1998年考研英语真题及答案(卷一)

2021年2月8日发(作者：亲)

学诚考研资料

考研资料

1998

年全国研究生入学考

试试卷及 参考答案

（精校版）

英

语

1

学诚考研资料

1998

年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

Section I

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and

[D].

Choose

the

best

one

and

mark

your

answer

on

ANSWER

SHEET

1

by

blackening

the

corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

Until recent

l

y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run

industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the

2

man. But they insisted that its

3

results during

the

period

from

1750

to

1850

were

widespread

poverty

and

misery

for

the

4

of

the

English

population.

5

contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a

6

agricultural

country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

This

view,

7

,

is

generally

thought

to

be

wrong.

Specialists

8

history

and

economics,

have

9

two

things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was

10

by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not

worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

1.

［

A

］

admitted

［

B

］

believed

［

C

］

claimed

［

D

］

predicted

2.

［

A

］

plain

［

B

］

average

［

C

］

mean

［

D

］

normal

3.

［

A

］

momentary

［

B

］

prompt

［

C

］

instant

［

D

］

immediate

4.

［

A

］

bulk

［

B

］

host

［

C

］

gross

［

D

］

magnitude

5.

［

A

］

On

［

B

］

With

［

C

］

For

［

D

］

By

6.

［

A

］

broadly

［

B

］

thoroughly

［

C

］

generally

［

D

］

completely

7.

［

A

］

however

［

B

］

meanwhile

［

C

］

therefore

［

D

］

moreover

8.

［

A

］

at

［

B

］

in

［

C

］

about

［

D

］

for

9.

［

A

］

manifested

［

B

］

approved

［

C

］

shown

［

D

］

speculated

10.

［

A

］

noted

［

B

］

impressed

［

C

］

labeled

［

D

］

marked

Cloze Test

Section

Ⅱ

Reading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers

marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the

questions.

Then

mark

your

answer

on

the

ANSWER

SHEET

1

by

blackening

the

corresponding

letter in the brackets. (40 points)

Text 1

Few

creations

of

big

technology

capture

the

imagination

like

giant

dams.

Perhaps

it

is

humankind’s

long

suffering

at

the

mercy

of

flood

and

drought

that

makes

the

idea

of

forcing

the

waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several

giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

The

lesson

from

dams

is

that

big

is

not

always

beautiful.

It

doesn’t

help

that

building

a

big,

powerful

dam

has

become

a

symbol

of

achievement

for

nations

and

people

striving

to

assert

2

学诚考研资料

themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s

bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

But

big

dams

tend

not

to

work

as

intended.

The

Aswan

Dam,

for

example,

stopped

the

Nile

flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of

disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe,

Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on

the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia

is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed

Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship

for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far

from guaranteed.

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water

can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible

without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper,

or

scientific.

It

is

time

that

the

world

learned

the

lessons

of

Aswan.

You

don’t

need

a

dam

to

be

saved.

11.

The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.

[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality

[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted

[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things

[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

12.

In P

aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.

[A] areas short of electricity

[B] dams without power stations

[C] poor countries around India

[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

13.

What is the myth concerning giant dams?

[A] They bring in more fertile soil.

[B] They help defend the country.

[C] They strengthen international ties.

[D] They have universal control of the waters.

14.

What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.

[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”

3

学诚考研资料

[B] “More haste, less speed”

[C] “Look before you leap”

[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”

Text 2

Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in

America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity

revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and

services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster

than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about

2%

a

year,

which

is

more

than

twice

the

1978-87

average.

The

trouble

is

that

part

of

the

recent

acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not

conclusive

evidence

of

a

revival

in

the

underlying

trend.

There

is,

as

Robert

Rubin,

the

treasury

secretary,

says,

a

“disjunction”

between

the

mass

of

business

anecdote

that

points

to

a

leap

in

productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

Some

of

this

can

be

easily

explained.

New

ways

of

organizing

the

workplace

--

all

that

re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,

which is

driven by many

other

factors such as joint investment

in

equipment and machinery, new

technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies

make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:

switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent

years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less

widely than people suppose.

