-
able
和
capable
的使用区别
相似词语辨析
able
，
capable
这一对词都是形容词，又都含有<
/p>
“
能够
”
、
“
能干
”
之意，但
涵义和使用场合有所不同，大
致有如下几点区别：
（一）在用作定语表示
“
能干的
”
意味时，
able
所描述的范围较概括，
capab
le
所描述的
范围较专注，
因为前者指
某人聪明能干，
有多才多艺的概括涵义；
后者仅指具有应付某一
特
指工作要求的能力。例：
She
is
an
able
teacher
她是个能干的教师。
She
is
a
capable
teacher
．
她是个能胜任工作的教师。
（二）
a
ble
指
“
能够
”
，是一时之现象；
capable
常用以指
“
能力
”
，是经常的现象。如：
I
shall
not
be
able
to
come
to
the
office
tomorrow
．
明天我不能到办公室来（指由于某种原因而暂时不能来）。
She
is
incapable
of
manual
labour
．
她不能从事体力劳动（指由于某种
长期或经常的原因，例如患病而不能劳动）。
（三）指某人能作某事时，
able
之后接动词不定式，
capable
之
后接介词
of
。例如：
We
are
able
to
get
back
to
town
before
dark
．
我们能够天黑之前赶回市区。
They
are
not
capable
of
doing
the
work
．
他们没有能力做这件工作。
（四）
c
apable
除表示
“
有能力的
”
意味外，还可用以表示
“
< br>有可能的
”
涵义，
able
则没有这
个用法。如：
The
situation
is
capable
of
improvement
．
此情况有可能好转。
That
oil
tanker
is
capable
of
being
restored
．
那艘油轮有可能修好。
请注意，下列句中的
able
是用错了，应改为
capable
：
This
book
is
able
to
be
translated
．（错）
This
book
is
capable
of
being
translated
．（对）
That
law
is
able
to
be
evaded
．（错）
That
law
is
capable
of
being
evaded
．（对）
（五）
able
一般用作正面意义，指好人好事；
capable
则是中性词，既可指好事，亦
可指坏事，例如在下例中，
< br>capable
of
anything
是表示
“
任何坏事都做得出来
”
之意：
That
guy
is
capable
of
anything
！
那家伙什么勾当都会干得出来！
（六）
a
ble
的反义词是
unable
；
capable
的反义词是
incapab
le
。另一点值得注意的是，
able
的名词是
ability
，义：
“
能力
”
（
the
power
to
do
）；
capable
的名
词是
capability
或
cap
acity
，前者义：
“
具有从事某事的能力
”
；
后者义：
“
容量
”
或
“
受容力
”
。需要在此指出的是，
ability
是可以通过练习或锻
炼获得的，而
capability
则是固有的能力，它与练习
或锻炼无关。
通过下列例句的对比，我们不难区分其义蕴：
I
do
not
doubt
his
ability
to
do
the
work
．
He
has
the
capability
to
benefit
from
university
education
．
第一句的
ability
是指通过训练或工作磨炼而获得的
“
能力
”
；第二句的
cap
ability
是指天
赋之才，与后天无关。
< br>
according
as
，
according
to
这
两个词组虽然相似，
但它们的结构和使用场合并不相同。
acc
ording
to
表示
“
根据
”
、
“
按
照
”
；而
according
as
表示
“
视乎
”
，有
depending
及
according
to
whether
的意味。
According
as
是连词词组，其后接从句；
accordin
g
to
是介词短语，其后接名词。例：
The
thermometer
rises
or
falls
according
to
the
high
or
low
temperature
．
寒暑表根据气温的高低而升降。
They
will
be
praised
or
blamed
according
as
their
work
is
good
or
bad
．
给他们的赏罚将视乎他们工作的好坏来决定。
应当在此指出，在现代英语中，
according
as
的句型结构已很少有人使用，正如
Berge
n
Evans
和
Cornelia
Evans
在
A
Dictionary
of
Contemporary
American
Usage
中指出的那
样：
“This
construction
is
not
often
heard
today”
。
下面是
according
to
的例句：
According
to
the
weather
report
，
we
shall
have
cold
weather
next
week
．
根据天气报告，下星期天气将要转冷。
You
should
act
according
to
circ
umstances
．你们要随机应变。
According
to
有个同义短语，即
in
accordance
wit
h
，但它们的涵义有细微的区别，前
者强调
“
根据
…
所言
”
，
后者则强调
“
与
…
要一致
”
。
另外
in
accordance
with
多用
于正式场合，
例如表示与一些原则、规律一致。例：
According
to
police
report
，
five
luxury
cars
were
stolen
in
Kowloon
yesterday
．
根据警方报告，昨天在九龙有五辆豪华汽车失窃。
We
must
proceed
in
accordance
with
the
rules
．
我们必须按照规章办事。
That
sentence
is
not
in
accordance
with
the
rules
of
grammar
．
那个句子不符合语法规则。
请注意，
in
accordance
with
既可引导
adverbial
phrase
，又可引导
adjectiv
al
phrase
作
verb“to
be”
的补语（见上面
in
accordance
wit
h
的第一和第二个例句）；
according
to
则不
能。例如，我们不能说：
< br>
The
news
is
according
to
Hong
Kong's
broadcasting
station
．（错）
另一点需要补充说明的是，
in
accord
with
和
in
accordance
with
同义
，它们可以互换
使用，但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者
F
．
T
．
Woo
d
认为，我们最好在强凋
“
与
…
一
致
”
（
agreement
）的时候，用
in
accord
with
；在强调
“
服从
”
< br>或
“
遵照执行
”
（
obeying
or
f
oll
owing
）的涵义时，用
in
accordance
with
。例如：
What
he
has
done
is
not
in
accord
with
your
instructions
．
In
accordance
with
your
instructions
we
have
suspended
work
on
the
heating
apparatus
．
across
，
cross
这两个词都是表示
“
横越
”
、
< br>“
渡过
”
之意，在拼写上仅差一
字之微，故很易混淆。它们的
区别在于词性和使用场合有所不同。
across
是介词；
