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2018<
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年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2018
年全国硕士研究生入学统一
考试英语
(
一
)
Section I Use
of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the
best word (s) for each numbered
blank
and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Trust
is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a
necessary condition 1
many worthwhile
things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other
hand,
putting your 2, in the wrong
place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all?
Well, because it feels good. 5 people place
their trust in an individual or an
institution, their brains release oxytocin, a
hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and
triggers the herding instruct that
prompts humans to 7 with one another.
Scientists have found that exposure
8
this
hormone
puts
us
in
a
trusting
9:
In
a
Swiss
study,
researchers
sprayed oxytocin
into the noses of half the subjects; those
subjects were
ready to lend
significantly higher amounts of money to strangers
than were
their 10 who inhaled
something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense
for dishonesty that may 12 us. A
Canadian study found that children as
young as 14 months can differentiate
13
a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty
toddlers were each 14 to an
adult
tester holding a plastic container. The tester
would ask, “What’s in
here?” before
looking into the container, smiling, and
exclaiming, “Wow!”
Each subject was
then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy;
the other
half 16 the container was
empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the
children who had not been tricked, the majority
were 18 to
cooperate with the tester in
learning a new skill, demonstrating that they
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trusted
his
leadership.
19,
only
five
of
the
30
children
paired
with
the
“20”tester participated in a
follow
-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for
[D] from
2. [A]
faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit
[B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then
[C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D]
When
6. [A]
selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult
[B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of
[D]to
9. [A]
context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B]
substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny
[B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect
[C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward
[D] over
14.[A]
transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B]
back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C]
insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled
[D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant
[D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C]
On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B]
incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
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Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions below each text by
choosing
A,
B,
C
or
D.
Mark
your
answers
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(40
points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing
the middle class is one that will
probably go unmentioned in the next
presidential campaign: What happens
when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss
that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs
are at high
risk of being automated,
according to a University of Oxford study, with
the
middle
class
disproportionately
squeezed.
Lower-income
jobs
like
gardening
or
day
care
don't
appeal
to
robots.
But
many
middle-
class
occupations-trucking,
financial
advice,
software
engineering
—
have
aroused their interest, or soon will.
The rich own the robots, so they will be
fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists
point out that technological upheaval
has benefited workers in the past. The
Industrial Revolution didn't go so well
for
Luddites
whose
jobs
were
displaced
by
mechanized
looms,
but
it
eventually
raised living standards and created more jobs than
it destroyed.
Likewise,
automation
should
eventually
boost
productivity,
stimulate
demand by driving down prices, and free
workers from hard, boring work.
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But
in
the
medium
term,
middle-class
workers
may
need
a
lot
of
help
adjusting.
The first step,
as Erik Brynjolfsson and
Andrew McAfee argue in The
Second
Machine
Age,
should
be
rethinking
education
and
job
training.
Curriculums
—
from
grammar school to college- should evolve to focus
less
on memorizing facts and more on
creativity and complex communication.
Vocational schools should do a better
job of fostering problem-solving skills
and
helping
students
work
alongside
robots.
Online
education
can
supplement the
traditional kind. It could make extra training and
instruction
affordable. Professionals
trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so
without going into debt.
The challenge of coping
with automation underlines the need for the U.S.
to revive its fading business dynamism:
Starting new companies must be
made
easier.
In
previous
eras
of
drastic
technological
change,
entrepreneurs
smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to
combine
labor and machines. The best
uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't
been invented yet. The U.S. needs the
new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation
threatens to widen the gap between capital
income and labor income, taxes and the
safety net will have to be rethought.
Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,
and wage subsidies such as the
earned
income tax credit should be expanded: This would
boost incomes,
encourage work, reward
companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will
improve society in ways big and small over the
next few
years, yet this will be little
comfort to those who find their lives and careers
upended by automation. Destroying the
machines that are coming for our
jobs
would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt
will be indispensable.
will be most threatened by
automation?
[A]
Leading politicians.
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[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot
owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following
best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries
about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists'
opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues
arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative
consequences of new tech can be avoided
in
the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative
potential.
[B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs.
[D]cooperative
spirit.
author suggests that tax policies be
aimed at
[A]
encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing
the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility
between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from
widening.
this text, the author presents a
problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B]possible solutions to
it.
[C]its
alarming impacts.
[D]its major variations.