Leonard

Schlesinger,

a

Harvard

academic

and

former

chief

executive

of

Au

Bong

Pain,

a

rapidly

growing

chain

of

baker

y

cafes,

says

that

much

“re

-

engineering”

has

been

crude.

In

many

cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague,

Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,

chopping

out

costs

without

giving

sufficient

thought

to

long-

term

profitability.

BBDO’s

Al

Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish --

“the worst sort of ambulance c

h

asing.”

15.

According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.

[A] not as good as it seems

[B] at its turning point

[C] much better than it seems

[D] near to complete recovery

16.

The official statistics on productivity growth ________.

[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle

4

学诚考研资料

[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation

[C] meet the expectation of business people

[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy

17.

The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.

[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”

[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works

[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading

[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses

18.

Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.

[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.

[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.

[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.

Text 3

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of

Gallileo’

s

17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Bl

ake’s harsh

remarks

against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The

schism between science and the

humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics

--

but

no

longer.

As

funding

for

science

has

declined,

scientists

have

attacked

“anti

-

science”

in

several books, notably

Higher Superstition

, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia,

and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and

The Demon-Haunted World

, by Carl

Sagan of Cornell University.

Defenders

of

science

have

also

voiced

their

concerns

at

meetings

such

as

“The

Flight

from

Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,”

which assembled last June near Buffalo.

Anti-science

clearly

means

different

things

to

different

people.

Gross

and

Levitt

find

fault

primarily

with

sociologists,

philosophers

and

other

academics

who

have

questioned

science’s

objectivity.

Sagan

is

more

concerned

with

those

who

believe

in

ghosts,

creationism

and

other

phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

A survey of news stories

in

1996 reveals

that the anti- science tag has been attached to

many

other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of

smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995,

scorns

science

and

longs

for

return

to

a

pre-technological

utopia.

But

surely

that

does

not

mean

environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in

US

News & World Report

last May seemed to suggest.

5

学诚考研资料

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues

Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the

evidence

supporting

global

warming,

the

depletion

of

the

ozone

layer

and

other

consequences

of

industrial growth.

Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.

“The

term

‘anti

-

science’

can

lump

together

too

many,

quite

different

things,”

notes

Harvard

University

philosopher

Gerald

Holton

in

his

1993

work

Science

and

Anti- Science

.

“They

have

in

common only one thing that they tend to

annoy or threaten those who regard themselves

as

more

enlightened.”

19.

The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.

[A] confrontation

[B] dissatisfaction

[C] separation

[D] contempt

20.

Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.

[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power

[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists

[C] explain the way in which science develops

[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities

21.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.

[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.

[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti

-science.

[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti

-

science” is justifiable

.

22.

The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti

-

science” is ________.

[A] impartial

[B] subjective

[C] biased

[D] puzzling

Text 4

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional

competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead --

has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history

6

学诚考研资料

of the nation’s head counting.

Altogether,

the

US

population

rose

in

the

1970s

by

23.2

million

people

--

numerically

the

third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,

lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the

pattern still prevails.

Three

sun-belt

states

--

Florida,

Texas

and

California

--

together

had

nearly

10

million

more

people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San

Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.

Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.

Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too --

and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s

“baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.

Moreover,

demographers

see

the

continuing

shift

south

and

west

as

joined

by

a

related

but

newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more

jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances

—

■

Regionally, the Rocky Mountain

states reported the most rapid

growth rate

-- 37.1 percent

since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

■

Among states, Nevada and

Arizona

grew fastest

of all:

63.5

and 53.1 percent

respectively.

Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5

million people -- about 9 per square mile.

The

flight

from

overcrowdedness

affects

the

migration

from

snow

belt

to

more

bearable

climates.

Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than

in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any

other state.

In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of

the West.

Often they chose

-- and still are

choosing

-- somewhat

colder climates such as

Oregon,

Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden

State.

As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent

-- little more than

two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

23.

Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America

in 1970s ________.

[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history

[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II

24.

The

census

distinguished

itself

from

previous

studies

on

population

movement

in

that

7

学诚考研资料

________.

[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution

[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants

[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living

[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”

25.

We can see from the available statistics that ________.

[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US

[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West

[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration

[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population

26.

The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.