cross
是
动词。
下面请看例句：
My
house
is
across
the
harbour
，
in
the
vicinity
of
the
Kowloon
Park
．
我的家在海港的对岸，九龙公园附近。
They
live
across
the
Central
Plaza
．
他们住在中央广场的对面。
Everyone
shouts“kill
it
！
”when
a
rat
is
seen
to
run
across
the
street
．
老鼠过街，人人喊打。
He
has
crossed
the
border
into
another
territory
．
他已越过边界进入别国的领土。
Many
steel
arch
bridges
cross
the
Mississippi
in
its
lower
reaches
．
在密西西比河的下游许多拱形铁侨横跨河面。
They
have
crossed
over
to
Japan
．
他们已东渡去日本了。
coss
除作动词外，亦可作名词。
作名词时，有较强的构词能力，它所构成的词的某些词
义和用法是值得注意的。例如
crossroad
是
“
< br>交叉路
”
或
“
< br>横马路
”
，而
crossroa
ds
却是
“
十字路
”
或
“
十字路口
< br>”
，它的前面可以用
a
，但
-s
不能丢掉。如：
The
accident
took
place
at
a
crossroads
．
车祸发生在十字路口。
They
drive
across
the
plain
by
way
of
a
crossroad
leading
to
the
highway
．
他们沿着一条通往公路的交叉路驾车横过平原。
cross-reference
是
“
前后参照
”
、
“
互见条目
”
的意思，专指同一书刊中前后互相参阅的说
明。例：
In
this
book
cross-
references
are
shown
in
capital
letters
．
在本书中，前后参照的互见条目用大写字母表示。
crossing
是
“
渡口
”
< br>、
“
横道线
”
< br>或
“
（铁路与公路的）交叉点
”
。如：
The
Star
Ferry
Pier
is
a
ferry
crossing
in
central
．
天星码头是在中环的一个渡口。
All
care
should
stoP
at
the
zebra
crossing
．
所有车辆都要在斑马线前停下。
A
bus
ran
into
a
train
at
the
level
／
grade
crossing
．
一辆公共汽车在平交点与火车相撞。
act
as
，
act
like
乍然看来，
act
as
和
act
like
是两个同义短语，在
涵义上无甚区别可言，其实不然。
Act
as
的意思是
“
充当
”
、
< br>“
担任
”
，相当于
serve
as
，可与
人或物词如：
doctor
、
dire
ctor
、
interpreter
、
guide
、
coach
、
teacher
、
go-betwee
n
、
furniture
、
tools
等字搭配使用。
as
< br>是连词，
引导一个省略了谓语的状语从句。例：
This
herb
can
act
as
an
antidote
against
snakebite
．
这种药草可以用作蛇咬的解毒药。
Last
summer
she
acted
as
a
guide
for
tourists
．
去年夏天，她担任旅游向导。
This
coin
may
act
as
a
screwdriver
．
这枚硬币可以充当螺丝起子用。
Mr
．
Liu
acted
as
group
leader
while
Mr
．
Zhang
was
ill
．
张先生生病时，刘先生任组长。
请注意，有时候，
act
for
与
act
as
的意义颇相近，但它们在表示概念方面互不相同。
a<
/p>
ct
as
是
“
（临时）充当
”
或
“
起
…
的作用
”
；
act
< br>for
则表示
“
代理
”
的涵义。请比较下一句和前
述句：
Mr
．
Liu
acted
for
Mr
．
Zhang
while
，
the
latter
was
ill
．
张先生患病期间，刘先生代理他的工作。
Act
like
的意思是
“
行为像
”
、
“
举动像
”
，相当于英语的
to
act
in
the
manner
of
，它常
与人或动物名词连用。
like
是介词，其后接宾
语。例：
That
child
acts
like
a
grown-
up
．
那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。
Don't
act
like
a
fool
！
别像傻瓜一般！
His
refusal
of
our
offer
acted
like
a
wet
blanket
．
他拒绝了我们的建议，真使我们扫兴。
（注：
a
wet
blanket
作
“
令人扫兴的事或人
”
。）
admit
，
admit
of
一
般说来，
admit
表示
“
许入
”
、
“
进入
”
（
allow
somebody
or
something
to
ente
r
）或
“
承
认
”
（
acknowledge
）的意义；
admit
of
< br>则表示
“
容许
”
（
allow
of
）或
“
容有
”
（
leave
room
for
）
之意。例如：
This
ticket
admits
one
person
only
．
此券只准一人入场。
I
admitted
him
to
the
lecture
．
我准许他入内听讲。
He
has
admitted
the
fact
．
他已承认此事。
This
matter
admits
of
no
delay
．
此事刻不容缓。
This
word
admits
of
several
interpretations
．
这个词可作几种解释。
Admit
的主语既可以是物，也可
以是人，而
admit
of
的主语
只可以是没有生命的事物。
例如，
我们不能说：
I
can't
admit
of
your
doing
it
，
< br>而只能说：
I
can't
allow
you
to
do
it
。
又如，不可以说：
He
can
admit
of
no
question
，而应该说：
His
veracity
admits
of
no
que
< br>stion
（他的诚信是勿容置疑的）。
值得注意的是，
< br>admittance
和
admission
都是
admit
的名词，它们都有
“
准入
”
之意，但
使用场合不同。一般说来，
admittance
用于直义，即指准许某人进入某一场所；
admission
则大都用于比喻意，指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此，
“
入场券
”
译作
admis
sion
ticket
，不译作
admittance
ticket
。
“
如非公事，不得擅进（非请勿进）
”
则译作
No
adm
ittance
except
on
business
。现将这两个
词作一比较：
They
refused
him
admittance
when
he
arrived
．
他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。
They
granted
him
admission
．
他门准许他入会。
此外，
admit
< br>用作解
“
承认
”
时，之后可以接动名词或从句，但不能接动词不定式。例如：
He
admits
having
seen
the
book
或
He
admits
that
he
saw
the
book
。但不可以说：
He
a
dmits
to
have
seen
the
book
。
在现代英语中，
有时我们可以看到
admit
to
这么一个短语，
其义相当于
confess
to
（承
