-
高考英语复习中的
100
个易错知识点
1.
能说
What a great
progress
!吗
例
—
______great progress he has
made
!
A
.
How
B
.
How a
C
.
What
D
.
What a
此题应选
C
。容易误选
D
,误认为
progress
是可
数名词。此题命题者主要考察了两个
方面的问题:一是感叹句句型;二是名词
progress
的可数性。
感叹句的基本结构是:
1
)
How
+
形容词/副词
+
主语
+
谓语!
2
)
What
+(
a/an
)
+
形容词
p>
+
名词
+
主语
p>
+
谓语!(主语为不可数名词或复数形式,其前不用
a
/
an
< br>)英语中除了像
air
,
wa
ter
,
milk
,
< br>iron
等这些中国人一目了然的不可数名词外,还有一些
不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有:
work
(工作)
,
news
(消息),
luck
(运气),
fun
(有趣的事),
home-wo
rk
(家庭作业),
advice
(劝
告、建议),
harm
(损害、伤
害)
,
progress
(进步),
inf
ormation
(信息、消息),
weather
(天气),
wealth
(财
富),
furniture
(家俱),
luggage
/
baggage
(行李),等。注意以下正误句型:
误:
I wish you a good
luck
.
正:
I wish you good
luck
.祝你好运。
误:
It's a great fun for us to
be with her
.
正:
It's great fun for us to
be with her
.我们同她在一起很有趣。
误:
He gave us
some advices
.
正:
He gave us some
advice
.他给我们提了些建议。
2
.名词
work
的三种用法
—
Where does Mr Smith
work
?
—
He works in a
glass_____around here
.
A
.
work
B
.
works
C
.
working
D
.
workes
此题应选
B
。容易误选
C
,误认为:因为其前用了不定冠词
a
,所以不能选
work
(因
为不可数)和
works
(因为是复数),
D
显然是错的。这里
work
有三个意思很容易弄混:
1
)表示
“
工作
”
是不可数名词:
He has too much work to
do
.他要做的工作太多。
1
/
82
2
p>
)表示
“
著作
”<
/p>
或
“
作品
”
p>
是可数名词,但多用复数:
The
man gained his wealth by printing words off
amouswriters
.
他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。
3
)表示
“
工厂
”
只用复数形式,但可表示单数意
义:
The glass
works is[ are] near the
station
.
玻璃工厂在车站附近。
类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式,而导致含义有变化:
green
绿色
greens
青菜,蔬菜
wood
木头,木材
woods
小树林
manner
方式,方法
manners
礼貌
arm
臂
arms
武器
water
水
waters
河川,海,温泉
spirit
精神
spirits
心境
quarter
四分之一
quarters
军营
custom
习惯
customs
关税
force
力气
forces
军队
.
3
.可以说
Two
teas
,
please
吗
例
—
Can
I help you
?
—
____
,
plea
se
.
A
.
Two teas
B
.
Two cups of
teas
C
.
Two cup teas
D
.
Two cup of tea
此题应选
A
。其余几项都容易被误选。要做好此题,先要弄清
tea
的两种用法:
1
)表示
“
茶
”
,是物质名词,不可数:
I don't like to drink
tea
.我不喜欢喝茶。
Would you like a cup of
tea
?要喝杯茶吗?
2
)在口语中可以表示
“
一杯茶
”
,是可数名词;
—
What can I do
for you
?你要吃点什么?
—
Two teas
,
please
.请来两杯茶。
但是值
得注意的是,虽然以上两种用法都可以,但千万不要将这两种用法混杂在一起。
如可以说
two
teas
,也可以说
two cupsof
tea
,但是不能说
two cups of teas
。
具有类似用法的词还有
coffee
(咖啡):
1
)表示
“
咖啡
”
,是物质名词,不可数:
2
/
82
I prefer tea to
coffee
.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡。
He served us with two cups of
coffee
.他用两杯咖啡招待我们。
2
)在口语中可以表示
“
一杯咖啡
”
,是可数名词
:
—
Can I help
you
?你要点什么?
—
Two coffees
,
please
.请来两杯咖啡。
同时也要注意不要将以上两种用法混在一起。如可以说
two
coffees
,也可以说
two
cups of
coffee
,但是绝对不能说
two cups
ofcoffees
。
4
.
hair
用不用
-s
差别很大
例
a
.
He must be very
old
.
Look
,
< br>he has grey _____
.
b
.
He
found some___in his soup
.
A
.
hai
r
,
hair B
.
< br>hairs
,
hairs
.
p>
C
.
hair
,
hairs D
.
hairs
,
hair
.
此题应选
C
。容易误选
A
,误认为
hair
永远不可数。其实
hair
这个词
既可以是可数
的,也可以是不可数,只是含义稍有变化:
1
)作为可数名词,是指一根一根的
“
头发
”
或<
/p>
“
毛发
”
:
p>
Look at
this
,
a hair in my
soup
.你瞧,我的汤里有根头发。
The cat has left her loose
hairs all over my
clothes
.猫掉的毛弄得我衣服上到处都是。
My father has quite a few
gray hairs
.我父亲已有不少白发。
There is not a gray hair on
his head
.他头上没有一根白头发。
2
)作为不可数名词是
“
头发
”
的总称,是集合名
词:
I'll have my
hair cut
.我要去理发。
He has blond
hair
.他有一头金发。
She has a beautiful head of
hair
.她有一头漂亮的头发。
The woman likes to do her hair in
foreign
style
.这个女人喜欢把头发梳成外国式。
试比较以下句子:
He has grey
hair
.他满头白发。
3
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82
He
has grey hairs
.他有些白发了。
5
.你会用
dozen
,
score
,
hundr
ed
,
thousand
,
mil lion
吗
例
I want
three_____these eggs
.
A
.
dozen
B
.
dozens
C
.
dozen of
D
.
dozens of
此题涉及两个方面的问题:一是
dozen
是否加词尾
-s
,二是其后是否接介词
of
。由于
在这个问题上
dozen
与
score
,
hundred
,
thousand
,
million
极为相似,所以这里将它们放在
一起叙述:
p>
1
)当这些词与具体数字连用时,不用复数形式,也不后接介词
p>
of
(尽管有人认为
score/dozen
之后有时可接
of
,但惯用法认为,省略
of
常见):
three hundred students
300
名
学生/
three sco
re
(
of
)
eggs 60
只鸡蛋
2
)当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数,则不仅要用
复数形式,而
且要后接介词
of
,然后才能后接名词:
thousands of
students
数千名学生/
dozens of
times
几
十次/
mil
-
lions of years ago
数百万年前
3
)当这些词与
a few
,
several
,
m
any
等数目不很具体的词连用时,用不用复数形式均
可,但
是注意:不用复数形式,其后的介词
of
可以省略;用复数形式,其后介词
of
不能
省略:
several dozen
(
of
)
pencils
/
several dozens of pencils <
/p>
几打铅笔
4
)当这些词后面的名
词有了
the
,
th
ese
,
those
等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是
us
,
them
这样的人称代词
时,则此时必须用介词
of
:
two hundred of the
workers
这些工人中的
200
人
/
threedozen of
these eggs
这些鸡蛋中的
3
打/
four dozen of them
它们中的
4
打通过以上分析:此题答案显
然只能是
C
。
6
.容易弄错的集合名词
例
It
is reported that a great number of ______died in
the drought
.
A
.
cattles
B
.
polices
C
.
peoples
D
.
poultry
此题应选
D
。其余几项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的用法,下面将集合名
词的有关用
法作一归纳:
Ⅰ类:这一类包括
cattle
(牛
),
people
(人),
polic
e
(警察),
poul
-
try
(家禽)
等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式,
但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不
与
a<
/p>
(
n
)连用,但可与
the
连用(表示总括意义和特指):
The police are looking for
him
.警察在找他。
People will laugh at
you
.人们会笑你的。
4
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82
Ⅱ类:这一类包括
family
p>
(家庭),
team
(队),
class
(班),
audience
(听众)等,
其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员
,表示复数意义。比较:
This class
consists of 45 pupils
.这个班由
45
个学生组成。
This class are studying
English now
.这个班的学生在学习英语。
Ⅲ类:这一类包括
baggage/luggage
(行李),
clot
hing
(衣服),
furniture
(家俱),
machinery
(机器)等,其用法特点为:
是不可数名词,要用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当
然更不能用数词),没有复数形式:<
/p>
Our clothing
protects us from[ against] the
cold
.我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your
baggage
?你所有行李都托运了吗?
7
.
means
用法易错点
例
Every possible means_____been
tried
,
and we find
only______this means can we do it
well
.
A
.
have
,
in B
.
have
,
by
C
.
has
,
in D
.
has
,
by
1
)单复数同形(永远有词尾
-s
)。若用作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较:
此题应选
D
。其余几项均容易被误选。这里主要涉及名词
means
(方式,方法,手段)
的用法与搭配:
All
possible means have been
tried
.所有可能的办法都已经试过了。
Every possible means has
been tried
.每种可能的办法都已经试过了。
p>
若句意不能明确
地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可:
Is [ Are] there
any other means of doing
it
?做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
2
)表示以某种方式、方法或手段,
用介词
by
:
Only by this means can you
do it well
.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。
有时用
by means
of
,意为:用,依靠:
Thoughts are expressed by means of
words
.思想靠语言来表达。
3
.表示做某事的方法或手段,多接
“
of
+(动)名词
”
:
But they had no means
of cooking
them
.但是他们没有办法来把它们煮熟。
5
/
82
Taking a plane is the
quickest means of getting
there
.去那儿最快的办法是坐飞机。
8
.能说
I'm good
friends with him
吗
例
—
p>
Jim
,
are you
_______of his
?
