stocks
股票
: Capital
stocks or bo
nds.
Bonds
债券
: The
papers issued by a go
vernment
o
r a firm with pro
mise to
pay back the mo
ney lent
o
r
invested
to
gether with
interest.
Licensing
许可经营
: In
licensing, a firm leases the right to use its
intellectual property to a firm in
ano
ther co
untry. They
choose licensing because they do not
have to make cash payments to stat business, and
can simply receive income in the form of
ro
yalty.
Franchising
特许经营
:
a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to
operate in the name of another, called the
franchiser who
pro
vides the former with
trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating
techniques fo
r ro
yalty.
Franchiser
特许方
: A
firm who pro
vides the franchisee with
trademarks, brand names, logos and operating
techniques fo
r
ro
yalty.
Franchisee
被特许方
: A
firm is allo
wed to operate in the name
of another.
Management
contract
管理合同
:
Under a management contract,
one co
mpany
offers managerial
or
o
ther
specialized
services to another within a particular
period fo
r a flat payment o
r
a percentage of the relevant business volume.
Turnkey
project“
交
钥匙
”
工程
:
a
firm
signs
a
contract
with
a
fo
reign
purchaser
and
undertakes
all
the
designing
,
contracting and facility equipping
befo
re handing it o
ver to
the latter upo
n co
mpletion .
International
investment
国际投资
: Supplying
capital by residents of one co
untry to
another.
International
business
国际商务
: Transaction
between parties fro
m different
co
untries. So
metimes
business across the
borders of
different custo
ms areas of the same
co
untry is also regarded as import and
export.
BOT
is a
popular variant
of the
turnke
y
project where
B
stands
fo
r
build,
O
fo
r
operate and
T
for
transfer.
For a
BOT
project , a firm operate
a facility fo
r a period of time after
bulding it up before finally transferring it to a
foreign co
mpany .
Lesson 2
GNP
国民生产总值
: Gross
natio
nal Product. The market value of
goods and services produced
b
y
the property and
labo
r
owned by the residents
of an econo
my.
GDP
国内生产总值
: Gross
Domestic Product. The market value of all goods
and services produced within the geographic
area of an econo
my.
Per capita
GDP
人均国内生产总值
: It is
calculated by dividing its total GDP by its
population, which reveals the average
inco
me level of
co
nsumers.
Income
distribution
收入分布
: The
proportions of its rich, middle inco
me
and poo
r people.
capability
at/in
cost
fo
r/of
at reasonable costs levied
on take into
account witho
ut reference to
(
不针对
) make
effo
rts to
engage in
Lesson 3
Free
trade
area
自由贸易区
:
The
members
remo
ve
barriers
to
trade
amo
ng
themselves
while
still
adopts
each
o
wn
external
policy
Custo
ms
union
关税同盟
: The members
remo
ve barriers to trade
amo
ng themselves and adopt the same
external policy
Common
market
共同市场
: The members
remo
ve barriers no
t only to
trade but also to factors of productio
n
and adopt
the same external policy.
Economic Union
(EU)
经济同盟
: The members
remo
ve barriers not o
nly to
trade but also to factors of production, adopt
the same external policy and
harmo
nize their taxatio
n,
go
vernment expenditure, industry
policies and use the same currency.
Lesson 4
Parent
MNC
headquarter
跨国
公司母公司，总部
is
the
o
riginal
investing
multinatio
nal
corporation .
It
is
also
the
international headquarters of the MNE .
MNC
跨国公司
=TNC:
Multinational
co
rpo
ratio
n, are
made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,
co
mpanies in which
o
v
er 50 percent
is owned by the parent co
mpany.
MNE
跨国企业
:
Multinational
enterprise: A
typical multinational
enterprise
shall be
defined as a
business
o
rganizatio
n
which o
wns (whether
wholly
o
r partly), controls
and manages assets, often including productive
resources, in more than one
country,
thro
ugh its member co
mpanies
incorpo
rated separately
in
each of these co
untries. Each member
co
mpany is kno
wn as
a multinational
co
rpo
ration.
Home
county
母国
: The
co
untry where the headquarter of the
investor is located.
Host
country
东道国
: The host
co
untry is a fo
reign
co
untry where the investo
r
operates.
Lesson 5
Absolute
advantage
绝对利益
: I
t
holds that a co
mmodity will be produced
in the country where it costs least in terms of
reso
urces (capital, land and
labor)
Comparative
advantage
比较利益
: Even if a
country is less efficient than another in the
production of both co
mmodities,
there is still a basis for mutually
beneficial trade.
International
trade
国际贸易
:
The
exchange
of
goods
and
services
produced
in
one
country with
those
produced
in
another sufficient.
Primary
commodities
：
those
co
mmodities
no
t
processed
，
or
o
nly
slightly
processed
，
usually
farm
produce
o
r raw
materials.
Specialization
专业化
:
To restrict o
ne’s
eco
nomic activities to certain
particular fields.
Lesson 6
Import
duties
进口关税
: Tariffs levied
on goods entering an area
Expo
rt
duties
出口关税
: Taxes levied on
goods leaving an area
Tariff
关税
: A tax
levied on a co
mmodity when it crosses
the bo
undary of a custo
m
area.
Quo
ta
配额
:
A quo
ta limits the
imports or exports of a co
mmodity
during a given period of time. It is the most
co
mmo
n
form of
non-
tariff barriers.
Drawback
退税
:
Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if
the goods are reexpo
rted.
Most-favored-nation (MFN)
treatment
最惠国待遇
: A tariff
treatment under which a co
untry is
required to extend to
all
signato
ries any tariff concessions
granted to any participating co
untry
Contract
proper
：
the main
body
of a contract
Lesson 7
Incoterms
国际贸易术语解释通则
: It is a set of internatio
nal rules
for the interpretation of the most
co
mmo
nly
used
trade
terms in fo
reign
trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different
interpretations of such terms in different
countries can be av
o
ided
o
r
at least reduced to a
considerable degree.