认），例如：
In
spit
of
all
the
evidence
against
her
，
she
refused
to
admit
to
the
crime
．
虽然所有证据都对她不利，但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。
有些西方学者认为，
admit
to
并不是地道的英语，最好避免使用。
与之类似区别的词语有
allow
和
allow
of
。前者的意思是
“
许
可
”
（
permit
< br>）；后者的意
思是
“
容有
…
余地
”
（
leave
room
for
）。它们的用法与
admit
和
admit
of
相同。
advance
，
advancement
Advance
< br>用作名词时，很易和另一名词
advancement
混淆不清，因为这两个词都有
“
前
进<
/p>
”
、
“
进步
”
和
“
进展
”
之意。它们的区别如下：
一般说来，
advance
含有自动的意味，
advancement
则含有被动的意味。例如：
advance
of
science
是
“
科学的进步
”
；<
/p>
advancement
of
science
则是
“
科学的被人推进
”
。从下列两个
例
句，我们可以辨别出它们的区别：
Discovering
a
cure
for
AIDS
would
be
a
major
medical
advance
．
发现治疗艾滋病的方法将是医学上的一大进展。
We
have
made
a
program
for
the
advancement
of
science
．
我们已制定了一个发展科学的规划。
通过上列例句的对比，我们可以联想到
advance
in
rank
和
advancement
in
rank
；
adv
ance
in
indu
sty
和
advancement
in
industry
；
advance
in
society
和
advancement
in
society<
/p>
等
语的涵义区别。
在表示
“
行军
”
或
“<
/p>
向
…
行进
”
的意义时，只能用
advance
，不可以
用
advancement
。例：
They
have
done
their
best
to
resist
the
advance
of
the
enemy
．
他们已尽力阻挡敌人向前推进。
Road
blocks
were
set
up
to
obstruct
the
advance
of
the
demonstrators
．
设置路障是要阻止示威人士前进。
在某些固定的词组里，例如
in
advance
、
in
advance
of
、
be
on
the
advance
，只能用
a
dvance
，不可以用
advancement
。如：
Please
pay
the
bill
in
advance
．
请先付账。
The
plane
reached
Hong
Kong
ten
minutes
in
advance
of
its
scheduled
time
．
飞机比预定的时间提早了十分钟到达香港。
Recently
the
new
stocks
are
on
the
advance
．
最近新股看涨。
advance
一字除用作名词和动
词（如
In
recent
days
prices
advanced
rapidly
。
近日来，
价格猛涨）之外，亦可用作形容词。作形容词时，其意为
“
预先的
”
、
“
在前的
”
。如：
< br>advanc
e
notice
（预先通知）；
advance
booking
（预订／预售（票））；
advance
payment
（预先
付款）；
a
dvance
copy
（（发行前的）新书样本）；
advance
party
of
soldiers
（先头部队）。
值得注意的是，
< br>advanced
也可用作形容词，但其意为
“
先进的
”
、
“
高级的
”
。如：
adv
anc
ed
ideas
（进步的思想
）；
advanced
algebra
（高等代数）；
advanced
courses
（高级课程）。
after
，
behind
After
用作介词时，很易和另一介词
behind
混淆不清，因为它
们都表示
“
在
…
之后
”
的意
思。它们的区别有以下几
点：
（
一）一般说来，
after
指时间的先后次序，意为
“
在
…
之后
”
（
later
in
time
than
）；
b
ehind
指位置的前后，意为
“
在
…
后面
”<
/p>
（
in
the
rear
of
）。例如：
I
shall
be
free
after
ten
o'clock
．
十点之后我有空。
The
national
stadium
is
located
behind
the
hill
．
国家运动场在山岗的后面。
（二）
a
fter
常用以指顺序，意为
“
跟在<
/p>
…
之后
”
、
“
接着
”
、
“
接连
”
（
in
succession
or
nex
t
to
in
order
）；
behind
则表示
“
隐匿在后
”
、
“
背着
”
或
“
遗留在后
”
之意。如：
After
you
，
please
！
您先请！（出门或进门时的客套用语）
You
should
put
the
direct
object
after
the
indirect
object
．
你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。
The
policemen
are
searching
for
the
robbers
door
after
door
．
警察正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。
Day
after
day
and
year
after
year…
日复一日，年复一年
……
。
Don't
stand
behind
the
door
．
不要躲在门背后。
Don't
speak
evil
of
a
man
behind
his
back
．
不要在背后说人坏话。
Who
is
behind
the
scenes
？
谁是幕后人？
Those
smugglers
ran
away
and
left
no
trace
behind
them
．
那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。
（三）在某些场合下，
after
和
behind
可以互换使用，但涵义有所不同。如：
Shut
the
door
after
you
．（
1
）
Shut
the
door
behind <
/p>
you
．（
2
）
（
1
）句的意思是
“
随手关门
”
，
after
含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味；
（
2
）句的
意思是
“
关上
你背后的门
”
，
behind
表示门的静止状态的意味，正因为如此，我们通常说：
D
on't
stand
behind
the
door
，而不说：
Don't
stand
after
the
door
。
值得注意的是，在另一些场合下，
a
fter
和
behind
在互换使用
后，其意并无区别可言。
如：
John
came
in
after
Alice
．
John
came
in
behind
Alice
．
The
dog
ran
after
its
master
．
The
dog
ran
behind
its
master
．
Behind
除作介词外，
尚可用作副词、
名词和形容词；
after
除作介词外，
还可用作副词、
连词和形容词，由于不属本书探讨范围之内，这里就不赘述。
alive
，
living
这两个词都表示
< br>“
活着的
”
、
< br>“
有生命的
”
（
having
life
）意思，词义相同，但用法有
所不
同。
Alive
是表语形容词，放在
ver
b“to
be”
