-
独立主格
一、
独立主格结构的含义和实质
“
p>
独立主格结构
”
(
absolute construction
)
又叫
“
独立结构
”
,
是带有自己主语的非谓语动
词分句和无动词分句。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,
结构上与主句不发生关系,
因此传
统语法叫做
“
独立主格结构<
/p>
”
。其实,所谓
“
独立主格结构
”
并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分
句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,
通常在句中起状语
分句的作用。独
立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。
二、
独立主格结构的基本形式和功能
独立主
格结构可以分为两部分:
一部分是名词或代词,
起逻辑主语的作
用;
另一部分是
非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式
)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介
词短语)
,表示前面
名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式是:名词普通格
/
代词主格
+
现在分词
/
过去分词
/
不定式
/
名词
/
形容词
/
副词
/
介
词短语,
with
引导的复合结
构。
1
.
名词
/
代词
+
现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例
The man lay
there, his hands trembling.
So
many students being absent, the meeting had to be
put off.
His homework having been
done, Tom went to sleep.
注:
“<
/p>
独立结构
”
中的
being
或
having
been
有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或
过去分词分句。
2
.
名词<
/p>
/
代词
+
过去分
词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种
状态。
例
The
boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his
head.
The job not finished, we
couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt
caught on a nail, she could not move.
后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了
having
been
,
being
。如
果加上,这两个句子就又
变成了现在分词分句。
3
.
名词<
/p>
/
代词
+
不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
例
He suggested going for a
picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two
books
,
the third
one to come out next month.
We
shall get together at 7:30, the
procession
(游行)
to
start moving at 8 sharp.
4.
名
词
/
代词
+
名
词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例
Many people
joined in the work, some of them women and
children.
He fought the
tiger
,
a stick his only
weapon.
5
.
p>
名词
/
代词
+
p>
形容词短语
形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。
例
The floor wet and slippery,
we had to stay outside for a while.
I
heard that she got injured in the
accident
,
my
heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了<
/p>
being,
如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。
6
.
p>
名词
/
代词
+
p>
副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
第
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页
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9
页
例
The
meeting over
, we all went home.
Nobody in, he
left a message on the board.
He sat at the table, head
down.
7.
名词
/
代词
+
介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例
The teacher came in, a book under his
arm.
The hunter
entered the forest
,
gun in hand
.
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of
things away.
8
.
with
引导的复合结构
,
也可以认为是一种独立主格结构
例
A woman got on
the bus with a baby around her arms.
The
teacher came in with several students following
behind.
With a lot of things to
deal with, he will have a difficult time.
With the work done, he went out to eat.
He left the office with the lights on.
Mary rushed out of the house with the
door open.
三、
学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题
1
.
独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主
语是不一致的,这也是
独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
例
(1) Hearing the news, he was very
excited.
(2) Winter
coming, it gets colder and colder
.
p>
在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一致的,都是
he,
也就是说动词
hear
的
动作发出者是主语
he ,
因此它是一个现在分词
短语作状语表示原因的句子;
而第二个句子,
我们可以发现,有
两个主语,
第一个是动词
come
的逻辑主语
winter
,
而第二个主语是句子
真正的主语
it
,非谓语动词
coming
和
it
之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。
2
.
在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词
一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,
用现在分词。
如:
Time
permitting, we
will go out to
play.
一句中,
time
和
permit
之间是逻辑上的主谓关系---
“<
/p>
时间允许
”
,
因
此用现在分词。
如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去
分词。如:<
/p>
“More time given,we should have done it
better
. ”
一句中,
time
和
give
之间的
< br>关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思
---
“
如果被给更多时间
”
,因此用过去分词。
3
.
独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句
独立主
格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句
,
可以表示时间
、原因、条件、
方式和伴随情况等。
例
Work done, John
went
home.
相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:
When the
work has
been done, John went home.
例
There
being
no
buses,
we
had
to
walk
home.
相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:
Be
cause there are no buses, we had to walk home.
4
.