Trade
terms
are terms used in
internatio
nal trade to describe the
general information abo
ut the trade,
such as the un
it
price port
of shipment, port of destination and the kind of
currency.
Protectionism
is a
trade barrier to internatio
nal trade
fo
r the purpose of
pro
tecting a nation’s own
do
mestic market and
industries. It includes tariff barriers
and no
n
-tariff
barriers.
A multinational
enterprise
is
a
business
organizatio
n which
owns,
co
ntrols
and manages assets,
in mo
re
than
one
country,
thro
ugh its member co
mpanies
incorpo
rated.
Multi-model
transportation:
Lesson 8
Inquiry /
enquiry
询盘、询价
: It is made by
the buyers to get info
rmation
abo
ut the goods to be ordered such as
quantity,
specifications, prices, time
of shipment and other terms.
Quo
tatio
n
报盘
:
Estimate of ho
w much
so
mething will cost
Counter
offer
还盘
:
New
offer made by the original offeree to the original
offerer
Offeree
收盘人：
A first
enquiry
首次询价
:
An
enquiry sent to an expo
rter
who
m the importer has never dealt with
A contract
一个合同
:
An agreement which sets fo
rth binding
obligations of the relevant parties
A
firm offer
一个实盘
:
Statement that yo
u are willing to pay a
certain amo
unt of mo
ney to
by so
mething.
Force
majeure
不可抗力
:
is a default of the contract which is
given rise to not because of the contracting
parties’ default,
but of the
uncontrollable causes. One type of the cause is
the natural fo
rce and the other is
socia
l cause. Or social or natural
calamities that take place
bey
o
nd the
co
ntrol of a co
ntracting
party
Lesson 9
Hyperinflatio
n
极度通货膨胀
is a kind of
inflation in which the market prices are
so
aring quickly. The devaluation rate
of
the currency is
astro
nomical. The normal
eco
no
mic activities are
o
ut of the order, and finally lead to
the collapse of the whole
mo
netary system.
inflatio
n :
Rise
in prices bro
ught abo
ut by
the excess demand, expansion of money supply,
credit etc
Devaluation
贬值
Barter
易货贸易
:
The direct exchange of goods and services, which is co
mpleted in a short period of
time.
Counter
purchase
反向购买、互购贸易
:
The assumptio
n by an
expo
rter of a transferable obligation
through separate but
linked
co
ntract to accept as full
o
r partial payment goods and services
fro
m the importer or
impo
rting country.
Buyback
回购贸易
:
An agreement
b
y
an
expo
rter
of
plant and
equipment to
take back in the
future
part
of the
o
utput
produced
by these goods as full or partial payment.
Lesson 10
Remittance
汇付
:
This method
is always emplo
yed by the parties who
are familiar with and trust each other
Documentary
draft
跟单汇票
:
The
draft is accompanied by the relevant
documents.
Documentary
collection
跟单托收
:
It is means of ensuring that the goods are
o
nly handed o
ver to the
buyer when the
amo
unt shown
o
n a bill of exchange is paid or when
the custo
mer accepts the bill as a
co
ntract to pay by a specified date.
Payee
收款人、领款人
: The
person receiving the payment.
Sight
draft
即期汇票
:
The
draft calls fo
r immediate payment on
presentation to the drawee.
Usance
draft
远期汇票
Term draft = Tenor
draft: The draft is payable at a later date
o
n presentation to the drawee.
Draft
汇票
:= Bill of
exchange
. It is an
unconditio
nal o
rder to a
bank o
r a custo
mer to pay a
sum of mo
ney to someo
ne
o
n
demand or at a fixed time
in the future.
Drawer
出票人
:
The person who draws the draft (usually
the exporter)
Drawee
受票人
:
The person to who
m the draft
is drawn.
Clean
draft
光票
:
The
draft witho
ut documents
Lesson 11
Applicant
(Opener o
r
Principal)
申请人
: The person
who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the
importer)
applicant of an L/C
:The importer that goes to a bank
fo
r the establishment of an L/C
Opening bank (Issuing bank,
Establishing bank)
开证行
:
The bank that issues the credit.
Opening bank:
the bank that issues the letter of credit is
called the opening bank .
B
eneficiary
受益人
:The
expo
rter in whose
fav
o
r the credit is opened
Correspondent
band
往来行、关系行
:The bank in the
exporter’s co
untry, which the opening
bank sends the credit to it
Advising bank
通知行
:
The bank in the expo
rter’s
co
untry, which advises the
exporter the L/C, is received.
Confirming
bank
保兑行
:
The bank
adds its confirmation to the credit.
The letter of Credit (L/C
、
L/C)
信用证
:
The credit is a letter issued
b
y
a bank at the request of
the importer in which the
bank
pro
mises to pay upo
n
presentatio
n of the relevant documents.
Paying bank
付款行
:
The bank accepts or
nego
tiates the bill of exchange.
Negotiating
bank
议付行
:
The bank
buys the expo
rter’s draft submitted to
it under a credit.
Recipient:
A person
o
r an o
rganization etc. that
receives so
mething
World
company:
A multinatio
nal
co
mpany whose natio
nal
identity has been blurred
Middleman
trader
: Person thro
ugh
who
m goods pass between the producer
and the consumer
Lesson 12
Clean
credit
光票信用证
:
credit o
nly require clean
draft, which isn’t acco
mpanied with
ship
ping documents.
The
documentary
credit
跟单信用证
:
The credits that require
shipping
documents to
be
presented together with
the