[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy

[B] advocates of migration between states

[C] scientists engaged in the study of population

[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

Text 5

Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known

to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the

boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up t

he earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them

lie deep in

the interior of a plate. Most of the hot

spots move only slowly, and in

some cases

the

movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic

trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are

moving

away

from

each

other

as

new

material

is

injected

into

the

sea

floor

between

them.

The

complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders

of

where

the

two

continents

were

once

joined.

The

relative

motion

of

the

plates

carrying

these

continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot

readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine

whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and

the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the

measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it

appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.

The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears

that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across

the

globe.

When

a

continental

plate

come

to

rest

over

a

hot

spot,

the

material

rising

from

deeper

layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few

cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the

8

学诚考研资料

formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,

so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

27.

The author believes that ________.

[A] the motion of the plates correspon

ds to that of the earth’s interior

[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true

[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions

[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart

28.

That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.

[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions

[B] they have been found to share certain geological features

[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years

[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe

29.

The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.

[A] the structure of the African plates

[B] the revival of dead volcanoes

[C] the mobility of the continents

[D] the formation of new oceans

30.

The passage is mainly about ________.

[A] the features of volcanic activities

[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates

[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

Section IV

English-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your

translation must be written clearly on the

ANSWER SHEET 2

. (15 points)

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of

enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was

the farthest that scientists had been able to look

into the past, for what they were seeing were the

patterns

and

structures

that

existed

15

billion

years

ago.

That

was

just

about

the

moment

that

the

universe

was

born.

What

the

researchers

found

was

at

once

both

amazing

and

expected:

the

US

National Aeronautics and Space Admi

nistration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite

-- Cobe --

had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did

in

fact

begin

with the primeval

explosion

9

学诚考研资料

that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from

a single mass of energy).

32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward

in

the

1920s,

to

maintain

its

reign

as

the

dominant

explanation

of

the

cosmos.

According

to

the

theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy

that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then

into

atoms

of

gas.

Over

billions

of

years,

the

gas

was

compressed

by

gravity

into

galaxies,

stars,

plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe

is

designed

to

see

just

the

biggest

structures,

but

astronomers

would

like

to

see

much

smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They

shouldn’t have

long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South

Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings

soon.

34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,

a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on,

the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion

trillion

fold in much less than a

second,

propelled

by

a

sort

of

antigravity.

35)

Odd

though

it

sounds,

cosmic

inflation

is

a

scientifically

plausible

consequence

of

some

respected

ideas

in

elementary

particle

physics,

and

many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

31.

________

32.

________

33.

________

34.

________

35.

________

Section V

Writing

Directions:

[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.

[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the

ANSWER SHEET 2

. (15 points)

[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:

1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

2. Give your commentsn.

10

学诚考研资料

注：图片上的文字是：

本母鸡承诺：

①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角

②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清

11

学诚考研资料

1998

年答案及解析

Part

Ⅰ

Cloze Test

5. D

6. D

7. A

1. A

2. B

3. D

4. A

8.B

9. C

10. D

Part

Ⅱ

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Passage 1

11. C

12. D

Passage 2

15.A

16.B

Passage 3

19.C

20.D

Passage 4

23.B

24.C

Passage 5

27.B

28.B

13.D

17.B

21.A

25.D

29.C

14. C

18.A

22.A

26.C

30.C

Part

Ⅲ

English

-

Chinese Translation

31.

更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是

150

亿年前宇

宙云的形状和结构。

32.

巨大的宇 宙云的存在，

实际上是

20

年代首创的 大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少

的。

33.

天体物理学家使用南极陆基探 测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他

们的观测结果。

34.

假如这 些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大

爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

35 .

宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上 看来似乎可

信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。

Section

Ⅳ

Writing(15 points)

36.