之后，不能放在它所说明的名词之前。例如我
们
只可以说
The
old
man
is
still
alive
。
Living
既可用作表语形容词，又可用作定语形容词，故可放在它所修饰的名词之前。
我们既可以说：
English
is
a
living
language
．
也可以说：
Is
his
father
still
living
？
就使用场合而言，
alive
大都用于人，有时用作比喻或强调时也用于物。例如：
Given
the
chance
to
sing
on
stage
，
he
is
very
much
alive
．
有机会在台上唱歌，他显得很活跃。
The
bazaar
was
all
alive
by
the
time
we
arrived
．
我们到达时，墟市非常热闹。
Living
则人物共用（请参阅上
面两例）。
就词性而言，
alive
只能用作形容词，不能作名词；<
/p>
living
既可作形容词，又可作名词。
例：
Many
people
were
burnt
alive
in
the
conflagration
that
happened
in
a
multi-storeyed
building
．
在一幢多层大厦内发生的大火中，很多人被活活烧死。
Our
living
standards
are
rising
steadily
．
我们的生活水平在不断提高。
Those
who
enjoy
a
good
living
seldom
understand
the
suffering
of
the
poor
．
过着美好生活的人一般都不明白穷人所受之苦。
在某些场合下，
< br>living
和
alive
表示
的涵义并不相同，尽管它们都用作表语。例如：
At
last
we
found
him
in
a
trap
in
the
forest
，
still
living
but
not
alive
．
通过对比，可以看出，
living
之意是
“
活
的
”
；
alive
< br>之意是
“
有气息的
”
。这里的
not
alive
表示人虽然还活着，但已
“
气息奄奄
”
、
“
没有生气
”
了。
Alive
有时尚可表示
“alert”“
感觉到的
”
、
“
敏感的
”
涵义。如：
He
is
alive
to
the
imminent
danger
．
他感觉到那迫在眉睫的危险。
at
the
end
of
，
by
the
end
of
这一对短语的意思都是
“
在
…
的末了
”
、
“
在
…
的一端
”
，意义上相似，但
使用场合有所不
同。
一般说来，
at
the
end
of
用于表示具体事物或场所的场合，它也可以用来表示比喻意。
例：
The
school
is
situated
at
the
end
of
the
street
．
该校位于这条街的尽头。
We'll
have
an
exam
in
English
at
the
end
of
January
．
一月底我们要参加英语考试。
They
were
at
the
end
of
their
patience
．
他们忍无可忍。
He
is
at
the
end
of
his
wits
．
他智穷才尽，束手无策。
By
the
end
of
用于表示时间的场合，往往含有
“
不迟于
”
的意味。值得注意的是，
at
the
end
of
亦可用于表示时间的场合
（见上面第二个例句）
，
但其义和
by
the
end
of
有所不同。
试对比下面两例：
at
the
end
of
January
一月底（指一月份的最后一天）
by
the
end
of
January
一月底之前（指一月份结束前的几天）
We
are
to
complete
the
task
by
the
end
of
the
year
．
年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。
Their
communication
is
at
an
end
．
他们的交往到此为止。
短语
in
the
end
的涵义是
“
终于
”
、
“
最后
”
，其义相当于
at
last
。例：
I'm
sure
everything
will
turn
out
satisfactory
in
the
end
．
我确信，最后一切都会令人满意的。
In
the
end
things
will
mend
．
船到桥头自会直。
await
，
wait
这两个词都是动词，又都有
“
期待
”
、
“
等候
”
之意，但用法
有所不同，它们的区别如下：
<
/p>
（一）
await
是及物动词，后面直接
接宾语；
wait
虽然也可用作及物动词，但在现代英
语中，一般作不及物动词用，与
for
，
to
，
till
，<
/p>
until
等词连用。
（二）
a
wait
的宾语大都是抽象名词，如：
decision
，
reply
，
ar
rival
，
announcement
，
ret
urn
等；
wait
for
的宾语一般是人或事物。
The
judge
awaits
the
coroner's
inquest
before
giving
a
verdict
．
法官在作裁决前等待验尸官的调查。
I
have
been
waiting
for
her
for
an
hour
at
the
bus
stop
．
我在公共车站等候她已一小时了。
（三）
a
wait
之后接动名词；
wait
之后
接动词不定式。例如：
We
shall
await
hearing
further
from
them
．
We
shall
wait
to
hear
further
from
them
．
我们在静候他们进一步的消息。
（四）
a
wait
多用于书面语；
wait
多用于口语。如：
This
plan
awaits
the
approval
of
the
board
of
directors
．
这项计划有待董事局批准。
I
have
been
waiting
here
for
a
long
time
．
我已在这里等了好久了。
（五）
wait
除作动词外，还可用作名词。例：
I
had
a
long
wait
for
the
train
．
我等火车等了好久。
They
pursue
a
policy
of
wait
and
see
．
他们采取等待和观望的政策。
如上所述，
wait
在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词，例如：
to
wait
your
turn
；
to
wait
one's
opportunity
。
请注意下列句子中
await
和
wait
的使用
场合：
We
await
（
or
wait
for
）
your
reply
．
We
wait
for
（不能用
await
）
you
to
reply
．
I
shall
wait
to
bring
her
home
．（不能用
await
）
I
await
（
or
wait
for
）
your
ruling
on
the
matter
with
some
impatience
．
当
awa
it
的主语是没有生命的事物而宾语是人时，
await
表示
be
in
store
或
lie
in
wait
for
之意。如：
On
arriving
at
the
guest
house
，
he
found
a
telegram
awaiting
him
．
Little
did
he
realize
what
a
surprise
awaited
him
at
home
．
A
hearty
welcome
will
await
you
．
请注意，
Time
and
tide
wait
（
s
）
for
no
man
（岁月不待人）的
wait
既可以加
s
，亦可
不加
s
。
at
（
the
）
least
，
not
（
in
）
the
least
这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。
At
least
< br>的意思是