<
/p>
—
Yes
,
I'
m______with him
.
A
.
a good
friend
,
a good
friend
B
.
good
friends
,
good
friends
C
.
a good
friend
,
good
friends
D
.
good
friends
,
a good
friend
此题应选
C
。容易误选
A
。
第一句应填
a
good
friend
,这对于一般
考生来说可能不成问题,因为大家比较熟悉这
样的句型:
I'm a good friend of
hers
.我是她的一位好朋友。
He's a good friend of
mine
.他是我的一位好朋友。
第二句应填
good
friends
,这则是许多考生不理解的地方,因为此句主语明显是单数,
而后面的表语又怎么能用复数呢?按照英美人的看法:两个人交朋友,关系是彼此的,即
你是我的朋友,那我就是你的朋友,所以他们在这类表达中用复数名词。又如:
He has made friends
with her
.他已与她交上朋友。
Do you want to make friends
with him
?你想跟他交朋友吗?
类似地,以下各表达中,也要用复数:
He stood up and shook hands
with us
.他站起来与我们握手。
You have to change trains
at Wuhan
.你必须在武汉转车。
The teacher didn't let the
two boys change
seats
.老师没有让这两个小男孩换座位。
9
.选这个不定代词全靠语境
例
p>
A
:
Is______here
?
B
:
No
,
Bob and Jim have
asked for leave
.
A
.
anybody
B
.
everybody
6
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82
C
.
somebody
D
.
nobody
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
,认为这是疑问句,所以要选
A
。还有的考生可能会认为选
C
,因为某些特殊情况下(比如表示
邀请或请求等),
some
(
thin
g
)也可用于疑问句中。
此题的正确答案是
B
,此题主要考察的不是不定代词的句型用法,而是考察
在一定的上下
文(语境)如何选用适当的不定代词。
该题若不看下句,选
A
/
C
也是
可能的,比如一个人晚上走进一个空房子,就可能这样
问,其意大致为:这里有人吗?(
用
some
-
body
比
anybody
肯定意味更强)
,然而联系下句就
很错了:首先,
No
用得很荒唐(既然回答
No
,说明这里没有人,那么答话的人又是什么
呢?),其次从后面的
Bob and Jim have asked for leave
.(鲍勃和吉姆请假了)来看,这里显然
是一个
“
查问人数
”
的情景。这样,再回头来看看选项<
/p>
B
就顺理成章了(
Is
everybody
here
?大家
到齐了吗?)以下是测试不定代词在一定上下文的运用,请你试着选一选(注意
语境!):
例
The office is
empty because _____has gone
home
.
A
.
everyone
B
.
someone
C
.
no
one
D
.
all
答案:
A
10
.(
a
)
little/
(
a
< br>)
few
用法要点
例
If
we had followed his plan
,
we
could have done the job betterwith______money
and_____people
.
A
.
les
s
,
less B
.
< br>fewer
,
fewer
C
.
les
s
,
fewer D
.
fewer
,
less
此题的正确答案是
C
。此题主要考察不定代词
little
和
few
的比较等级及有关用法:
little
—
less
—
least
(修饰不可数名词);
few
—
fewer
—
fewest
(修饰可数名词)。
下面小结(
a
)
few
与(
a
)
< br>little
.的用法及区别:
1
)(
a<
/p>
)
few
之后必须接复数可数名词。
few
表
示数量很少或几乎没有,强调
“
少
”<
/p>
,含
有否定意义;
a few
表示数量虽然少,但有几个,强调
“
有
”
,含有肯定意义。试体会:
His theory is very
difficult
,
and few people
understand it
.他的理论很深奥,没有几个人
能
懂。
His theory is
very difficult
,
but a few
people understand it
.他的理论很深奥,但是有些
人懂。
2
)(
a
)
little
之后接不可数名词,
little
与
a little
区别跟
few
和
a few
之间的区别相同。
如:
Fortunately
,
I had a
little money on
me
.幸而我身上带着一点钱。
7
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82
Unfortunately
,
I
had little money on
me
.很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
3
)一般说来,在
only
,
still
,
qui
te
,
not
等词之后通常用
a few
或
a
little
,而在
very
,
p>
some
,
the
,
no
,
so
等词之后通常用
few
或
little
:
I have only a little
money
.我只有一点点
钱。
Ver
y few people like
him
.喜欢他的人很少。
11
.
another
之后可以接复数名词吗
例
A
:
Have you
finished your report yet
?
p>
B
:
No
,
I'll finish in _______ten
minutes
.
A
.
another
B
.
other
C
.
others
D
.
the other
此题应选
A
。容易误选
B
,
D
。许多考生认为此题首先要排除选项
A
,因为:
another
只接单数名词,而这里
ten
minutes
显然是复数,所以不能选它。事实上,此题答案正是
A
。确实,在通常情况下,
another
之后只能接单数名词:
正:
another student
另外一个学生
误:
another
students
(另外一些学生)
正:
other students
另外一些学生(其他学生)
但是值得注意的是:若
another
后的名词有数词或
few
修饰时,也可接复数名词:
正:
another few days
另外几天
正:
another five chairs
另外五把椅子
正:
another ten years
另外
10
年
正:
another two
dictionaries
另外两本词典
类似地,
every
也有以上用法特点:通常后接单数名词:
正:
every boy
每个男孩
误:
every boys
但是若
every
后的名词有数词修饰,则也可接复数名词:
正:
every ten
years
每
10
年
正:
every five metres
每
5
米正:
every three lines
每三行
12.
你会使用和区别
anothe
r
,
other
,
theother
,
others
,
the others
等不定代词吗
例
a
.
Where
are_____students
?
8
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82
b
.
Per
haps______may not think that
way
.
A
.
other
,
another B<
/p>
.
others
,
others
C
.
the
other
,
other
D
.
the
other
,
others
此题应选
D
。在各类考试中,考察不定代词时,命题者经常将
anoth
er
,
other
,
< br>the
other
,
othe
rs
,
the others
等混在
一起进行综合考察,这些不定代词总的特点是:它们不仅在
含义上有单复数之分,而且在
用法上有泛指(无
the
)和特指(有
the
)之别。
其具体用法可
归纳如下:
1
)指单数时,若是泛指用
another
(若直接接名词一定是单数),若是特指用
the
other
(若后接名词一定是单数):
He finished his cake and asked for anot
her
(
one
).他吃完了那块蛋糕
后又要了一块。
(泛指)
shut the other eye
,
too
.另一只眼也闭上。(特指)
2
)指复数时,若泛指用
other
(若后接名词一定是复数),若特指用
the o
ther
(若后接
名词一定是复数):
Other people
may object to your
idea
.别人可能会反对你的意见。
She is
cleverer than the
other students in her
class
.她比班上的其他学生要聪明些。(特指)
othe
rs
(表泛指)永远表
示复数意义(
且其后不能再接名词),其用法大致相当于
“other+
复数
名词
”
。同样地
the
others
(表特指)也永远表示复数意义(其后也不能接名词),大致相当于
p>
“the other+
复数名词
”
。
13
.
some
何时用于疑问句和否定句
例
—
I feel a bit
hungry
.
—
Why don't you have
_______bread
?
A
.
any
B
.
some
C
.
little
D
.
a
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
(因为这是疑问句)。其实在表示邀请的疑问句中,正是要
用
some
而不用
any
。关于
some
/
any
的用法,一般说来,
some
用于肯定句中,
any
用于
否定句和疑问句中。但这只是通常的情况,以下特殊情况须注意:
1
)希望得到肯定回答的疑问句通常用
some
:
May I have some
paper
?我可以拿些纸吗?
Aren't there some stamps in that
drawer
?
那抽屉里不是有几张邮票吗?
Didn't he give you some
money
?他不是给了你一些钱吗?
9
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82
2
)表示请求或建议的疑问句通常用
some
:
Why not
give her some
flowers
?为什么不送她些花呢?
Would you like some
bananas
?吃点香蕉吗?
Won't you have some
more
?你不再要一点吗?
Shall I get some chalk for
you
?要我给你拿些粉笔来吗?
3
)
some
有时用于下面这样的否定句:
I don't like some of the
films
.这些电影中有几部我不喜欢。
比较:
I do not like
any of the
films
.这些电影中我一部也不喜欢。
14
.有关不定代词的肯定与否定,
两者与三者等
例
A
:
Shall I sit at
this end of boat or the other
end
?
B
:
If you keep
still
,
you can sit at
_____end
.