完成时态的运用
在独立
主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,
常用现在分词的完成
时态
having
done
,
根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。
例
The last bus having gone,
we had to walk home.
His wallet
having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do
next.
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非谓
语动词作状语时,
它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓
语动词带有自己的主语,
从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(<
/p>
Absolute
Construction
< br>)
。其
实,所谓
“
独立主格结构
”
也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的
结构。
一、
非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和
它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help
you
,
you will surely succeed
sooner or later
.
有这么能干的人来帮你
,
你迟早一定会成功的。
(
such
an able man
和
to
help you
之间
存在着主谓关系)
= Since such an
able man will help you, you will surely succeed
sooner or later
.
He seating himself at the
desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给
他讲故事。
(
seating himself at the
desk
拥有了自己的
逻辑主语
he<
/p>
,注意是
“
主格
”
)
= When he seated himself at the desk,
his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost,
he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。
(
< br>lost
的逻辑主语是
the
key
,
lost
也可以用
完成式
having
been lost
)
= Because the key to the
bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A
.
不定式
“
独
立主格结构
”
在
“
p>
逻辑主语
+
动词不定式
”
结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主
谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1
.动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和
它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come
tonight
,
he is busy preparing
the dinner
.
他母亲今晚要来
,
他正在忙着准备饭菜。
p>
(
= As his mother is to come
tonight, he is busy
preparing the
dinner
.
)
——
will you go to the comcert
tonight
你今晚去听音乐会吗?
——
many exerise-
books to check,I rially can't afford any time.
对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。
(=
Because I shall check so
many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford
any time.
)
The four of us agreed on a
division of labour
,each to translate a
quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
(=
The four of us agreed on a
division of labour and each is to translate a
quarter of the
book.
)
Many
trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-
built school will look even more
beautiful.
种上
许
多的树
,
花
和
草后
,
我们
新建
的
学
校
将看
上
去更
美。
(=If
many
trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our
newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
B
.
-in
g
形式
“
独立主格结构
”
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动词
的
-ing
形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持
一致。
Being ill, he went home.
p>
由于生病
,
他回家了。
(
= As he was very ill, he went
home.
)
Seating himself at the
desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志。
(
=
When he had seated himself at the desk, he began
to
read a
magazine.
)
1
.
p>
表示时间的
-ing
形式作
“
独立主格结构
”
Everyone being
ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课
。
(相当于一个时间状语从句
When everyone
was
ready)
The chairman
began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。<
/p>
(相当于一个时间状语从句
after everyone
was seated
)
2
.
p>
表示原因的
-ing
形式作
“
独立主格结构
”
The boy leading
the way, we had no trouble finding the strange
cave.
由那个男孩带路,
我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的
洞。
(相当于一个原因状语从句
Because
the
boy
led
the
way
)
Many eyes watching him, he
felt a bit nervous.
许多眼睛看着他,
他感到有点儿紧张。
(相
当于一个原因状语从句
As many eyes were watching
him
)
必背:
含有
being
的独立主格结构。
p>
It
being National Day today
,
the
streets are very crowded.
今天是国庆节
,
街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day
today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further
business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论,我们
都回家了。
= As there was
no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3
.
表示条
件的
-ing
形式作
“
独立主格结构
”
Time permitting, we will
have a picnic next week.
<
/p>
时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。
(相当于一个条件状
语从句
If time
permits)
My health allowing, I will work far
into the night.
我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。
(相当于一个条件状语从句
If my health allows
)
4
.
表示方
式的
-ing
形式作
“
独立主格结构
”
The students are walking in
the school happily, each wearing a card in front
of his chest.
学
生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
(相当于一个并列分句
and each
wears a card in front of
his chest
)
The boy lay on the grass,
his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺
在草地上,眼睛看着天空。
(相当于一个并列分句
and
his eyes were looking at the
sky
)
C
.
p>
-ed
形式
“
独立
主格结构
”
与逻辑主语
+
动词的
-ing
形式一样,如果
-e
d
形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,
就需要用
-ed
形式的独立主格结构。
The book
written in simple English, English beginners were
able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。
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