“
至少
”
（指数量或程度上）
也可解作
“
反正就是
…”
。
它与
at
the
least
，
at
the
very
least
同义，可互换使用，但后两者有强调意味，远不及前者用得普遍。
下面请看例句：
The
total
enrolment
of
the
university
in
the
academic
year
1991-1992
was
at
least
1
0
，
000
，
including
undergraduate
and
postgraduate
students
．
在
199
1
－
1992
学年期间，该大学至少有
一万名大学生，包括本科大学生和研究主。
Even
if
you
cannot
help
him
，
you
can
give
him
encouragement
at
least
．
就算你未能帮助他，至少你可以鼓励他。
Whether
you
like
it
or
not
，
at
the
very
least
，
this
is
reality
．
不管你是否喜欢，反正这是个现实。
Not
the
least
的意思是
“
毫不
”
、
“
一点也不
”
（
by
no
means
），也可写作
not
in
the
le
ast
。但后者一般不用作定语。现今，后者更
常见。
Are
you
cold
？
at
last
，
at
length
< br>这一对短语都有
“
终于
”
、
“
最后
”
的意思，但涵义和使用场合有所不同。
At
length
这个词组共有三个意义：
（
1
）长时间地。例如：
He
spoke
at
（
< br>great
）
lengt
h
．（
2
）详细地。例如：
< br>They
treated
the
subject
at
length
．（
3
）终于；最后。例：
After
flying
for
ten
hours
，
they
got
to
San
Francisco
at
length
．
作第三种意义使用时，
at
length
与
at
last
同义，但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做
某
事时，遇到了困难，经过奋斗，最后得以完成，在这种场合，我们用
at
last
。如果在做的
过程中，经历了很长的时间才
得以完成，这时候，不论困难大小，都可用
at
length
表示。
为此，我们说，
at
last
强调的是
“
经
过努力奋斗
”
；
at
length
强调的是
“
经历很长的时间
”
。通
过
下列例句的对比，不难看出它们之间的区别：
Before
they
climbed
down
the
side
of
the
cliff
，
they
met
with
many
obstacles
，
but
t
hey
surmounted
them
at
last
．
从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前，他们遇到了许多障碍，但终于把它
们克服了。
In
spite
of
every
obstacle
，
they
have
at
last
arrived
at
the
destination
．
尽管障碍很多，他们终于到达了目的地。
After
a
voyage
of
five
months
，
they
at
length
arrived
safe
and
sound
．
经过五个月的航行，他们终于安全抵达。
请注意，用
length
构成的介词短语很多，常见的有：
Hong
Kong
Exhibition
Centre
measures
200
metres
in
length
．
香港展览中心长达二百公尺。
They
discussed
this
problem
at
great
length
．
他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。
Yesterday
I
had
my
picture
taken
at
the
studio
at
full
length
．
昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。
They
travelled
through
the
length
and
breadth
of
the
country
．
他们走遍全国。
at
heart
，
by
heart
这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。
At
heart
的意思是
“
在心里
”
、
“
心底里
”
或
“
本质上
”
（
from
the
heart
，
from
the
bottom
of
one's
heart
or
essentially
）。
by
heart
的意思是
“
背诵
”
、
“
熟记
”
（
by
rote
；
to
learn
so
w
ell
that
one
can
remember
it
perfectly
）。请看下
面例句：
That
socialite
is
a
rascal
at
heart
．
那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。
A
councillor
should
have
the
collective
interest
of
society
at
heart
．
议员应当关心大众的利益。
At
heart
< br>，
Mr
．
Lin
does
not
approve
your
proposal
．
林先生的心里并不赞同你的建议。
Mr
．
Wang
looks
stem
，
but
he
is
kind
at
heart
．
王先生看来严肃，但买质上他很仁慈。
I
know
this
poem
by
heart
．
我熟读／我能背诵这首诗。
I
don't
see
the
point
of
learning
by
heart
all
the
dates
in
the
history
book
！
我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所有的日期都要记下来！
请注意下列短语的意思：（跟前例
have
something
at
heart
相近）
in
one's
heart
of
hearts
在内心深处
take
something
to
heart
认真考虑／关注某事
set
one's
heart
on
something
决心做／得到某事／物
cut
（
or
touch
）
sb
to
the
heart
触及某人痛处
one's
heart
is
in
something
把整个心放在某事上
anyway
，
any
way
这一对词的意思并不一样。
anyway
和
anyhow
同义，
但前者多用于美国英语，
后者多用
于英国英语。
anyway
在句中用作副词和连接
词，义：
“
无论如何
”
、
“
不管怎样
”
，相当于
in
any
case
和
at
any
rate
。例：
Anyway
，
we
can
try
．
不管怎样，我们可以试试看。
I
will
not
change
my
mind
anyway
．
无论如何，我不愿意改变我的宗旨。
“I
can
give
you
a
lift
if
you
wait”
ante-
，
anti-
这一对前缀的意义并不相同。
ante-
是拉丁前缀，其意为
“
前面
”
、
“
在
…
之前
”
或
“
早于
”
（
in
front
of
or
earlier
than
）。它既可
以指地点，也可以指时间。例如：
anteroom
前厅；前房
antenuptial
婚前的
antebellum
战前的
antedate
先期；早日
antenatal
出生前的
/
产前的
antediluvian
太古的；大洪水前的
antemeridiem
（
a
．
m
．）
上午的；午前的
Anti-
是希腊前缀，意为
“
反对
”
、
“
反面
”
（
opposed
to
or
the
reverse