A
.
neither
B
.
each
C
.
either
D
.
any
此题应选
C
。容易误选
D
,本句句意为
“
只要你不动,坐任何一头都行
”
,这很容易按
汉语意思联系到
any end
。从意思上看,选项
A
表示否定,意思不通;选项
B
不可
能(因
为一个人不能同时坐在船的两头);而选项
D
也是错的(因为
any
指的三者,
而本题所涉
及的
“
船
< br>”
只有两个
end
),选项
C
正合适(因为它表示:两者当中的任何一个)。
下面我们将以上知识点作一归纳:
1
.做此类题首先要从句意上判断是
用表肯定的不定代词还是用表否定的不定代词,并
据此排除其中一些错误选项。
2
.表示两者和三者的不定代词:
1
)指两者:
both
/
either
/
neither
/
each
2
)指三者(以上):
all
/
any
/<
/p>
none
/
no one
/
every
/
each
p>
3
.用法说明:
2
p>
)否定词(如:
not
,
< br>hardly
等)只能出现在
any
,
either
之前,而不能出现在其后。
3
)
all
,
both
,
every
等与
not
连用表示部分否定(
each
不这样用);若表示完全否定,则需换用
none
(其后可
接
of
短语),
neither
(其后可接
of
短语),
no
one
(其后一般不接
of
短语)。
1
)不定代词一般可作主语,宾语,定语;
all
,
both
,
each
还可作同位语。但是注意:
every
只能放在名词前作定语,不能单独使用,通常也不接
of
短语。
10
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82
15
.回答
what
,
who
,
< br>how many
等要用什么不定代词
例
—
How many students took part in
it
?
—
______
.
A
.
Nobody
B
.
No one
C
.
None
D
.
No one
此题应选
C
。容易误选
A
,
B
。
在通常情况下,回答以
what<
/p>
,
who
,
ho
w many
等开头的疑问句,有一定的讲究:
1
)以
What
开头的疑问句,否定回答通常用
Nothing
:
—
What did he say at the
meeting
?他在会上讲了些什么?
—
Nothing
< br>.什么也没有讲。
—
What's in the
box
?这盒子有什么?
—
Nothing
.什么也没有。
2
)以
Who
开头的疑问句,否定回答通常用
Nobody
,
No
one
:
—
Who was late
today
?今天谁迟到了?
—
No
one
.没有人迟到。
—
Who has read the
book
?谁读过这本书?
—
Nobody
.没有人。
< br>
3
)以
How
many
,
How much
开头的疑问句,否定回答通常用
None
:
—
How many dictionaries did
you buy yesterday
?
昨天你买了几本字典?
—
None
.一本也没买。
—
How much money did he lend
you
?
他借给你多少钱?
—
None
.一分也没有。
16
.有无冠词,意思有别
例
Can
you finish the book in a month or
two
?
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82
a
.
Yes
,
it's out
of________quetion
.
b
.
No
,
it's out of_____question
.
A
.
the
,
the
B
.
×
,
p>
×
D
.
×
,
the
C
.
the
,
×
此题应选
D
。比较:
1
)
out of question
没问题(=
without
question
)
2
)
out of the
question
根本不可能(=
impossible
p>
)仅差一个冠词,意思几乎相反。比较
以下类似句:
1
)
a
.
Three months after her
marriage
,
she was with child<
/p>
.婚后三个月她就怀孕
了。
b
.
She came to see me with a
child
.
她带着一个小孩来看我。
2
)
a
.
Great changes have taken place here since
1978
.
1978
年以来,这里发生了巨大的变化。
b
.
Now
plastics have taken the place of many materials
.现在塑料已代替了许多材料。
3
)
a
.
Mr Smith is in
charge of our class
.
史密斯先生管理我们班。
b
.
Our
class is in the charge of Mr
Smith
.
我们班由史密斯先生管理。
4
)
a
.
The old woman is in possession of a large fortune
.
这个老太婆拥有大宗财产。
b
.
Large fortune
is in the possession of the old
woman
.大宗财产掌握在这个老太婆手里。
17
.用冠词,表示具体实体:不用
冠词,表示相关活动
例
a
.
I saw ten
people seated around
_____table
.
b
.
It's bad
manners to blow your nose at
_____table
.
A
.
a
,
a
B
.
< br>×
,
×
C
.
a
,
×
D
.
the
,
a
12
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82
此题选
C
。第一空填不定冠词(当然若是特指也可用定冠词),这是把
table
当作一
个具体的
“
实体
”
来看待;第二
空不用冠词,因为这里的
table
已不是一个具体的
“
实体
”
,而
是指与桌子有关的一项
“
< br>活动
”——
吃饭。英语中有很多这样的情况:当一个名词
表示一个
具体的
“
实体
”
(如具体的场所、具体的建筑物等)时,它可以与冠词连用;但当它不是表<
/p>
示一个具体的实体而是表示与之相关的一项活动时,则通常不用冠同。
现举例如下:
1
)
go
to school
去上学(读书)
go to a [ the] school
到学校去(不是读书)
2
)
go to bed
上床睡觉
go to a
[
the
]
bed
到床边去(不是睡觉)
3
)
in prison
坐牢
in
a [ the] prison
在监狱里(不是坐牢)
4
)
go
to sea
当海员,做水手,出海
go to the sea
到海边去(不是当水手等)以上情况还可以有其它结构:
at
school
在校读
书/
at
church
在做礼拜/
be in bed
在睡觉/
be sent to prison
被关进牢房等等。但是以下用
法属例外(其中的冠词不能少):
go to the cinema
去看电影/
go to the office
去办公室上班
等。
18
.乐器名词前一定要加定冠词吗
例
He loves playing
_______piano
,
but he hasn't
got ______piano of his own
.
A
.
the
,
the B
.
the
< br>,
a C
.
a
< br>,
the D
.
a
,
a
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
。有不少考生认为乐器名词前一定要用定冠词。如:
She plays the piano very
well
.她钢琴弹得好。
She studies the piano under Mr
Smith
.她在史密斯先生的指导下学习钢琴。
He practised
(
on
)
the piano every
day
.他每天练习钢琴。
以上各句均正确,并且其前的定冠词通常不能省略(因为其中的
piano
指的不是钢琴
这个实体,
而是指钢琴演奏、钢琴理论、钢琴技巧等抽象意义)。但是以下各例则没有用
定冠词(因
为其中的
piano
指的是钢琴这个实体):
He has two
pianos
.他有两部钢琴。
He bought a piano for
her
.他给她买了部钢琴。
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82
注意,球类运动名词也有类似特点:
1
)表示球类活动时,不用冠词(也不用复数):
He plays basketball
every day
.他每天打篮球。
He is good at
volleyball
.他排球打得好。
2
)表示球类实体时,可用冠词(也
可用复数):
Did you
see a football in the classroom this
morning
?
今天早上你在教室里看见足球了吗?
There are some basketballs in the
comer
.角落里有几个篮球。
19
.物质名词和抽象名词前何时用或不用冠词
例
The teacher said______snow is
white
,
but_____snow on the
road is red
.
Why
?<
/p>
A
.
the
,
the
B
.
×
p>
,
×
D
.
×
,
the
C
.
the
,
×
此题应选
D
,容易误选
B
,误认为:
snow
是物质名词,其前永远不用冠词。
在
通常
情况下,物质名词和抽象名词在表示一般概念(即泛指)时,不用冠词(即使有描绘
性定
语修饰也不用冠词)。但是如果物质名词和抽象名词不是表示一般概念,而是表示某
一特
定内容(尤其是有限定性定语修饰)时,或当它们表示
“<
/p>
一种
”
、
“
p>
一场
”
、
“
一份
”
等意思
时,则
可以加冠词。试做以下试题:
1
)
I like to
eat_______fish
,
but____fish I
ate last night
ma be me
sick
.
A
.
the
,
the
B
.
×
,
×
C
.
the
,
×
D
.
p>
×
,
the
2
)
______air is
necessary to
life
,
but______air around
here
is not
fresh
.
A
.
the
,
the
B
.
×
,
×
C
.
the
,
×
D
.
×
,
the
3
)
A
:
Do
you like to listen
to_____music
?
B
:
It all
depends
.
In fact only
like_____music by
Mozart
.
A
.
the
,
the B
.
×
,<
/p>
×
C
.
the
,
×
D
.<
/p>
×
,
the
4
)
A
:
He
has no sense of
_______humour
.
<
/p>
B
:
No
,
p>
you didn't catch _____humour in his
remark
.
< br>A
.
the
,
< br>the
B
.
< br>×
,
×
14
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82
C
.
the
,
×
D
p>
.
×
,
the
答案:
1
.
D
2
.
D
3
.
D
4
.
D
<
/p>
20
.你知道
“the+
形容词
”
的用法吗
例
a
.
The wounded____
to the hospital
.
b
.
The beautiful
____ for ever
.
<
/p>
A
.
was
,<
/p>
lives
B
.
were
,
live
C
.
was
,
live
D
.
were
,
lives
此题应选
D
,主要考察
“the+
形容词
”
结构。
用法注意:
1
)表示性质或特征相同的人,具有复数意义:
The rich are not always happier than
the poor
.富人并不一定总比穷人幸福。类例:
the
deaf
聋人
the dead
死者
the blind
盲人
the young
年轻人
the weak
弱者
the old
老
人
the strong
强者
the
sick
病人
the wounded
伤员
the
killed
被杀者
the
injured
受伤者
the
living
活着的人
the
unemployed
失业者
the
oppressed
被压迫者
the oppressing
压迫者
2
)指抽象概念,表示单数意义:
The true always
triumphs
.真理永远获胜。类例:
the good
善良
the right
正义
the true
真实
the bad
坏事
the
humorous
幽默感有时可能根据其含义的不同,用法也会有所变化。如
the
good
既可表示抽象意义(=
what
is
good
),具有单数意义,也可表示人的类别(=
those who are good
),具有复数意义。又如以下两例中的
the
old
:
The old are respected in our
country
.