见分析

12

学诚考研资料

试题精解

Section I

Cloze Test

一、文章总体分析

本文在 关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。第一段讲述了第一种观点，

< br>是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。第二段< /p>

讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人 的生活得到了

改善。

二、试题具体解析

1.[A] admitted

承认

[B] believed

相信，认为

[C] claimed

声称

[D] predicted

预言

[

答案

] A

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义

+

动词词义辨析。难度：

0.54

文章开篇指出：

Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution

，接着第二句

又谈到，

< br>in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living

。显然，后一句是对前 一句的让步。

第三句又以

But

开头， 暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承

认既成 事实。

四个选项中，首先排除

pre dicted

，因为句子时态是过去时，表明

< br>提高人们的生活水平

已经是事实，不

存在

预测

了；

其次

believed

和

claimed

都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，

它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；

因此只有

admitted

可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为

直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强

烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从长远角度 来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。

2.[A] plain

（

man

）衣着朴素或相貌 平平的人

[B] average

（

man

）平民，普通人

[C] mean

平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的

[D] normal

（

< p>
man

）正常人

[

答案

] B

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：

0.53

本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。四个选项中，首先排除

mean

，它意为

平均的

时一般不能直接作定语修饰人，

如：

the mean temperature

（平均气温）

< p>
，

a mean motive

（卑鄙的动机）

而

a mean

man(

自私的、刻薄的人

)

；

A

选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文 没有关系；从文意来看，这里只是泛泛谈到工

业革命对一般人的影响，并无正常和不正常 人的区分，因此，

D

项也不正确；只有

average man

符合语意，

意为：工业化提高了普通老 百姓的生活水平。

3.[A] momentary

瞬间的

,

刹那间的

[B] prompt

敏捷的，迅速的，即时的

[C] instant

直接的，立即的

[D] immediate

迅速的，直接的

[

答案

] D

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：

0.22

空格处的形容词修饰

results

。从下 文来看，考生需判断

from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and

misery

是怎样一种后果。四个选项中，

momentary

强调相 当短促的一段时间，如：

momentary

joy

（瞬息的

喜悦）

；

pr ompt

强调速度很快，如：

Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.

（迅速付 款帮了我们公

司大忙）

；

instan t

通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的，如：

instant

noodles

（方便面）

。根据下文 可知，

这种结果持续了一百年，因此表示短暂时间的

A

、

B

、

C

这三个选项都应加以排除。只有

immediate

除了表

13

学诚考研资料

示

立刻的

，还有

直接的

之意，如：

the immediate cause of death

（死亡的直接原因）

，它和

results

搭配，意

为

（工业革命 的）直接结果

，符合文意。此外，它与上句中时间状语

in the long run

形成对照。

4.[A] bulk

（

of

）

[B] host

（

of

）

[C] gross

（

of

< p>
）

[D] magnitude

（

of

）

[

答案

] A

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。难度：

0.28

从结构上看，空格所在名词组成

the4of

< br>短语，并修饰不可数名词

population

。首先排 除

host

和

gross

，

host

组成的短语只能是

a host of

或

hosts of

< br>，意为

许多

，如：

a host of students

（许多学生 ）

；

gross

作名词

时，可表示

一罗（

12

打，

144

个）

，但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配，如：

two grosses of bananas

（两

罗香蕉）

， 它也可表示

总收入

，如：

gross for the year

（年收入）

，但我们不能说

对于英国人口总收入的 广

泛贫困

；

m agnitude

意为

巨大

< p>

，如：

The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.

（这场水灾之

大是无法想像的）

，但放入文中，表示

< p>

对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困

< br>也不符合语意。正确选项是

bulk

，

< br>the bulk of

是固定搭配，

意为

大多数，

大部分

< p>
，

相当于

，

在文中，

the bulk of English population

意为

大多数英国人

。

5.[A] On

[B] With

[C] For

[D] By

[

答案

] D

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：

0.48

contrast

的常用短语是

by contrast

和

in contrast

，选项中其它介词都不和

contrast

搭配。

By contrast

意为

对比起来，与之相比

，强调与另一事物进行比较，存 在反差。它可单独使用，也可在后面接比较对象，从

文意上讲，文中空格前提到，

1750

和

1850

年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难（

widespread poverty and mi sery

）

，

空格后则提到

< p>
1650

到

1750

间英 国的繁荣富足（

great abundance and prosperity

）

，两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。

因此，选项

D

正确。

知识点补充：

by contrast

表示

对比之下

，

可以和

连用，

也可以单独使用，

例如：

His brother is very

silent. By contrast, he is very ou t

spoken.