of
）。它加于名词
和形容词之前。例如：
Anti-Japanese
War
抗日战争
anticlockwise
反时针方向
anti-militarist
反军国主义者
anti-aircraft
gun
高射炮
anti-trade
wind
反季候风
antichrist
反基督者或伪基督
anticlimax
戏剧高潮后的缓和；修辞学里
的
“
渐降法
”
Anti-
也可以用在医学和化学术语里。例如：
< br>
antidote
解毒药
antiseptic
防腐剂
/
消毒药
antibiotics
抗生素
anti-freezing
liquid
防冻液
antibody
抗体；抗毒素
在英语中，以
ante
－，
anti-
作为前缀的词不胜枚举，下面也是一些常用的词：
antecedent
先行词
antechamber
前厅
antecessor
祖先；发起人
antemortem
死前的
antibiotics
抗菌素
anticyclone
逆旋风
anti-everything
样样都反对的
antigas
kit
防毒装备
anti-icer
防止结冰的装置
antifriction
摩擦减少剂
antiphlogistine
消炎剂，消肿剂
请注意，
anticipate
的意思是
“
预期
”
、
“
预料
”<
/p>
，
这里的
anti-
并不表示
“
反对
”
之意，
而是
“
预
先
”
的意思。因此，我们说，这里的
anti-
等于
ante
－，
是
ante-
的变体（
varian
t
）。
another
，
the
other
这两个词都表示
“
另一个
”
的意思，但涵义和使用场合不同。
Another
是指不定数目中的
“
另一个
”
；
the
other
是指两个人或两样事物中的
“
另一个
”
。例：
Have
another
piece
of
cake
．
再吃一块饼吧。
Please
fatch
another
cup
for
me
．
请替我另拿一个杯子来。
That's
quite
another
matter
．
那完全是另一回事。
Both
my
uncles
are
abroad
，
one
in
Paris
and
the
other
in
New
York
．
我的两个叔叔都在国外，一个在巴黎，另一个在纽约。
One
of
them
is
yours
；
the
other
is
mine
．
一个是你的，另一个是我的。
值得注意的是，当我们在两样事物中任选一样时，应用
one
or
the
other
；在三样或三
样以上任选一样时，应用
one
or
other
或
one
or
another
。
在
som
eone
，
somehow
，
somewhere
等字后，只能用
other
，不能用
another
。例：
We'll
have
to
do
it
somehow
or
other
．
在下列短语中，
< br>other
也不能改作
another
< br>：
some
kind
or
other
some
way
or
other
反之，用
one
时，则用
anot
her
，例如：
one
way
or
another
。在
only
之后，指唯一的就
用
one
或
other
而不用
another
。
This
is
the
only
one/other
stile
to
cross
before
we
reach
the
wood
．
当
others
和
some
对比使用在一个句子中，
others
失去
“
其他的
”
意义，而是表示
“
有
的
”
或
“
有些
”
之义，相当于句中前面的
some<
/p>
。例如：
Some
like
this
，
others
like
that
．
有些人喜欢这个，自些人喜欢那个。
Some
cleaned
the
black
boards
，
others
mopped
the
floor
．
有些人擦黑板，有些人拖地板。
amount
，
number
这一对词都能用作名词和动词，又都表示
“
数目
”
、
“
总数
”
之意，故很易混淆。
它们之间的区
别是，
amount
用于不可数名词，表示
“
量
”
；
number
用于可数名词，表示
“<
/p>
数
”
。例：
He
has
contributed
a
considerable
amount
of
money
to
the
Chinese
University
of
Ho
ng
Kong
< br>．（
amount
为名词）
他捐了一笔为数可观的钱给香港中文大学。
Our
expenditure
amounts
to
fifty
thousand
dollars
a
month
．（
amount
为动词）
我们每月的开支达五万元。
Every
year
the
Hong
Kong
Book
Fair
draws
a
large
number
of
visitors
．（
number
为
名词）
每一年香港的书展吸引了大量的观众。
Today
more
than
30
，
000
students
are
enrolled
in
the
polytechnic
．
The
full-time
students
in
our
department
number
over
3
，
500
．（
numb
er
为动词）
现在理工学院有三万多名学生；我们系里全日制的学生已超过
三千五百名。
< br>Amount
除作
“
数量
”
、
“
总额
”
解外，亦可表示
“
价
值
”
之意。例：
Your
information
is
of
little
amount
．（名词）
你的情报没有什么价值。
It
is
unlikely
that
the
forthcoming
talks
will
amount
to
very
much
．（动词）
看来即将举行的会谈不会有多大意义。
与
amo
unt
一词搭配使用的字很多，常用的有：
respectab
le
～（相当大的数量）；
trif
li
ng
～（微不足道的数额）；
approved
～（核准的数额）；
fixed
～（固定的数额）；
vast
～
（大量）；
average
～（平均数）；
aggregate
～（总额）；
required
～（所需数）
；
proper
～
< br>（适量）。
与
number
搭配的形容词亦不少，常见的有：<
/p>
round
～（整数）；
serial
～（编号）；
s
mall
～（为数不多）；
astonishing
～（数目惊人）；
even
～（偶数）；
odd
～（奇数）；
h
igh
～（大数）；
low
～（小数）；
huge
（
immense
）～（巨大的数量）；
limited
～（有限的
数目）；
maximum
～（最大量）；
< br>minimum
～（最小量）；
cardinal
～（基数）；
ordinal
～
（序数）；
atomic
～（原子序数）。
also
，
too
这两个词都是副词，
又都表示
“
也是
”
的意思，
但在修辞意味和使用场合上有所不同。它
们的区别如下：
（一）一般说来，
also
用于比较正式（
formal
）的场合，语气比
too
庄重；
too
是惯熟
（
familiar
）的用语，使用范
围较广。
（二）
also
在句中的位置要紧靠动词；
< br>
too
在句中的位置比较灵活，有时插入句中，前
后用逗号分开，有时放在句末。
（三）
too
只能用在肯定句中，不可用于否定句内。在否定句中，只能用
either
；
also
则
可以用在否
定句中。
下面请看例句：
The
Hong
Kong
Chief
Executive
also
heads
the
university
as
Chancellor
．
香港行政长官也以（大学）校监身份领导大学。
Reading
books
is
learning
，
but
application
is
also
learning
and
the
more
important
for
m
of
learning
．
读书是学习，买践也是学习，而且是更重要的学习。
We