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Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University
finds more than two-thirds of young
Americans disapprove of President
Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is
that Millennials prefer news from the
White House to be filtered through
other source, Not a president’s social
media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to
check daily headlines. Yet as
distrust
has risen toward all media, people may be starting
to beef up their
media
literacy
skills.
Such
a
trend
is
badly
needed.
During
the
2016
presidential campaign, nearly a quarter
of web content shared by Twitter
users
in the politically critical state of Michigan was
fake news, according to
the University
of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed
News found
44 percent of Facebook users
rarely or never trust news from the media
giant.
Young people who are digital natives
are indeed becoming more skillful
at
separating
fact
from
fiction
in
cyberspace.
A
Knight
Foundation
focus-group survey of young people
between ages 14and24 found they use
“distributed
trust”
to
verify
stories.
They
cross
-check
sources
and
prefer
news from different
perspectives
—
especially
those that are open about any
bias.
“Many young people assume a great deal of personal
responsibility for
educating themselves
and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the
survey concluded.
Such active research can
have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted
in
Australia,
Britain,
and
the
United
States
by
the
University
of
Wisconsin-
Madison found that
young people’s reliance on social media led
to greater political engagement.
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Social media
allows users to experience news events more
intimately
and
immediately
while
also
permitting
them
to
re-share
news
as
a
projection
of
their
values
and
interests.
This
forces
users
to
be
more
conscious
of
their
role
in
passing
along
information.
A
survey
by
Barna
research group found the top reason
given by Americans for the fake news
phenomenon
is
“reader
error,”
more
so
than
made
-up
stories
or
factual
mistakes in reporting. About a third
say the problem of fake news lies in
“misinterpretation
or
exaggeration
of
actual
news”
via
social
media.
In
other words, the choice to share news
on social media may be the heart of
the
issue.
“This
indicates
there
is
a
real
personal
responsibility
in
counteracting this
problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in
chie
f at Barna
Group.
So when young
people are critical of an over-tweeting president,
they
reveal a mental discipline in
thinking skills
–
and in
their choices on when to
share on
social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and
2, many young Americans cast
doubts on
[A] the
justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s
preference for social media platforms.
[C] the
administrations ability to handle information.
[D] social
media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer
up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning
to
[A] sharpen
[B] define
[C] boast
[D] share
28. According to the knight foundation
survey, young people
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[A] tend to voice their
opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse
resources.
[C]
have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views
on “distributed trust”
29.
The
Barna
survey
found
that
a
main
cause
for
the
fake
news
problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B]
journalists’ biased reporting
[C]
read
ers’ misinterpretation
[D]
journalists’ made
-up stories.
30. Which of
the following would be the best title for the
text?
[A] A
Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A
Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The
Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The
Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any
fair-minded
assessment
of
the
dangers
of
the
deal
between
Britain's
National
Health
Service
(NHS)
and
DeepMind
must
start
by
acknowledging that both sides mean
well. DeepMind is one of the leading
artificial intelligence (AI) companies
in the world. The potential of this work
applied
to
healthcare
is
very
great,
but
it
could
also
lead
to
further
concentration of power in the tech
giants. It Is against that background that
the information commissioner, Elizabeth
Denham, has issued her damning
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verdict against the Royal Free hospital
trust under the NHS, which handed
over
to DeepMind the records of
million patients In 2015 on the basis
of a
vague agreement which took far too
little account of the patients' rights and
their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has
almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its
ways.
Further
arrangements-
and
there
may
be
many-between
the
NHS
and
DeepMind
will
be
carefully
scrutinised
to
ensure
that
all
necessary
permissions have been asked of patients
and all unnecessary data has been
cleaned.
There
are
lessons
about
informed
patient
consent
to
learn.
But
privacy is not the only
angle in this case and not even the most
important.
Ms Denham chose to
concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since
under
existing law it “controlled” the
data and DeepMind merely “processed
But
this distinction misses the point that it is
processing and aggregation,
not the
mere possession of bits, that gives the data
value.
The
great question is who should benefit from the
analysis of all the data
that our lives
now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of
damage to
an individual from
identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the
way
the surveillance economy works. The
data of an individual there gains its
value only when it is compared with the
data of countless millions more.
The
use
of
privacy
law
to
curb
the
tech
giants
in
this
instance
feels
slightly maladapted.