（他弟弟非常安静，相比之下，他非常健谈）

；

By contrast with his

brother, he is very out

spoke n.

（和弟弟相比，

他非常健谈）

。< /p>

in contrast

必须与

with

或

to

连用 ，

如：

Her affected

manner is in striking contrast with her sister

s spontaneous gait.

（

她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成

了鲜明的对比）

。

6.[A] broadly

大体上，概括地，广泛地

［

B

］

thoroughly

彻底地

［

C

］

generally

通常地

,

一般地

,

普遍地

［

D

］

completely

完全地

[

答案

] D

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义

+

副词词义辨析。难度：

0.40

从结 构上来说，所填选项用来修饰形容词

agricultural

。四个选项中，先排除

A

、

C

选项，它们一般不修

饰形容词，

而修饰动词。< /p>

如：

The question must be considered broadly.

（

这个问题必须被广 泛地考虑）

；

The plan

has been generally accepted.

（这项计划被人们普遍接受）

。

thoroughly

强调程度彻底；

completely

强调范围 的

广泛性。根据常识或上文的提示可知，工业革命发生在

175 0

年～

1850

年间，

1750

年以前，英国还没有工

业革命的迹象。也就是 说，那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。这里主要强调的是广度不是深

度，因 此

D

是正确答案。

7.[A] however

然而，表转折关系

[B] meanwhile

同时，表时间关系

[C] therefore

因此，所以，表因果关系

[D] moreover

而且，表递进关系

[

答案

] A

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。难度：

0.89

< p>
两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。

考生关键要判断空格所在句子

This view,7, is generally thought to be

wrong

和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看，句中的

this

view

指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史

< br>

14

学诚考研资料

学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍 认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全

相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系 的逻辑词，答案只能选

however

。

8.[A] at

[B] in

[C] about

[D] for

[

答案

] B

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：

0.74

< p>
本题考查哪个介词与名词

specialist

搭 配，表示

某方面的专家

。能表达这个含义的介词只有

in

，如：

a

specialist in linguistics

（语言学专家）

。

类似的用法还有

specialize in

（擅长于，

专攻）

< p>
和

expert in

（…的专家）

，

如：

He specializes in ma th.

（他专攻数学）

；

expert in teaching small children

（幼儿教育专家）

。

9.[A] manifested

表现，证明

[B] approved

同意，批准，赞同

[C] shown

指出，显示，说明

[D] speculated

推测

,

思索

[

答案

] C

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。难度：

0.39

本题要求考生判断

历史和经济学方面的专家< /p>

对两件事情作了什么动作。

首先，

需要知道这两件事是什

么。从下文可知，一是

1650

年～

1750

年有显著的贫困 （

great poverty

）

，二 是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫

困，而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。其中，第一件 是客观事实，第二件是一种观点。接着，由上文

可知，专家做这个动作的目的是为了证明

历史学家对工业革命持批判态度的观点是错误的

。

四个选项中，

< p>
approve

一般指

赞 成，通过

，如：

Congress approved the budget.

（国会批准了国家预算）

< br>，

显然我们不能说专家赞成

显著 的贫困

这个事实；

speculate

是一个不及物动词，一般与

on

搭配， 如：

I

ve been speculating on my future.

（我一直在思索我的未来）

，因此也可排出；余 下两个选项，

manifest

可译为

证明

，

sho w

意为

指出，表明

，由于文中并未论述专家如何证明这两件事情，而只是把这些专家的观点

< p>
和历史家的观点作了比较，因此

have shown two things

为正确答案，即：指出了两件事。

10.[A]

（

was

）

noted

（

for/a s

）因…而著名

[B]

< p>
（

was

）

impres sed

（

by

）被…留下深刻印象

[C]

（

wa s

）

labeled as

被视为…，被称作…

[D] < /p>

（

was

）

ma rked

（

by

）具有…的特征

[

答案

] D

[

解析

]

本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：

0.41

本题要求填入一个动词的过去分词与其前后的

period

和

by great poverty

搭配，

由上下文语义可知

great

poverty

是

the period

的一个特征。

首先

A< /p>

、

C

选项在与表特征的词搭配时不能用< /p>

by

，

如

Thi s country is noted

for its china.