在我国老年人受到尊重。
The new is sure to replace the
old
.
新的东西肯定会代替旧的东西。
21
.人名前可用冠词吗
例
____are coming to see us
tonight
.
15
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82
A
.
The
Smith
C
.
Mr Smiths
B
.
The Smiths
D
.
Mr
Smith
此题应选
B
。容易误选
C
,
D
,因为在通常情况下,人名前不用冠词。此题要选
B<
/p>
,
理由是:姓氏的复数形式前加定冠词,可以表示某一家人或某某
夫妇。又如:
The Lius
live upstairs
.刘家住在楼上。
The Blacks managed to buy a
computer for their son
.
布莱克夫妇设法为他们的孩子买了台电脑。
以下各例的人名前也用了冠词,请注意它在汉语中的意思:
A Mr Brown wants to see
you
.一位叫布朗先生的人要见你。
They thought he was a Zhuge
Liang
.他们认为他是个诸葛亮。
He is a Newton of
today
.他是当代的牛顿。
The painting on the wall is a
Rembrandt
.
墙上的这幅是伦勃朗的作品。
Lu Xun was called the Gorkey of
China
.
鲁迅被认为是中国的高尔基。
He was the Homer of his
age
.他是他那个时代的荷马。
He's sitting in the
Ford
.他坐在福特牌汽车里。
A few minutes later he was met by an
anxious Miss Smith
.
几分钟后焦急的史密斯小姐向他迎了上来。
22
.比较级前可用冠词吗
例
Which
is____country
,
Canada or
Australia
?
B
.
larger
C
.
a
larger
D
.
the larger
A
.
a
large
此题应选
D
。容易误选
B
,有的考生认为只有形容词最高级前才加
the
,而比较级前
不用
the
。但是此题正是要选比较级前带有
the
的答案
D
。理由是:
the larger
中的
the
不是修饰比较级
larger
,而是修饰其后的名词
country
(表特指)。试比较:
16
/
82
Which is
larger
,
Canada or
Australia
?
下面小结比较级前带有冠词的用法:
1
)当比较级与
of the
two
连用(或上下文暗示是特指两者中之一)时,比较级前通常
用
the
:
He is the cleverer of the two
boys
.他是这两个男孩中较聪明的一个。
2
)某些词语(如
by
far
)放在比较级之前作修饰语时,通常要用
the
:
This is by far the
better
.这要好得多。
p>
3
)当比较级之后接有名词时,通常也要有冠词(该冠词修饰其后的
名词),同时要根
据上下文确定是特指(用
the
)还是泛指(用
a
/
an
):
Do you have a
bigger size
?
This one
is
a
bit
tight
for
me
.你有大一点型号的吗?这个对我来说稍紧了一点。下列情况比较级前
也用
the
(此时
the
是副词):
1
.用于
“the+
比较级
”
(句子常有表示原因、理由或条件的状语):
I
feel
the
better
for
my
walk
.散了一下步我觉得舒服多了。/
I hove him all the
more for [ because of] his faults
.正因为
p>
他有缺点,所以我越发喜欢他。
2
.用于<
/p>
“the+
比较级,
the+
比较级
”
,表示
“
越
…
越
”
时:
The
sooner
,
the
better
.越快越好。
The more a man
has
,
the more he
wants
.人越有越想要。
23
.说明整个类属,要用定冠词
例
Alexander Graham Bell
invented____telephone in
1876
.
B
.
a
C
.
the
D
.
one
A
.
×
此题应选
C
。容易误选
B
,认为这是不定冠词表
“
类属
”
。确
实不定冠词可用来表示
“
类
属
”
(这是它最基本的用法),此时它表示的是某一类属中的每一个人或每
一个东西都能说
明该类属的整体情况(有类似汉语的
“
举一反三
”
或
“
以此类推
”
的含义),此时也可用定冠
词或名词复数形式来表示:马是有用的动物。
正:
A horse is a
useful animal
.
正:
The horse is a useful
animal
.
正:
Horses are useful
animals
.
但是,若不是说明每一个人和东西的情况,而是说整个类属,则不用不定冠词,要用
定冠词(此时多与
“
发明
”
、
“
绝种
”
这样的意义相联系):
电话是
1876
年发明的。
17
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82
正:
The telephone
was invented in 1876
.
误:
A telephone was invented
in 1876
.
老虎有绝种的危险。
正:
The tiger is in danger of
becoming extinct
.
误:
A tiger is in
danger of becoming extinct
.
但是以下说法是可以的,因为它涉及的不是整个类属:
正:
He invented a
new machine last year
.
他去年发明了一种新机器。
正:
He killed a
tiger all by
himself
.他独自一人杀死了一只老虎。
24
.要注意比较对象的一致性
例
His camera is more expensive
than____
.
B
.
her
C
.
it
D
.
its
A
.
hers
此题应选
A
,容易误选
B
,这里涉及的主要是
比较对象的一致性问题。正如我们不能将
“
一
< br>公斤肉
”
与
“
< br>一尺布
”
进行比较一样,我们不能将
“
他的照相机
”
与
“
她(它)
”
比较。比较以<
/p>
下正误句型:
中国人口比日本(的人口)多得多。
误:
The population of China is
much larger than Japan
.
(
“
中国的
人口
”
不能与
“
日本
”
比较)
正:
The
population of China is much latger than that
ofJapan
.(句中
that=the
population
)
解放前我们的生活比牛马还不如。
误:
Before liberation our
life was worse than draught animals
.(
p>
“
我们的生活
”
不
能与
“
牛马
”
比较)
正:
Before liberation our life
was worse than that of draught animals
.
(
that
=
the
life
)
美国大部分的公路都比欧洲的宽。
正:
Most of the highways in
America are wider than those in
Europe
.(
those=the
highways
)
误:
Most of the highways in
America are wider than Europe
.(
< br>“
美国公路
”
不能与
“
欧洲
”
比
较)
18
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82
25
.
than any other
还是
than any ?
例
Canada is
larger than____ country in
Asia
.
B
.
any
other
C
.
other
D
.
another
A
.
any
此题应选
A
。很容易误选
B
,因为
than any other
< br>这一表达在许多考生脑海里已成了一
种
“
定势
”
,可以脱口而出。而出题者也正是利用考生这一
“
定势
”
设置
陷阱。此题要选
A
,
这里涉及的不仅仅是一个语法问题,而且还包括一个逻辑和常识问题。试比较(
a
句错,
b
句对):
1
)
a
.
Ch
ina is larger than any country in
Asia
.中国比亚洲任何国家都要大。(因为
China
在亚洲范围之内,所以由此句推出:中国比中国也
要大,显然荒唐)
b
.
China is larger
than any other country in
Asia
.中国比亚洲任何其它国家都要大。
2
)
a
p>
.
Canada is Iarger than any
other country in Asia
.加拿大比亚洲任何其它国家都要
大。(由于
Canada
不在亚洲范围之内,所以无需用
other
)
b
.
Canada is
larger than any country in
Asia
.加拿大比亚洲任何国家都要大。
以上分析告诉我们:在这类比较级句型中,
other
的主要作用是排除
“
自己跟自己比较
”
的可
能。具体地讲:如果所谈及的人或事物在
比较范围之内则用
other
,不在比较范围之内则不用
other
。顺便说一句,除了用
other
来排除
“
自己与自己比较
”
之外,我们还可用
else
:
This book is more interesting than any
book else
.
[
=
than any other book]
这本书比其它任何一
本书都更有趣。
2
6
.你会正确使用比较等级的修饰语吗
例
A
:
He is____
cleverer than his brother
.
<
/p>
A
.
more
,
much
B
.
quite
,
by far
D
.
very
,
a lot
<
/p>
C
.
far
,<
/p>
by far
此题应选
C
。其余几项均有可能被误
选。此题主要考察比较等级的修饰语。不能选
A
,
B
,
D
的原因是
more
,
quite
,
very
等均不能修饰比较级。
far
/
by far
都可以修饰比较级和最高级,注意以下几点:
1
.
far
可以修饰比较级和最高级,且通常前置。
2
.
by
far
也可以修饰比较级和最高级,且可以前置也可以后置。但是,若置于比较级
p>
前,通常应在比较级前加上
the
。
正:
This is far
better
.这要好得多。
19
/
82
正:
This is far
the best
.这是最最好的。
正:
This is better by
far
.这要好得多。
正:
This is by far the
better
.这要好得多。
正:
This is by far the
best
.这是最最好的。
正:
This is the best by
far
.这是最最好的。
形容词和副词原级、比较级和最高级的常见修饰语:
1
.修饰原级:
very
,
quite
,
rather
,
too
,
pretty
,
how
,
so
等
.
p>
2
.修饰比较级:
even
,
much
,
still
p>
,
rather
,(
by
)
far
,
not
any
,
a
lot
,
a
little
,
a
bit
,
twice
,
thre
e times
等
.
注意:
quite
一般不用来修饰比较级,但有一个特例,即
quite
better
(指身体情况)。
<
/p>
3
.修饰最高级:(
by
)
far
,
much
,
nearly
,
al
most
,
quite
,
by nomeans
以及
the
very
,
the
second
,
the next
等
.