have
not
heard
such
a
thing
．
Also
，
we
have
never
seen
such
a
scene
．
我们没有听见过这种事情，我们也从来没有见过这种场面。
请注意，一般说来，
also
在句中的位置应紧靠动词，但有时为了强调其意，也可以将它
放在句首或句末。
Here
，
too
，
the
colon
must
be
followed
by
a
dash
．
这里也一样，应当在冒号之后加破折号。
Mary
，
too
，
can
play
the
piano
．
玛丽也会弹钢琴。
Could
you
speak
Japanese
？
alone
，
lone
这一对词都有
“
单独
”
、
“
孤单
”
（
having
no
other
person
or
thing <
/p>
nearby
）之意，但用法
有所不同。
就词性
而言，
alone
既可作形容词，又可作副词；而
lone
只能作形容词，不能作副词。
例如：
He
is
alone
．（
adj
．）
He
live
< br>alone
．（
adv
．）
A
lone
bird
flew
past
．（
adj
．）
用作形容词时，
alone
只能作表语；而
lone
一般只能作定语。例：
I
am
alone
．（不能说：
I
am
an
alone
person
）
我独居。
She
wants
to
make
a
lone
flight
．
她想单独飞行。
在现代英语里，
alone
和
lone
跟
lone
ly
涵义不同，
前二者只表示
“
单独
”
，
没有感情色
彩，
但后者则表示
“
孤单、寂寞
”
的感受。例：
Though
I
was
alone
in
Hong
Kong
，
I
did
not
feel
lonely
．
虽然我独居香港，但是我并不感到寂寞。
The
lone
traveller
led
a
lonely
life
．
那独行客过着寂寞的人生。
关于
al
one
一词，在使用时要注意几点：
（一）
alone
< br>是表语形容词，因此，我们不能说：
very
alone
，只可以说
much
alone
或
v
e
ry
much
alone
。
（二）
a
lone
虽然作
“
单独
”
、
“
孤单
< br>”
解，但它并不一定用于表示贬义的场合，因为有些
人生
来就喜欢
“
孤单
”
和
“
清静
”
，例如下句中的
alone
就是反映这个涵义：
Leave
me
alone
．
不要打扰我。
（三）
alone
< br>用在名词或代词之后可以表示
“
唯有
”
、
“
唯独
”
之意。例：
Jackson
alone
knows
what
happened
．
唯有杰克逊一个人知道出了什么事。
You
alone
can
help
me
in
this
task
．
只有你才能在这件事中帮助我。
（四）
let
alone
是固定词组，其义为
“
更不用说
< br>”
、
“
不在话下
”
。例：
He
can
speak
Spanish
，
let
alone
English
．
他能说西班牙文，英语就更不在话下了。
He
can't
drive
a
car
，
let
alone
a
truck
．
他连小汽车都不会开，更不用说开卡车了。
由例句可见，
let
alone
与
to
say
nothing
of
同义，它们可互换使用。
1.
agree
with
(1)
表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等
(
即持同一观点
)
。如：
I
quite
agree
with
you.
我完全同意你的意见。
We
agree
with
what
you
say.
我们同意你说的。
(2)
表示
“(
食物、天气、工作等
)
对
……
适宜
”
。如：<
/p>
The
food
does
not
agree
with
me.
这食物对我不适合。
Hard
work
does
not
agree
with
him.
艰苦的工作对他不适宜。
(3)
表示
“
与
……
一致
”
。如：
His
story
agrees
with
the
facts.
他的陈述与事实相符。
A
verb
must
agree
with
its
subject
in
person
and
number.
动词必须和它的主语在人
称和数方面保持一致。
2.
agree
to
(1)
后接某些名词，表示同意或接受某事，尤其指别人提出的某事，有时可能是自己不
喜欢的
事。
He
agree
the
plan
(the
date).
他同意了这个计划
(
日期
)
。
We
agreed
to
their
arrangement.
我们同意了他们的安排。
I
was
forced
to
agree
to
it,
but
at
heart
I
didn’t
quite
agree
with
it.
我被迫答应，但
内心并不完全同意。
(2)
后接动词原形
(
此时
to
是不定式符号
)
或动名词
(
一般有逻辑主语，此时
to
是介词
)
。
如：
We
agreed
to
leave
early.
我们同意早点出发。
She
agreed
to
my
going
home.
她同意我回去。
注：英语不说
agree
sb
to
do
sth
。如不说：
*
She
agreed
me
to
go
home.
3.
agree
on
(1)
主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议。如：
Can
we
agree
on
a
price
(a
date)?
我们能不能商定一个价格
(
日期
)?
Both
sides
agreed
on
these
terms.
双方都同意这些条件。
注：在正式文体中，有时可省略介词
on
。如：
Can
we
agree
a
price
(date)?
(2)
后接动名词，表示同意做某事。如：
He
agreed
on
helping
us.
他同意帮助我们。
注：与
agree
to
do
sth
大致同义。所以上句也可说成：
He
agreed
to
help
us.
一、指代物
it
可替
代动植物与无生命的东西，它与
one
的区别在于
one=
a/an
+
none;
it
=
the
+
n
。
1.
---Where
is
my
pencil
case?
---
Isn’t
it
in
your
back
pack?
2.
---I
have
a
motorbike.
It
(=
the
motorbike)
was
bought
three
years
ago.
3.
As
this
chair
is
broken,
I
must
have
it
(=
the
chair)repaired.
4.
My
father
bought
a
pen
and
gave
it
(=
the
pen)
to
me.
5.
You
can
not
eat
your
cake
and
have
it.
世事难两全。
试比较：
6.
I
have
no
dictionary,
so
I
want
to
buy
one.
(one
=
a
dictionary)
7.
I
have
a
dictionary,
it
is
over
there.
(it
=
the
dictionary)
二、指代人
it
可指代一个未亲眼看到的、不明
身份性别的、面目不详的人，或婴儿、儿童，照片中
的人物等。
8.
---
Who
is
there
waving
to
you?
---
It’s
my
f
riend
Tom.
9.
---Who
is
crying
in
the
room?
---
It’s
my
brother
Jack.
10.
---Who
is
knocking
at
the
door?
---It
must
be
Kate,
my
classmate.
11.
---Who
is
the
girl
in
the
photo
on
the
wall?
---
It’s
my
sister.
12.