This practice does not address the real worry. It
is not
enough to say that the
algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients
and save lives. What matters is that
they will belong to a private monopoly
which developed them using public
resources. If software promises to save
lives on the scale that dugs now can,
big data may be expected to behave as
a
big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning
of this revolution and
small choices
now may turn out to have gigantic consequences
later. A long
struggle will be needed
to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms
Denham's
report is a welcome start.
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is
true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind
?
[A] It caused
conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due
attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell
short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into
a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's
verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary
adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
author argues
in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured
at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse
than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data
is illegal.
[D]
the value of data comes from the processing of it
to
the last paragraph, the real worry arising from
this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big
pharmas.
[B]
the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the
uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big
data by tech giants.
author's attitude toward
the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
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[C] appreciative.
[D]
contemptuous.
Text 4
The . Postal Service (USPS)
continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net
loss of $$ billion for fiscal 2016, the
10th straight year its expenses have
exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has
more than $$120 billion in unfunded
liabilities, mostly for employee health
and retirement costs. There are many
bankruptcies.
Fundamentally,
the
USPS
is
in
a
historic
squeeze
between
technological
change
that
has
permanently
decreased
demand
for
its
bread-and-butter product, first-class
mail, and a regulatory structure that
denies management the flexibility to
adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest
groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card
makers
exert
self-
interested
pressure
on
the
USPS’s
ultimate
overseer-Congress-insisting
that
whatever
else
happens
to
the
Postal
Service, aspects of the status quo they
depend on get protected. This is why
repeated attempts at reform legislation
have failed in recent years, leaving
the
Postal
Service
unable
to
pay
its
bills
except
by
deferring
vital
modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved
---Democrats, Republicans, the
Postal
Service,
the
unions
and
the
system's
heaviest
users
—
has
finally
agreed on a plan to
fix the system. Legislation is moving through the
House
that would save USPS an estimated
$$ billion over five years, which could
help
pay
for
new
vehicles,
among
other
survival
measures.
Most
of
the
money would come from a penny-per-
letter permanent rate increase and
from
shifting
postal
retirees
into
Medicare.
The
latter
step
would
largely
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offset the financial burden of annually
pre-funding retiree health care, thus
addressing a long-standing complaint by
the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure
would still have to get through the
Senate
–
where
someone is bound to point out that it amounts to
the bare,
bare
minimum
necessary
to
keep
the
Postal
Service
afloat,
not
comprehensive reform.
There’s no change to collective
bargaining at the
USPS, a major
omission considering that personnel accounts for
80 percent
of the agency’s costs. Also
missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday
letter delivery. That common-sense
change enjoys wide public support and
would save the USPS $$2 billion per
year. But postal special-interest groups
seem
to
have
killed
it,
at
least
in
the
House.
The
emerging
consensus
around
the
bill
is
a
sign
that
legislators
are
getting
frightened
about
a
politically embarrassing
short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,
however,
a sign that they’re getting
serious about transforming the postal system for
the 21st century.
financial
problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]. its
unbalanced budget.
[B] .its rigid management.
[C] .the cost for technical
upgrading.
[D].
the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph
2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A]. the
interference from interest groups.
[B] .the inadequate funding
from Congress.
[C] .the shrinking demand for postal
service.
[D]
.the incompetence of postal unions.
long-standing
complaint by the USPS and its unions can be
addressed
by
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[A] .removing its burden of
retiree health care.
[B] .making more investment in new
vehicles.
[C]
.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting
more first-class mail users.
the last
paragraph, the author seems to view legislators
with
[A]
respect.
[B]
tolerance.
[C]
discontent.
[D]
gratitude.
of the following would be the best
title for the text?
[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good
Old Days
[B]
.The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] .The USPS:
Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] .The Postal Service
Needs More than a Band-Aid
Part B
Directions:
The
following
paragraphs
are
given
in
a
wrong
order.
For
Questions
41-45,
you
are
required
to
reorganize
these
paragraphs
into
a
coherent
article
by
choosing
from
the
list
A-G
and
filling
them
into
the
numbered
boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been
correctly placed. Mark your answers
on
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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A. In December of 1869,
Congress appointed a commission to select a
site
and
prepare
plans
and
cost
estimates
for
a
new
State
Department
Building. The
commission was also to consider possible
arrangements for
the
War
and
Navy
Departments.