27
.你会使用
as...as
结构的修饰语吗
例
After the new
technique was introduced
,
the factory produced____ tractors in 1988 as
the year before
.
A
.
as twice many
B
.
as many
twice
D
.
twice many as
C
.
twice as
many
此题应选
C
。主要考察在比较句型中
as…as
这一结构修饰语的位置。关于这一问题以
下几个方面是命题者经常涉及的考点:
1
)
as…as
结构有哪些修饰语。主要的有:
just
,
quite
,
nearly
,
almost
,
exactly
,
half
,
twi
ce
,
three times
等:
He
is just as tall as his
father
.他刚好与他父亲一样高。
It's not nearly so
difficult as you think
.
这远不像你想像的那样难。
2)
修饰
as…as
结构的词语的位置:只能放在
as…as
结构之前,绝不能插入其中:
This rope is exactly as long as that
one
.
这根绳子与那根绳子恰好一样长。
20
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82
He hasn't been quite so
unlucky as he pretends
.
他不像他装的那样不幸。
3
)
as…as
结构的其它注意点:该结构一定要用形容词或副词的原级,不能用比较级或
最高级。
在肯定句中要用
as…as
,但是在否定句中用
as?
as
/
so…as
均可:
The
horse
is
getting old and can't run
as [so] fast as it
did
.这匹马老了,不如以前跑得快了。
28
.你能正确理解
no+
比较级
+than
结构吗
例
A
:
Is he very
rich
?
B
:
No
,
not at
all
.
He's____richer than a
beggar
.
A
.
not
B
.
no
C
.
much
D
.
more
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
,误认为这是一般的肯定句变为否定句,用
not
不用
no
。其
实此题要选
B
,句意为
“
他跟乞丐一样
穷
”
。其中的
no+
比较级
+
than
意为
“
与
?
一样不
”
,否
定两者,大致相当于该比较级形容词或副词的反义词。如:
1
)
a
.
This box is not bigger
than that one
.
这个盒子不如那个盒子大。
b
.
This box is no
bigger than that one
.
这个盒子与那个盒子一样不大。
(=
This box is as
small as that one
.)
2
)
a
p>
.
He didn't arrive earlier than
Mary
.他没有玛丽来得早。
b
.
He
arrived
no
earlier
than
Mary
.他与玛丽一样来得不早。(=
He
arrived
as
late
as
Mary
.)类例:
no
taller than
=
as short as
一样矮
no more clever
than
=
as foolish as
一样蠢注
意以下句型也属类似情况:
no
more
than
表示对两者都否定,意为
“
同
?
一样不
”
(=
neither
?nor
):
He's no more a writer
than a painter
.他不是画家,也不是作家(正如他不是
画家一样,他也不是作家)。(=
He is
nei
-
ther a painter nor a
writer
.)
A whale is no more
a fish
than a hor
se
.马不是鱼,鲸也不是鱼(正如马不是鱼一样,鲸也不是鱼)。(
< br>Neither a
horse nor a whale is a
fish
.)
29
.你会正确区分
older
p>
/
elder
,
f
arther
/
further
吗
例
—
Who
is____
,
Jim or
Jack
?
—
Jim and his father wants to
send him to the US for____
education
.
A
.
older
,
farther
B
.
older
,
further
21
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82
C
.
eld
er
,
farther
D
.
elder
,
further
此题应选
B
,主要考察
older
/
elder
和
farther
/
further
的区别:
1
.关于
older
/
elder
:
1
)用于家人之间表示长幼关系,通
常用
elder
(在美国英语中也用
older
):
one's
elder[older] brother
哥哥/
the elder [older]daughter
大女儿
2
)
elder
只指人不指物,只用作定语,不用作表语,且不用于比较句型,但
older
无此
限制:
误:
He is elder than
me
.
正:
He is older than
me
.他年纪比我大。
误:
Which building is
elder
,
this one or that
one
?
正:
Which building is
older
,
this one or that
one
?这座建筑和那座建筑哪座古老些?
2
.关于
farther
/
further
:<
/p>
1
)在英国
英语中,两者均可用来指距离(但美国英语倾向于用
farther
):
Can you go any farther
[further]
?你还走得动吗?
2
)若用于引申义,表示
“
更进一步
”
、
“
更多
”
等义,则只能
用
further
:
We'll further discuss it
.我们会进一步讨论它。
3
.
eldest
/
oldest
,
farthest
/
furthes
t
的区
别同上。
30
.表示
“
在
...
之后
”
,
in
与
after
的区别只在于时态吗
例
a
.
He will come
back____ two days
.
b
.
He
will come back____ two
o'clock
.
A
.
in
,
< br>in
B
.
after
,
after
p>
C
.
after
,
in
D<
/p>
.
in
,
aft
er
此题应选
D
。容易误选
A
,
< br>B
,错误思维可能有:
p>
1
.有的考生认为,
“
在
?
之后
”
要用
after
,所以选
B
。
2<
/p>
.有的考生认为,表示
“
在
?
之后
”
,要分两种情况,
若句子是将来时,用介词
in
;若
句子是过去时,用
after
。由于此题两句均为将来时,所以选
A
。
以上观点有正确的一面,也有不妥的一面。关于介词
in
与
after
表示
“
在
?
之后
< br>”
的区别
22
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82
应该是:
1
.与一段时间连用时,表示
“
在
p>
?
之后
”
,
after
表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后,
通常与过去时态连用;而
in
表示以现在为起点的一段时间以后,通常与将来时态连用:
Her husband arrived there
after two days
.
他丈夫两天后就到了那里。
Our headmaster will come back in a few
minutes
.
我们校长过几分钟就回来。
2
.与一
点时间连用时,表示
“
在
?
之后
”
,只能用
after
(不用
in
),可用于过去时或将来
时:
They came back
after 4 o'clock
.
他们是四点钟以后回来的。
31
.能说
by foot
和
by the first bus
吗
例
—
Did
you go there by bus or____
foot
?
—
I went there____ the first
bus
.
A
.
on
,
a
t
B
.<
/p>
on
,
by
<
/p>
C
.
by
,
p>
on
D
.
by
,
in
此题应选
B
。容易误选
C
,错误思路为:由
by
plane
,
by
bus
,
by
plane
,
by bike
等推出
by
foot
;又因为
by bus
等不用冠词,所以反过来,用了冠词则不用
by
,而用
on
,
in
等。
此题要选
B
。介词
by
表示
“
乘坐
”
交通工具要注意:<
/p>
1
.后接交
通工具(
bus
,
bike
,
train
等)或与交通工具密切相关的名词
(
air
,
water
等),在句中主要用作方式状语(有时也用作表语等),注意不用冠词或其它限定词:
Do you go to school by
bus or by
bike
?你上学是乘公共汽车还是骑自行车?
He came here by
air
,
not by
train
.他是坐飞机来的,不是坐火车来的。
2
.若表示交通工具的名词有定语修
饰,则可以用冠词:
I'm
going by the 9
∶
30 train
.我坐
9
∶
30
的火车去。
We went to Shanghai by a large
ship
.我们乘一艘大船去上海。
3
.
“
步行<
/p>
”
或
“
骑马
p>
”
,英语用介词
on
:
He came here on foot
(
horseback
).他是步行
(骑马)来的。
23
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82
4
.以下表达与上述用法类似(注意
:也不用冠词或其它限定词):
by phone
用电话
by telegram
用电报
by letter
用信件
by
express
用快件
by post
用邮寄
by
radio
用无线电
32
.
shout at
,
shout to
的区别是什么
例
he
was so angry that he shouted____everyone
present
.
B
.
to
C
.
for
D
.
with
A
.
at
此题应选
A
。容易误选
B
。
shout at
sb
/
shout to sb
的区
别可大致描述为:前者多指因为
生气等而非善意地对某人吼叫,后者多指因距离远而不得
不大声叫喊(否则对方无法听
见),不带生气等感情因素。进一步归纳可得出:这类用法
中的介词
at
表示目标或预定目
的,介词
to
只是客观地表示一种方向。体会以下类似句子:
1
)
a
p>
.
The dog came at the
boy
.狗向小男孩扑来。(意即咬人)
b
.
The
dog came to the boy
.
狗向小男孩走过来。(无咬人之意)
2
)
a
p>
.
All of them ran at
me
.他们都向我扑来。(意即攻击我)
b
.
All
of them ran to me
.他们都向我跑过来。
(无攻击之意)
3
)
a
p>
.
He threw the ball at
me
.他把球向我砸来。(意欲打我)
b
.
He
threw the ball to
me
.他把球抛给我。(无打人之意)
4
)
a
p>
.
He shouted at his
wife
.他对他妻子吼叫。(意在训人)
b
.
He
shouted to his
wife
.他朝他妻子大声喊叫。
(无训人之意)
33
.
between
只能用于两者吗
例
____sewing
,
cooking
,
an
d raising children
,
she was
kept busy
.
A
.
Between
B
.
p>
Among
C
.
At
D
.
