大学思辨英语精读Unit 4 Organization and Institution参考答案

Unit 4 Organization and Institution

Text A

Preparatory Work

(1)

a.

Institutionalization:

refers

to

the

process

of

embedding

some

conception

(for

example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an

organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer

to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or

welfare institution.

b. Solitary confinement:

is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated

from

any

human

contact,

often

with

the

exception

of

members

of

prison

staff.

It

is

mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually

for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure

of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it

can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.

c.

Parole:

is

the

provisional

release

of

a

prisoner

who

agrees

to

certain

conditions

prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is

medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical

or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying

the

law,

refraining

from

drug

and

alcohol

use,

av

oiding

contact

with

the

parolee’

s

victims,

obtaining

employment,

and

maintaining

required

contacts

with

a

parole

officer.

d.

Rehabilitation:

is

the

re- integration

into

society

of

a

convicted

person

and

the

main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as

criminal

recidivism.

Alternatives

to

imprisonment

also

exist,

such

as

community

service,

probation

orders,

and

others

entailing

guidance

and

aftercare

towards

the

offender.

(2)

Main publications:

Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior

(2nd ed.). Reading,

MA:

Addison

Wesley.,

1977,

Psychology

(3rd

Edition),

Reading,

MA:

Addison

Wesley Publishing Co., 1999,

Psychology And Life

, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing,

2005,

The

Lucifer

Effect:

Understanding

How

Good

People

Turn

Evil

,

Random

House, New York, 2007

Main research interests:

social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity

syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).

(3)

Name of experiment

Description

of

the

Relation of the experiment

experiment

with the text

Experiment on obedience

A

series

of

social

Closely

related

with

the

psychology

experiments

text

since

they

are

all

conducted

by

Yale

about

the

effect

of

University

psychologist

assigned roles.

Stanley

Milgram.

They

measured

the

willingness

of

study

participants,

men

from

a

diverse

range

of

occupations

with

varying

levels

of

education,

to

obey

an

authority

figure

who

instructed

them

to

perform

acts

conflicting

with

their

personal

conscience; the experiment

found, unexpectedly, that a

very

high

proportion

of

people

were

prepared

to

obey,

albeit

unwillingly,

even

if

apparently

causing

serious injury and distress.

Small-world

experiment

The

small-world

Not

closely

related

with

(six degrees of separation)

experiment

comprised

the

text

since

the

several

experiments

experiment

is

about

social

conducted

by

Stanley

networking

between

Milgram

and

other

individuals

in

the

United

researchers

examining

the

States.

average

path

length

for

social

networks

of

people

in

the

United

States.

The

research

was

groundbreaking

in

that

it

suggested

that

human

society

is

a

small-world-type

network

characterized

by

short

path-lengths.

The

experiments

are

often

associated

with

the

phrase

“six

degrees

of

separation”

,

although

Milgram

did

not

use

this

term himself.

Critical Reading

I. Understanding the text

1.

Part

Para(s)

Main idea

I.

Anecdote

and

1-2

A

case

showing

the

necessity

for

introduction

prison reform

II. Body

3-10

experiment)

III. Findings

IV

. Conclusion

(the

The

experiment

of

a

mock

prison

with

guards

and

prisoners

were

carried

out

and

had

to

end

earlier

because of the frightening effect.

11-13 (implication)

Individual

behavior

is

largely

under

the

control

of

social

forces

and

environmental

contingencies

rather

than

personality

traits,

character,

willpower,

or

other

empirically

un-validated

constructs.

14

(effects

of

The

prison

situation

is

guaranteed

prison)

to

generate

severe

pathological

reactions

in

both

guards

and

prisoners

as

to

debase

their

humanity, and make it difficult for

them to be part of a society outside

of their prison.

2.

(1)

Zimbardo uses the specific example

of a

prisoner’s

situation to

plea

d for prison

reform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.

(2)

They

conduct

an

experiment

about

the

effects

of

prison

on

both

guards

and

prisoners.

(3)

They

want

to

understand

what

it

means

psychologically

to

be

a

prisoner

or

a

prison guard.

(4)

The

24

participants

are

selected

randomly

from

volunteer

students

in

Palo

Alto

city and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated

prison.

(5)

At Stanford University in 1971.

(6)

The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.

(7)

Because

the

effects

of

prison

(abusing

and

being

abused)

on

those

being

experimented are frightening.

(8)

The

results

show

that

people

underestimate

the

power

and

pervasiveness

of

situational controls over behavior.

(9)

Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental

contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people,

perhaps

the

majority,

can

be

made

to

do

almost

anything

when

put

into

psychologically compelling situations

–

regardless of their morals, ethics, values,

attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.

II. Evaluation and exploration

(1)

Hypothesis:

the

change

of

environment

(including

changed

roles)

affects

one’s

behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which are