To
the
horror
of
some
who
expected
a
Greek Revival twin of the
Treasury Building to be erected on the other side
of the White House, the elaborate
French Second Empire style design by
Alfred Mullett was selected, and
construction of a building to house all three
departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in
1875, the State Department's south wing was the
first
to
be
occupied,
with
its
elegant
four-
story
library
(completed
in
1876),
Diplomatic Reception Room, and
Secretary's office decorated with carved
wood,
Oriental
rugs,
and
stenciled
wall
patterns.
The
Navy
Department
moved
into
the
east
wing
in
1879,
where
elaborate
wall
and
ceiling
stenciling and marquetry floors
decorated the office of the Secretary.
C.
The
State,
War,
and
Navy
Building,
as
it
was
originally
known,
housed the three
Executive Branch Departments most intimately
associated
with
formulating
and
conducting
the
nation's
foreign
policy
in
the
last
quarter
of
the
nineteenth
century
and
the
first
quarter
of
the
twentieth
century-the
period
when
the
United
States
emerged
as
an
international
power.
The
building
has
housed
some
of
the
nation's
most
significant
diplomats and
politicians and has been the scene of many
historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated
national figures have participated
in
historical
events
that
have
taken
place
within
the
EEOB's
granite
walls.
Theodore
and
Franklin
D.
Roosevelt,
William
Howard
Taft,
Dwight
D.
Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald
Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had
offices
in
this
building
before
becoming
president.
It
has
housed
16
Secretaries of the Navy,
21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of
State.
Winston Churchill once walked
its corridors and Japanese emissaries met
here with Secretary of State Cordell
Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
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E.
The
Eisenhower
Executive
Office
Building
(EEOB)
commands
a
unique
position in both the national history and the
architectural heritage of
the United
States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the
Treasury, Alfred
B. Mullett, it was
built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing
staffs of the
State,
War,
and
Navy
Departments,
and
is
considered
one
of
the
best
examples of French Second Empire
architecture in the country.
F. Construction took 17
years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.
When the EEOB was finished, it was the
largest office building in Washington,
with
nearly
2
miles
of
black
and
white
tiled
corridors.
Almost
all
of
the
interior detail is of cast iron or
plaster; the use of wood was minimized to
insure fire safety. Eight monumental
curving staircases of granite with over
4,000 individually cast bronze
balusters are capped by four skylight domes
and two stained glass rotundas.
G. The history
of the EEOB began long before its foundations were
laid.
The
first
executive
offices
were
constructed
between
1799
and
1820.
A
series of
fires (including those set by the British in 1814)
and overcrowded
conditions led to the
construction of the existing Treasury Building. In
1866,
the construction of the North
Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the
demolition of the State Department
building.
41.
à
Cà
42. à
43. à
F
à
44
à
45.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation
should
be
written
neatly
on
the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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Shakespeare’s life time was
coincident with a period of extraordinary
activity and achievement in the drama.
By the date of his birth Europe was
witnessing the passing of the religious
drama, and the creation of new forms
under the incentive of classical
tragedy and comedy. These new forms were
at
first
mainly
written
by
scholars
and
performed
by
amateurs,
but
in
England, as everywhere else in western
Europe, the growth of a class of
professional actors was threatening to
make the drama popular, whether it
should be new or old, classical or
medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school
organizations
of
amateurs,
and
the
traveling
actors
were
all
rivals
in
supplying a widespread
desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy
who went a grammar school could be
ignorant that the drama was a form of
literature which gave glory to Greece
and Rome and might yet bring honor
to
England.
When
Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public
playhouse was
built in London. For a
time literature showed no interest in this public
stage.
Plays aiming at literary
distinction were written for school or court, or
for the
choir boys of St. Paul’s and
the royal chapel,
who, however, gave
plays in
public as well as at
court.(48)but the professional companies prospered
in
their
permanent
theaters,
and
university
men
with
literature
ambitions
were quick to turn
to these theaters as offering a means of
livelihood. By the
time
Shakespeare
was
twenty-five,
Lyly,
Peele,
and
Greene
had
made
comedies
that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had
written a tragedy
that
crowded
the
pit;
and
Marlowe
had
brought
poetry
and
genius
to
triumph on the common stage - where
they had played no part since the
death
of
Euripides.
(49)A
native
literary
drama
had
been
created,
its
alliance
with
the
public
playhouses
established,
and
at
least
some
of
its
great traditions had been begun.
The
development
of
the
Elizabethan
drama
for
the
next
twenty-five
years is of exceptional interest to
students of literary history, for in this brief
period we may trace the beginning,
growth, blossoming, and decay of many
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