On
此题很容易误选
B
,因为题中涉及的
是
“
三者
”
,
所以很容易联想到
among
,其实此题应
选
A
。
24
/
82
一般说来,
between
指两者,
among
指三者。但是在现代英语中,
among
表示三者(以
上)的
“
在中间
p>
”
,其宾语通常是一个表示笼统数量或具有复数意义的名词或代词:
among the
children
在孩子们中间/
among the
crowd
在人群中
下列情况
between
可用于三者(且一般不用
among
换):
1
.三者或三者以上的人或物用
and
连接时:
Switzland lies between France
,
ltaly
,
Austria
and Germany
.瑞士位于法、意、奥、德四
国之间。
2
.对于
三者或三者以上的人或物,若要表示在每两者之间(即彼此之间)时:
Don't eat anything between
meals
.在正餐之间不要吃零食。
3
.指事物间的区别或彼此间的关系
时:
Do you know
the difference between the
three
?
你知道这三者之间的区别吗?
4
.表示由于共同合作的结果时:
Between them they landed
the fish
.他们协力把鱼拖上了岸。注:在
divide
,
share
等表
p>
示
“
分享
”
之类的动词之后若接一个表示三者或三者以上的复数名词,可用
p>
between
(也可用
among
):
He divided his money
between[among] his six
children
.他把钱分给了
6
个儿子。
34
.这个
to
是介词还是不定式符号
例
We
are looking forward to ____ from
Mary
.
B
.
hearing
C
.
heard
D
.
have heard
A
.
hear
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
,认为其前的
to
是不定式符号。
to
有时是不定式符
号,有时
是介词。用作介词时,注意以下常见搭配:
look forward to
盼望
devote to
致力于,献身于
pay attention to
注意
stick to
坚持
be
used to
习惯于(但
used to
表示过去经常,
to
为不定式符号;
be used to
表示
“
被用
来
”
时,
to
也是不定式符号)
on the way to
即将成为(但表示
“
在做某事的路上
”
时
p>
to
是不定式符号)
练习题
:
25
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82
1
.
He
was devoted to____ the poor
.
A
.
help
B
.
helping
C
.
helped
D
.
being helped
2
.
The
weather was Cold
,
but soon he
got used to____ there
.
A
.
live
B
.
liv
ing
C
.
lived
D
.
having lived
3
.
You should
pay more attention to____ with those who differ
with you
.
A
.
unite and
work
B
.
uniting and
working
C
.
unite and
working
D
.
uniting and
work
4
.
She was on her
way to____ her Daughter
.
A
.
seeB
.
p>
seeing
C
.
sawD
.
have seen
5
.
He was on the
way to ____ an engineer
.
A
.
bec
ome
B
.
becoming
C
.
became D
.
be
答案:
1
.
B 2
.
B
3
.
B
4
.
A
5
.
B
35
.
except
后能接哪些词
例
A
:
Does he often
come to see you
?
A
.
except
B
.
except that
C
.
except
when
D
.
except
for
此题很容易误选
B
,因为后面是一个从句,所以很容易联想到
except
that
,其实此题应
选
C
。
p>
B
,
C
两者之后均接从句,其区别主要从句意上看:
except
when
中的
when
有
“
当
?
时
”
之意,而
except that
则无此义。比较:
I know nothing about him except that he
lives in Paris
.
我除知道他住在巴黎外,其它情况一无所知。
I like her except when
she's angry
.
除了她发怒的时候,我还是挺喜欢她的。
except
作为介词,后接名词
或代词(这是基本用法),除了以上提到的后接
that
从句
和
when
从句外,以下用法也需注意:
26
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82
1
)副词:
She has
never come late except recently
.
除了最近一段时间,她从未迟到。
2
)介词短语:
The window
is never opened except in summer
.除了在夏天外
,这扇窗户
从不打开。
3
)不定式(注意是否带
to
):
It had no effect except to make him
angry
.
除了惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
There was little we could do except
wait
.
除了等待我们没有什么办法。
4
)
what
从句:
I know nothing about it
except what he told me
.
除他告诉我的情况外,我对此事一无所知。
5
)
where
从句:
My papers seem to be
everywhere except where they ought to
be
.
我的文件似乎完全不在它们应该放置的地方。
36<
/p>
.
except
,
but
,
besides
区别详解
A
:
Did you study
any other foreign language ____English
when
you were at
college
?
B
:
Yes
,
I
studied three
.
But I have
forgotten all____a few words of
each
.
A
.
besies
,
besides
B
.
but
,
exce
pt
D
.
b
esides
,
except
C
.
except
,
except
此题应选
D
,主要考察
except
,
but
,
besides
的用法区别:
1
.先说
except
(
but
)与
besides
的区别:前者表示
“
除了
?
之外(不再有
?
)
”
,表示的
是一种排除的关
系;后者表示
“
除了
?
之外(还有
?
)
”
,表示的是一种累加关系:
Besides his
wife
,
his daughter also went
to see him
.
I go to school every day except [but]
Sunday
.
但是以上区别通常只限于肯定句中,在否定句或疑问句中
besides
也可以表示
“
除
p>
?
外,
不再有
?<
/p>
(=
except
):
< br>
No one passed the exam
besides [except
,
but]
Jim
.除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
27
/
82
2
.再说
except
与
but
的区别:一般说来,前者用法较广,后者用法较窄。事
实上,在现代
英语中,
but
的用法十分有限,通常只能用在
no
(及其复合词),
any
(及其复合词
),
every
(及其复合词),
al
l
,
none
,
who
,
what
,
where
等之后。一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就
不宜用
but
。如通常不说:
The window is
never opened but in
summer
(可用
except
)。
3
.
except
,
but
一般不用于句首,但
besides
可用于句首。
4
.关于
but for
与
except for
:前者表示
“
若不是
”
,
通常与虚拟语气连用;后者表示
“
除
外
”
,指不同类比较。
37
.你会使用形式主语吗
例
Is____ necessary to complete the design
before
National
Day
?
A
.
this
B
.
that
C
.
it
D
.
he
此题应选
C
,其余各项均有一定的干扰性。这里主要考察形式主语
it
的用法。一般说
来,当主语是比较复杂的成分(如不定式、动名
词、从句等)时,通常在句首使用形式主
语
it
,而把真正的主语放在后面:
Is it necessary to tell his father
everything
?
有必要把这一切都告诉他父亲吗?
It is wrong to say anything like that
on that occasion
.
在那种场合说那样的话是错误的。
It's no good sitting up too
late
.熬夜没有好处。
It'll be wonderful lying on the beach
all day
.
整天躺在海滩上该是多么妙啊!
It is quite clear that he has read the
book
.
很显然,他读过这本书。
It's a problem where we could get so
much money
.
我们到哪里去弄这么多钱,这是一个难题。
有时可在用作主语的不定式前加上介词
for
/
of
短语:
It is very kind of you to say
that
.你这样说,真是太好了。
28
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82
It is important for us to
keep the balance of nature
.
我们要保持生态平衡,这点很重要。
38
.你会使用形式宾语吗
例
I
don't think ____ possible to master a foreign
language without
much memory
work
.
A
.
this
B
.
that
C
.
its
D
.
it
此题的选项
A
,
B
都容易误选。其实此题应选
D
,主要考察形式宾语
it
的使用。一般
说来,形式宾语
it
主要用于以下句型:动词
+ it+
宾
语补足语
+
真正的宾语
其中的动词通常是
think
,
find
,
p>
feel
,
believe
,
take
,
conside
r
,
make
等;其中的宾语
补足语通常是形容词,有时是名词;而其中真正的宾语通常是比较复杂的成分(如不定
式、动名词、从句等):
We found it difficult to persuade
her
.我们发现很难说服她。
He makes it a rule to get up before
dawn
.他习惯于天亮前起床。
We found it an easy thing to get along
with him
.
我们发现与他相处很容易。
I think it very strange that he goes
out walking almost every
night
.
我认为他几乎每晚都出去散步是很奇怪的。
有时可在用作宾语的不定式前加上介词
for
/
of
短语:
Poeple felt it impossible for man to
fly into the outer space some years
ago
.
几年前,人们觉得人不可能飞入太空。
I don't think it wise for
[of] him to choose such a difficult
subject
.
我认为他选择这样难的学科是不明智的。
39
.介绍一种特殊用法的形式宾语
例
May I take____ that you have agreed to
stay with us
.
B
.
that
C
.
it
D
.
all
A
.
this
此题选
C
,这是一种比较特殊的形式宾语。一般说来,形式宾语
it
主要用于以下句型:动
词
+it+
宾语补足语
+
真正的宾语。也就是说在通常情况下,要用形式宾语,原句型应有宾语补足
语。以上句
型特殊之处就在于:在形式宾语和真正的宾语(名词性从句)之间没有宾
29
/
82
语补足语。类似情况有:
I take it
(
that
)
you
agree
.我以为你同意了。
Lenin has it that imperialism is the
last stage of capitalism
.
列宁认为帝国主义是资本主义的最后阶段。
Report has it that about 30
people were killed in the
accident
.
据报道,在这次事故中大约有
30
人丧命。
I'll see to it that all these letters
will be sent to the post before
twelve
.
我将注意让所有的信件在
12
点以前送到邮局。
You may depend on it that he will turn
up in time
.
你可以相信他会及时赶到的。
I can't answer for it that the boy is
honest
.(=
I can't answer for
his honesty
.)
我不能保证这个男孩是诚实的。
I can swear to it that this man stole
our money
.