（这个国家以瓷器而闻名）

；

He was labeled as a communist.

（他被称作是共产主义者）

。

B

、

D

两

项虽然都能与

by

搭配， 但

B

选项的主语一般是人，如

I am deeply impressed by his words.

（我被他的话深深< /p>

地打动了）

，

而不能是

< br>the period

。

只有

D

选项

marked

放入文中符合逻辑，

表示

该阶段以显著的贫困为特征

。

三、全文翻译

直到最近，大多数的历 史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大

大地提高了 一般人的生活水平。然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在

1750

和

1850

年间引起的直接结果是给英

国 大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。相比之下，他们把在此之前从

1650

< p>
到

1750

的一百年看成是一个

< br>繁荣富足的时期。尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。

然而，人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情：一是

1650

至

1750

年间

以显著的贫困为特征；二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了 改善。

Section

Ⅱ

Reading Comprehension

15

学诚考研资料

Text 1

一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇批评 盲目建造水坝的文章，文章开宗明义，进而使用了大量例子证明作者的观点，挖掘了这

种 盲目性的内在原因，最后进行了总结，是一篇典型的总

-

分

-

总结构的文章。

第一段：段首几句话为引子，引出全文主题句（最后一句）

：几个大坝工程带来的害处 可能大于益处。

第二至第五段：通过大量举例说明人们想通过 大坝控制水的神话依然存在。人们建造大坝来显示成就、

证明实力，但其效果并没有人们 预先设想的好，因为大坝带来的并不一定是利益。

第六段：呼吁人们应该吸取历史教训，不要盲目建大坝。

二、试题具体分析

third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.

1.

第一段第三句的隐含意义是。

[A]

people

would

be

happy

if

they

shut

their

[A]

人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐

eyes to reality

[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted

[C]

over

things

[B]

盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福

excited

people

tend

to

neglect

vital

[C]

过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事

情

[D]

兴奋使人丧失视力

[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

[

答案

] C

[

分析

]

本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：

0.77

第一段前两句谈到人们热衷建坝的事实以及热衷的自然原因，第四句却提出

有些大坝弊大于利

的观

点。作者前后态度不一致，变化突然，由此推知第三句应该在态度上与前面相比有所转折。

< p>
C

选项是原句

的释义，它引出了作者对建坝行为的 批评，为正确答案。此外，理解这句话的关键是理解

blind

一词，句中

取的是其引申义

盲目的

，而

B

选项和

D

选项都取其本义

盲人，瞎

，因而理解上有了偏差。

A< /p>

选项与文

意不符。

技巧：考生可以根据句子和段落前后的并列、转折等关系去解题。

aph

5,

powerless

probably

refers

2.

第五段的词语

很可能是指。

to.

[A] areas short of electricity

[B] dams without power stations

[C] poor countries around India

[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

[A]

缺电的地区

[B]

没有建发电站的大坝

[C]

印度周边的穷国

[D]

纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓

[

答案

] D

[

分析

]

本题考核的知识点是：词义题。难度：

0.29

首先从语法角度看，定冠词

the

加上形容词或分词 多用于表示具有某种属性的人群：如

the

rich

富人，

据此可排除将

the

< br>powerless

解释为

地区 、大坝、穷国

的干扰选项，直接得出

D

选项正确。此外根据上下

文可知，

ca use hardship for the powerless

与最后一句中的

The benefits are for the powerful

对应，

the p owerless

承担的是

苦难

，而

the

pow erful

获得的是

利益

；它们应该代表印度社会中的不同阶层：后者指有权有势

的人，那么前者应指无权无势的人，即大坝地区的平民百姓。

is the myth concerning giant dams?

[A] They bring in more fertile soil.

3.

关于大型水坝的神话是什么？

[A]

它们带来更肥沃的土地。

16

学诚考研资料

[B] They help defend the country.

[C] They strengthen international ties.

[D] They have universal control of the waters.

[B]

它们有助于国防。

[C]

它们加强国际关系。

[D]

它们普遍能够控制水。

[

答案

] D

[

分析

]

本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：

0.73

文章第四段第一句话明确指出

the myth of controlling the waters persists

，因此可知该神话 就是指

D

选项

的内容。

A

选项与第三段第二句提到的埃及的阿斯旺水坝使之失去沃土的内容相反。文中 只提到建坝是为

了证实自己的实力：

a symbol of achievement

（

第二段）

和

bidding for independence... needs a dam to prove itself

（第四段）

，而未提到是为了 保卫国家或加强国际关系，因此

B

、

C

选项不对。

the author tries to suggest may best be

4.

作者想通过本文说明的道理是。

interpreted as.

[A]

s no use crying over spilt milk

[A]

覆水难收，后悔是没用的

[B]

欲速则不达

[C]

三思而行

[D]

谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好

[B]

[C]

[D]

[

答案

] C

[

分析

]

本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。难度：

0.74

文章中作者的态度非常明确。全文都围绕建坝的盲目性而展开论说；最后一段，作者更是直接指出 ：

应该对大坝的影响做出正确的、科学的评估，放弃大坝的神话，吸取阿斯旺水坝的教训 。因而可以推知，

作者是在呼吁切忌盲目行动。只有

C

选项与作者提出的建议吻合，其他选项都不能正确反映作者观点。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

①

Perhaps it is humankind

s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing

the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

该句子的主干结构是强调句型

it is...that...

，

that

后面部分含有

make+

宾语（

n.< /p>

）

+

宾补（

a.

）的复合结构

make the idea so fasci nating

，

idea

后是

of

引导的介词短语做定语。

at the mercy of

意为

听凭…摆布，

完全受…

支配

，如：

at the mercy of fate

受命运的摆 布；

bid

（动词）意思很多，可表示

祝愿；命令，要求，吩咐；

投标，

出价 ，

报价；

尝试

，

如：

bid for independence

< p>
争取、

试图

（获得）

独立 ；

Turkey

s bid for First World

status includes the giant

土耳其 想通过阿塔特克大坝的建设获取第一世界地位。

句中

do our bidding

意为

按照

我们的指示做，按照我们的意愿办事

。

②

It doesn

t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and

people striving to assert themselves.

该句子的主干是

it

doesn

t

help

that...

，主语

it

代指上文中提到的

大的未必总是美的

< p>

这个教训，谓

语

help

后是一个从句，

其主干是

buildi ng a dam has become a symbol of achievement

；

分词短语

striving to assert

themselves

修饰

natio ns and people

。

it doesn

t help

意思是

无法阻止，不起作用

。

③

The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left

all in return for a giant reservoir of disease, which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

该句的核心句是

The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt

，

silt

后是

t hat

引导

的定语从句

that floods left

做定语；破折号后面部分做整个句子的状语，介词短语

in return for

（作为回报）

的宾 语是

giant reservoir of disease

，后面带了一个

which

引导的从句对它进行修饰。

④

This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the

troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

句子主干是

Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending in the troops

，主语之前是时间状语和地点状语。句

末的介词短语

in their contention over a dam on the Danube

做原因状语，指出两国派兵的原因。

short of

意思

17

学诚考研资料

是

离…有，差一点就…

< p>
，如：

We stopped a mile short of the top.

（我们在离山顶一公里处，即快到山顶的地

方停住了）

；

send in

意思是

派遣

。

⑤

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to

resolve these conflicts.

句子主干是

study can help to resolve conflicts

；谓语

study

后接了两个由

and

连接的并列的

< p>
of

介词短语，

说明

st udy

的内容，分开看应该是

study of the impacts of dams

和

study of the costs and benefits of controlling

water

。

⑥

It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.

It is

time that...

该…的时候了，是一种虚拟语气的形 式，后面从句中谓语注意要用过去时。强调做某个

事情的时机成熟了。如：

It is time that we learned to take care of ourselves.

佳句赏析

①

Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.

表达人们对宏伟、美好事物的欣赏和赞叹。如：

Few paintings can capture such rich imagination like Mona

Lisa

s smiling.

②

But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind.

这里暗含的意思是告 诫人们不要被表面的美好景象迷惑，

要理性地看到潜在的危害。

如：

Big cities

fast

development

has

really

provided

us

fascinating

conveniences

and

pleasure.

However,

to

be

fascinated

is

also,

sometimes, to be blind.