我可以发誓,这个人偷了我们的钱。
40
.
it
用法
—
特例
例
I hate ____ when people ask me for
money
B
.
that
C
.
these
D
.
them
A
.
it
此题应选
A
,这是
it
一种比较特殊的用法
,虽然一般书上论述不多,但它却经常出现
在各级各类考试中,比如有这样一道题:
p>
I hate ____when
people talk with their mouths
full
.
A
.
it
B
.
that
C
.
these
D
.
them
此题答案为
A
。
适合于以上用法的动词不多,常见的主要有
hate
,
like
,当它们后面接有
< br> when
/
if
从
句时,从句前应有
it
:
I
don' t like it when she tells me how to do
things
.
我不喜欢她对我做事指手划脚。
30
/
82
She won't like it if you
arrive late
.她不喜欢你迟到。
He hates it when people use her
bike
.
他讨厌别人用她的自行车。
I hate it if you say such things in
public
.
我讨厌你在大庭广众之下说那样的事。
有时动词
appreciate
后接
if
从句,从句前也要用
it
:
I
would appreciate it very much if you would help me
with it
.
如果你能帮助我做这事,我会十分感激。
I should much appreciate it
if you would arrange this for
us
.
如果你能替我安排这事我将非常感激。
41
.
it
何时可以指人
例
a
.
Jim is at the
door
.
____wants to see
you
.
b
.
Someone is at
the door
.
____must be
Jim
.
A
.
That
,
It
B
.
It
,
He
C
.
He
,<
/p>
It
D
.
p>
who
,
He
此题应选
C
。第
a
句填代词
he
,是因为前面一句用了
Jim
这一身份和性别都很明确的名
词;第
b
句填代词
it
,是因为前面一句用了
someone
这一指代不明确的代词。一般说来,在
指代身份或性别明确的人时,通常要根据
情况用代词
he
/
< br>she
;若是指代身份或性别不明的
人,则用代词
it
:
I don't know who it
is
.我不知道那是谁。
A tall man stood up and shook hands
with her
.
It was the general
manager
.
一个高个子站起来同她握了手,他是总经理。
Someone must have been
here
.
But we have no idea who
it was
.
一定有人来过,但我们不知道是谁。
There was somebody standing in front of
the shop
,
but I couldn't see
who it was
.
商店前站着一个人,但我没看清是谁。
A
:
Who
has let out the
secret
?是谁泄漏了秘密?
31
/
82
B
:
It
must be a big mouth
.一定是个快嘴。
A
:
I hear a knock
at the door
.我听见有人在敲门。
B
:
It
must be the
postman
.一定是邮递员来了。
A
:
Do
you know who that
is
?你知道那个人是谁吗?
B
:
I suppose it is
Mary's father
.我想那是玛丽的父亲。
42
.
it
在某些固定句式中的使用
例
Does ____ matter if he can't finish the
job on time
?
B
.
that
C
.
he
D
.
it
A
.
this
此题选
D
。注意在以下句式中通常都用
it
作主语:
It looks as if he is very
rich
.他看起来好像很富有。
It seems that he is interested in
music
.他似乎对音乐有兴趣。
It appears as if they have lost
interest
.看来他们已失去了兴趣。
It happened that he was
there with us
.
碰巧他当时和我们在一起。
It matters little if I miss my
bus
.
即使我没搭上公共汽车也没什么大不了的。
顺便说一下
It doesn't
matter
.的有关用法:
1
.
It doesn't
matter
.单独使用(即其后不接词)时,也可说成
That doesn't matter
.其
意为
“
没关系
”
(主要用来回
答道歉和表示某事不是很重要):
A
:
Would you go
there with me
?你愿和我一起去吗?
B
:
I'd
like to
,
but I have to post
these letters
.
我很愿意去,但我要去寄这些信。
A
:
That [It]
doesn't matter
.没关系。
2
.
It
doesn't matter
.
若不是单独使用,而是在其后跟有从句,则句首的
it
便不能改为
that
:
32
/
82
It doesn't matter to me
whether she is pleased or
not
.
她是否满意对我而言并不重要。
43
.
it
在强调句中的使用
例
____these boys
that played tricks on their
teachers
.
A
.
They
were
B
.
It
were
D
.
It
was
C
.
There
were
此题应选
D
。这是一个强调句型,其基本结构为:
It
is+
被强调部分
+ that
[who]+
其它
该句型应注意以下几点:
1
.不管被强调部分是单数还是复数,其前一律用
It is
/
It
was
,而不能用
They
are
/
There were
之类的。
2
.被强调部分是指人时,被强调部分后可用
that
/
who
,被强调部分指物时,被强调
部分后只能用
that
。
3
.被强调部分是指时间或地点时,被强调部分后通常用
that
,一般不用
when
,
where
之类的。
It is I who am
right
.是我对。
It was you that were
wrong
.是你错了。
It was in Japan that he
died
.他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got
married
.他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last
week
.
他上个星期买的是一台电脑。
Where was it that she
lived
?她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for
Japan
?
他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you
English
?是谁教你们英语?
44
.这里为什么要分别用一般现在时和一般将来时
33
/
82
例
—
When
____again
?
—
I don't
know
.
But when
he____
,
I'll let
you know
.
A
.
he
comes
,
comes
B
.
will he
come
,
will come
D
.
will he
come
,
comes
C
.
he
comes
,
will come
此题应选
D
。第一句为特殊疑问句(
when=
何时),根据句意,应用一
般将来时态。
第二句为一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句(
w
hen=
当
?
的时候)。按语法规则:
在时间
状语从句和条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用
将来时
态。请做以下选择题:
1
.
The football
match will be put off if
it____
.
A
.
will
rain
B
.
rains
D
.
is
raining
C
.
rained
要特别注意分清:由
when
和
if
引导的从句是状语从句还是宾语从句:
2
.
1
p>
)
I won't go if it
____tomorrow
.(状语从句)
2
)
I
don't know if it
____tomorrow
.(宾语从句)
A
.
rai
ns
B
.
will
rain
D
.
has
rained
C
.
is
raining
答案:
1
.
B
2
.
1
)
A
2
)
B
<
/p>
45
.这个宾语从句的时态需要与主句时态呼应吗
例
a
.
He told us that
the earth____ round the sun
.
b
.
At
one time some scientists thought that the sun____
round
the earth
.
A
.
tum
s
,
tums
B
.
tum
ed
,
tumed
< br>D
.
tums
,
tumed
C
.
tumed
,
tums
此题应选
D
。容易误选
A
,
B
。
有的考生根据时态呼应规则认为:本题主句是过去时态,所以
宾语从句也用过去时态
(选
B
);有的
考生认为,宾语从句是客观真理,所以都用一般现在时态(选
A
)。
以
上看法既对,又不全对。就一般情况而论:主句是一般过去时态时,其宾语从句应用过
去
的某种时态与之呼应。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理,则不管主句是什么时态,宾
34
/
82
语从句一律用一般现在时。但值得注意的是:本题
b
句的宾语从句并不是客观真理(所以
不能用一般现在时)。
下列情况即使主句是过去时,宾语从句也用现在时:
1
.表示客观真理:
He told the little boy that
the sun rises in the east
.
他告诉这个小男孩太阳从东方升起。
2
.表示科学事实:
The teacher said that
hydrogen is the lightest
element
.
老师说氢是最轻的元素。
3
.某些格言:
He knew that pride goes
before a fall
.他知道骄兵必败。
46
.将来时间表示方法知多少
例
These scientists________ for Japan
tonight
.
B
.
have
left
D
.
left
A
.
are to
leave
C
.
will be
left
此题应选
A
。英语中除了用
“will
/
shall+
动词原形
”
来表示将来外,还有多种表示将来
的方式:
1
.
be going
to+
动词原形。主要表示打算和预见:
He's going to be a doctor
when he grows up
.
他长大后想当医生。
Look at the black
clouds
——
there is going to be
a storm
.
你看这些乌云
——
会有一场暴风雨。
< br>
2
.
be+
现在分词(即现在进行时)。主要表示按计划或安排要生的事(多用于表示
p>
“
位
移
”
的动词):
We
are leaving on Sunday
我们星期日出发。
The plane is taking off at 5
∶
30
.飞机
5
∶
30
起飞。
35
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82
<
/p>
3
.
be+
不定
式。主要表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作;有时也表示命令、禁止或
可能性:
Where are we to stay
tonight
?今晚我住什么地方?
Tell him he's not to be back
late
.告诉他不准迟回。
注:
be about+
不定式,也表示将来(指即将要发生的事),但通常不与具体时间连用:
He is about to
leave
.他即将要离开。
p>
4
.一般现在时。表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事:
The train leaves at
7
∶
25 this
evening
.
火车今晚
7
∶
25
分开。
Tomorrow is
Wednesday
.明天是星期三。
47
.
will do
与
be going to do
有何差别
例
—
I've come out without any
money
.
—
Never mind I____you
some
.
A
.
am going to
lend
B
.
will
lend
D
.
am to
lend
C
.
have
lent
此题应选
B
。容易误选
A
。这里主要谈一谈有
关
“will+
动词原形
”
和
“be g
oing to+
< br>动词原
形
”
的区别:在通常情况
下两者都可表示将来时间和意图,且有时可换用:
我不会告诉你这事的。
正:
I won't tell you about
it
.