③

Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

这种表 达也用来暗示某种事物是一把双刃剑，不能只看到好的一面，而忽略了潜在的危险。

④

The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.

这种表语从句结构可以用来总结经验教训。如：

The lesson from this bad exam is that no pains, no gains.

⑤

But big dams tend not to work as intended.

表达一种事与愿违的遗憾。

如：

His parents put too much hope on the child, but his performance tended not to

work as intended.

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1) capture

（

v.

）夺得，攻占；捕获；

（

n.

）捕获，俘虏

(2) drought

（

n.

）旱灾

(3) fascinating

（

a .

）迷人的；

fascinate

（< /p>

v.

）迷住，强烈吸引

(4) strive

（

v.

）

（

to

）奋斗努力< /p>

(5) cement

（

v.

）胶合；巩固，加强；

（

n.

）水泥；胶泥，胶接剂

(6) deprive

（

v.

）

（

of

）

夺去，使丧失

(7) conten tion

（

n.

）争夺，竞争；争吵， 口角；

contend

（

v.

）斗争，竞争；坚决主张

(8) go

ahead

（

n.

） 批准，同意；如：

We

re all ready to start the new book, as soon as we get the go

ahead from the people concerned.

(9)wrong

headed

（

a.

）错误判断的；坚持错误的，执迷不悟的

(10) hydroelectric

（

a.

）水电的；

hydro

：前缀 ，表示

水

，< /p>

液体

。如：

hydrobiology

水生物学；

hydro

cooling

水冷法；

hydro

mania

投水狂，自溺

五、全文翻译

在重大技术所创造的东 西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。

（佳句①）可能正是因为人类长

期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。

（长难句①）但让人着迷有时

也就使人盲目。

（佳句②）有 几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。

（佳句③）

18

学诚考研资料

建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。

（佳句④）但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为

那些力争得到自我肯定 的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。

(

长难句②

< br>)

埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在

阿拉伯世界的领 导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。

但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。

（佳句⑤）以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了 尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使

埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个疾 病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，

几乎不能发电了。

（ 长难句③）

不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧 洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的

一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。

（长难句④）这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛

伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。

与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问指 出，该

大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝 只会给有权有势者带来

利益，而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。

对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决 这些冲突。

（长难句⑤）水力发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。但 当你相信神话时就很难做到

合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。

（长难句⑥）我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己。

Text 2

一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇介绍 美国生产力革命的文章。作者用改写谚语的方式提出文章主旨。论证部分先用数据说明

美 国经济形势没有商界人士认为的那样好，接着分析其原因是企业的生产力革命没有促进生产力的发展。

< p>
主要使用了数据、引文、及说理的论证方法。

第 一段：开始部分使用谚语作为引子，引出全文主题：美国生产力革命并没有改善经济状况。

第二段：指出官方统计数据无法证明经济的复苏，它和生产力飞跃增长的商业传奇不 相符合。本段结

构为总

-

分

< p>
-

总。第一句为主题句，中间部分使用数据说明，最后一句进行总结。

第三段至第五段：具体解释企业重组没有促进生产力发展的原因。

二、试题具体分析

ing

to

the

author,

the

American

1.

按照作者观点，美国经济形势。

economic situation is.

[A] not as good as it seems

[B] at its turning point

[C] much better than it seems

[D] near to complete recovery

[A]

不如表面看上去那么好

[B]

处于转折点

[C]

比表面看起来好得多

[D]

几乎完全复苏

[

答案

] A

[

分析

]

本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。难度：

0.84

第一段和第二段介绍了美国的经济形势。第一段指出，在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏 的

故事。但很难确定的是商界自认为正在进行的生产力革命究竟是否真实。可见，作者对 美国表现出来的经

济复苏的形势持怀疑态度。第二段进一步指出，官方的统计数字并不让 人乐观。最近的经济增长部分是由

于商业周期中出现反弹（

re bound

）造成的，因此不是企业复苏已经是潜在趋势的确凿证据。因此

A

选项是

对美国经济形势最好的概括。在文中可以发 现

discouraging,

trouble,

disjunction

等贬义词汇的运用，说明文

章的基调是沮丧的，因此

C

、

D< /p>

选项错误，

B

选项在原文中找不到相关表 述。

19