正:
I'm not going to tell you
about it
.
但是此时要注意:若是强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的,则通常要用
be
going
to
;
若是表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的当时才临时想到的,
则通常用
will
,
且以上两种情况通常不能换用。比较并体会:
p>
1
.
—
Come
to the party
.来参加晚会吧。
—
OK
,<
/p>
I'll bring my
boyfriend
.
好的,我把我的男朋友也带来。(临时想法)
2
.
—
p>
Where is the telephone
book
?电话薄在哪?
36
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82
—
I'll get it for
you
.我去给你拿。(临时想法)
3
.
—
Why
are you taking it
out
?干吗要把它拿出来?
—
I'm going to wash
it
.我想把它洗一洗。(事先考虑)
4
.
—
Have you bought a
typewriter
?你买了台打字机吗?
—
Yes
.
I'm going to leam to
type
.
是的,我想学打字。(事先考虑)
48
.怎样正确理解现在完成时
例
You don't need to describe
her
.
I____her several
times
.
B
.
have
me
t
C
.
met
D
.
meet
A
.
had
met
此题应选
B
。主要考察现在完成时的用法。现在完成时是各类考试的常考考点,其基
本用法有两种:
一、持续性用法(或叫未完成用法
):指的是动作过去发生,但在过去并未完成,而是从
过去一直持续到现在。此时多半有
表示持续性的时间状语(如:
for 5
years
,
since 1990
等)。
二
、影响性用法(或叫已完成用法):指的是动作过去发生,且在过去已经完成,但
这个过
去发生的动作对现在有影响,且说话者正好要强调的就是这个影响。现在完成时的
这个用
法,一般没有明显的时间状语,主要通过上下文来理解。
<
/p>
1
.
—
Wher
e____ the radio
?
I can't see
it anywhere
.
—
I ____it right
here
.
But now it's
gone
.
A
.
did you
put
,
have put
B
.
have you
put
,
put
C
.
had
you put
,
was
putting
D
.
were you
putting
,
have put
2
.
—
Who
is Jerry Cooper
?
--- ____
?
I saw
you shaking hands with him at the
meeting
.
A
.
Don't you meet
him yet
B
.
Hadn't you met
him yet
C
.
Didn't you meet
him yet
37
/
82
D
.
Haven't you met
him yet
答案:
1
.
B
2
.
D
49
.过去进行时用法一得
例
I don't think Jim saw me
;
he____ into
space
.
A
.
just
stared
C
.
has just stared
B
.
was
just staring
D
.
had just
stared
此题应选
B
。主要考察动词过去进行时的基本用法(即动作在过去某一时刻正在进
行
)。此题的上文设置比较巧妙:前面的主句用了
I don't think
(指现在的看法),而其后
的宾语从句用的是
saw
(指过去的动作),也就是说此题的语境是:现在谈论过去的情况,
全句意为:我认为吉姆当时没看见我,(因为)他当时正在朝天空看。
1
.
My
brother____ while he his bicycle and hurt
himself
.
A
.
fell
,
was riding
B
.
fell
,
were riding
D
.
had
fallen
,
was riding
C
.
had
fallen
,
rode
2
.
Tom
____into the house when no
one____
.
A
.
slipped
,
was looking
B
.
had
slipped
,
looked
D
.
was
slipped
,
looked
p>
C
.
slipped
,
had looked
3
.
As she ____the
newspaper
,
Granny____
asleep
.
< br>A
.
read
,
was falling
B
.
was
reading
,
fell
D
.
read
,
p>
fell
C
.
was
reading
,
was
falling
4
.
I first met
Lisa three years
ago
.
She____at a radio shop
at the time
.
A
.
has
worked
B
.
was
working
D
.
had worked
C
.
had been
working
答案:
1
.
A
2
.
A
3
.
B
4
.
B
<
/p>
50
.正确理解和运用过去完成时的关键是什么
< br>
例
He asked me to
have a drink with him
.
I said
that it was at least ten years since
I____
a good
drink
.
A
.
had
enjoyed
B
.
was enjoying
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82
C
.
enj
oyed
D
.
had been
enjoying
此题应选
A
。容易误选
C
。本题主要考察过去完成时的基本用法(过去完成时是各类
考试的常考考点),此用法的关键是要正确理解
“
过去的过去<
/p>
”
这五个字,也就是说:过去
完成时是一
个相对时态,它必须以一个过去时间作参照,而这个过去完成时所表示的动作
要发生在这
个过去时间的过去。做这类题时,考生一定要注意一定的上下文,要注意寻找
直接或间接
的过去参照时间:
1
.
He was
disappointed that most of the guests____ when he
___at
the
party
.
A
.
left
,
< br>had arrived
B
.
left
,
arrived
D
.
had
left
,
arrived
C
.
had
left
,
had arrived
2
.
The
students____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a
book.
she____ in
the office
.
A
.
had
written
,
left
B
.
were
writing
,
has left
D
.
were
writing
,
had left
C
.
had
written
,
had left
3
.
Helen____ her keys in the office so she had to
wait until her husband ____
home
.
A
.
has
left
,
comes
B
.
lef
t
,
had come
C
.
had
left
,
came
D
.
had
left
,
would come
答案:
1
.
D
2
.
D
3
.
C
51
.
This is the
first time
后的从句通常用什么时态
例
—
Do you know our town at
all
?
—
No
,
this is the first time I____
here
.
A
.
was
B
.
have been
D
.
am coming
C
.
came
此题应选
B
。这与句中的
this is the first
time
有关:一般说来,在
It[This] is
the first
time
+
that
结构中,
that
从句通常用现在完成时:
It's the first time
(
< br>that
)
the boy has spoken
to a foreigner
.
这个男孩还是第一次同外国人说话。
It's the first time that she's seen an
elephant
.
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82
这是她第一次见到大象。
有时以上结构中的
first
也可换成
second
,
third
,
fourth
等;其中的
time
也可换成其它
名词:
It's the first month that
he has lived here
.
这是他第一个月住在这里。
This is the second
cigarette that he has smoked
today
.
这是他今天抽的第二支烟。在
It was the
first time that-
结构中,
that-
p>
从句通常用过去完成
时,有时也用一般过去时,有时若有包括现在在
内的时间状语,偶尔还可用现在完成时:
I was lucky because that was the second
time
I
(
had
)
visited Japan that year
.
我很幸运,那是我那年第二次访问日本。
It was the first time this
year that he hadn't[hasn't] worked
on a
Saturday
.这是今年来他第一次在星期六不上班。
52
.做这个时态题完全看语境
例
I met Jim last
week
.
We____ each other for
about twenty years since we left
Japan
.
B
.
don't meet
A
.
didn't
meet
C
.
haven't
met
D
.
hadn't
met
此题应选
D
。不少考生会误选
C
,因为这句当中有一个由
since
引导的时间状语从句。
确实,在与
since
状语从句连用的主句中,时态通常是用现在完成时:
He has lived here since he came
here
.
自从他来到这里,他就一直住在这儿。
We haven't heard from her
since she left
.
自从她离开后,我们就一直未收到她的来信。
I have been at his bedside
ever since he became ill
.
自从他生病以来,我一直守在他床边。
以上各例之所以用了现在完成时,是因为
since
表示
“
自从
?
以来
”
,这刚好与现在完成
< br>
时的持续性用法一致。但是这种用法不是绝对的,有时在特定的语言环境下也可
能有例外。
试比较:
40
/
82
1
.
We
haven't met each other for about 20 years since we
left Japan
.
2
.
I met Jim last
week
.
We hadn't met each
other for about twenty years since we left
Japan
.
第
1
句用现在完成时,这大家比较好理解。但是第
2
句用过去完成时,有的考生就感
到费解了。其实第
2
句用过去完成时的主要原因是
I met Jim last
week
,既然
“
我上个星期见
到了吉姆
”
,所以
“
30
年未见面
”
显然应在
“
上星期
”
这一过去时间
之前(即
“
过去的过去
”
),
所以要用过去完成时。
53
.这是根据语境确定时态的一道
妙题
例
—
Excuse me
,
sir
.
Smoking
is not allowed here
.
—
Oh<
/p>
,
sorry
I____
.
A
.
don't
know
B
.
didn't
know
C
.
haven't
known
D
.
can't
know
此题应选
B
。这是一道很好的测试时态的语境题。此题的情景是:一方提醒另一方不
准抽烟,对方表
示歉意并说自己不知道。这里的
“
不知道
”
显然是指对方
“
提醒
”
之前
“
不知
道
”
(所以用过去时态);假若用一般现在时,则指
在对方提醒之后还仍然不知道,这不是
很荒唐吗?在做时态试题时,要特别注意上下文的
语境:
1
.
—
We
could have walked to the
station
;
it was so
near
.
—
Yes
.
A
taxi____at all necessary
.
A
.
was
n't
B
.
hadn't been
C
.
wouldn't
be
D
.
won't
be
2
.
—
Your phone number
again
?
I ____quite catch
it
.
—
It's
7226109
.
A
.
didn't
B
.
cou
ldn't
D
.
can't
C
.
don't
3
.
—
Can
I help you
,
sir
?
p>
—
Yes I
bought this radio here
yesterday
,
but it ____
work
.
A
.
didn't
B
.
won
't
D
.
doesn't
C
.
can't
41
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