---Who
is
it?
---
It’s
me.
(
有人敲门
)
13.
---Someone
is
ringing
the
doorbell.
Go
and
see
who
it
is.
(
敲门
)
14.
---Oh,
by
the
way,
there
is
a
telephone
call
for
you.
---Who
was
it?
(
打电话
)
15.
---Who
is
making
so
much
noise?
---It
must
be
the
children.
16.
There
is
a
person
knocking
at
the
door.
Who
can
it
be?
17.
Just
at
that
time,
in
came
a
girl.
It
was
Mark’s
sister.
18.
There
is
a
young
lady
at
the
door.
It
is
his
daughter.
19.
What
a
beautiful
baby!
Is
it
a
boy?
20.
A
baby
is
lying
in
the
cradle.
It
was
born
two
months
ago.
21.
The
baby
cry
because
it
is
hungry.
22.
The
baby
has
got
its
first
tooth.
注意：若身份已确定则要用人称代词。
23.
There
is
a
lady
at
the
door.
She
wants
to
see
you.
注意：向别人介绍某人时用
this
。
24.
This
is
my
friend,
Jim.
三、指代前述内容
,
或者是文中的内容
25.
Beauty
is
everywhere.
It
makes
us
happy.
26.
There
is
a
football
match
tonight.
It
starts
at
six
o’clock
in
the
evening.
27.
If
you
remember
these
points,
it
will
help
you.
28.
When
we
die
for
our
motherland
or
the
people,
it
is
a
worthy
death.
29.
You
have
helped
me
a
lot.
I
shall
never
forget
it.
30.
Yang
Liwei
was
the
first
Chinese
to
be
sent
up
into
space.
It
made
the
Chinese
proud.
31.
His
mother
is
fifty-
seven,
but
she
doesn’t
look
it.
32.
Mr.
Wang
was
ill.
Have
you
heard
it?
33.
---Thank
you
for
your
help?
---
Don’t
mention
it.
34.
Although
we
can’t
see
it,
there
is
air
all
around
us.
35.
It
would
be
wonderful
if
you
could
come
to
help
us.
四、指时间
36.
---What
time
is
it
by
your
watch?
---
It’s
ten
minutes
past
two.
37.
---What
day
is
it
today?
---
It’s
Friday.
38.
---
What’s
the
date
today?
---
It’s
May
1st.
39.
It’s
early
spring,
but
it’s
still
very
cold.
make
it
+
时间
把
时间定在
……
；约定
……
40.
Let’s
make
it
eight
o’clock.
41.
Let's
make
it
three
o'clock
sha
rp.
我们约定
3
点整吧。
It’s
time
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.
42.
It’s
time
to
have
supper.
=
It’s
time
for
supper.
53.
It’s
time
to
take
a
walk.
44.
It
is
time
for
us
to
set
out.
45.
It
is
time
for
you
to
go
to
bed.
It’s
time
for
sth.
46.
It’s
time
for
class.
(
口语中可省略为
Time
for
class.)
47.
It’s
tim
e
for
lunch.
(
口语中可省略为
Time
for
lunch.)
48.
It’s
time
for
a
break.
(
口语中可省略为
Time
for
break.)
49.
It’s
time
for
a
rest.
(
口语中可省略为
Time
for
rest.)
50.
It’s
time
for
dinner.
(
口语中可省略为
Time
for
dinner.)
It’s
high/about
time
+
…did/should…
(
虚拟语气
)
51.
It’s
hi
gh
time
you
left.
52.
It’s
about
time
we
should
work
hard
at
our
lessons.
It’
is/has
been
+
时间
+
since……
53.
It’s
twenty
years
since
she
left
me.
54.
It
has
been
20
years
since
I
left
here.
55.
I
heard
it
had
been
20
years
since
they
departed
from
each
other.
It
was/will
be
+
时间名词
+
before
从句
“
在多长时间后才发生某事
”
56.
It
was
twenty
years
before
they
met
again.
57.
It
won’t
be
long
before
you
recover.
58.
It
will
be
two
years
before
I
come
here
again.
五、指天气等自然现象
59.
It’s
very
cold
in
winter
i
n
Haerbin.
60.
It’s
five
degree
below
zero.
61.
It
will
be
windy
tomorrow.
62.
It
will
snow
heavily
tomorrow.
63.
The
volleyball
match
will
be
put
off
if
it
rains.
64.
It
was
snowing
heavily
when
he
went
out.
65.
---
What’s
the
weather
like
in
B
eijing?
---
It’s
cloudy.
六、指距离、速度、金钱、度量
66.
It’s
just
two
stops
to
the
park.
到公园只有两站路。
67.
It’s
about
ten
kilometers
from
my
home
to
my
school.
68.
It’s
about
ten
minutes’
walk
from
here
to
the
zoo.
69.
It
is
90
dollars
in
price.
70.
It’s
200
mph
in
velocity.
速度是每
小时
200
英里。
It
is
+
数词
+
meters/miles/kilometers
long/wide.
71.
It’s
three
kilometers
long
for
from
east
to
the
west.
72.
It’s
200
meters
wide
from
this
side
to
that
side.
七、指环境情况
73.
It’s
very
quiet
in
the
forest.
74.
It’ll
be
very
interesting
at
the
party
today.
75.
It
is
always
very
clean
and
tidy
in
my
son’s
room.
76.
It’s
very
chilly
in
my
room.
77.
It
was
noisy
when
he
got
to
the
classroom.
78.
If
it
is
convenient
to
you,
I
am
going
to
visit
you.
79.
It
was
exciting
when
we
watched
the
astronauts
taking
space
walks.
八、替代
this
或
that
80.
---
What’s
this/that?
---
It’s
my
pencil
sharpener.
81.
That’s
not
interesting,
is
it?
82.
This
is
your
point,
isn’t
it?
九、作形式主语
(
一
)
、替代动词不定式
It
is
+
adj.
to
do
sth.
83.
It
is
good
to
eat
vegetables.
84.
It
is
an
honor
to
have
been
asked
to
speak
at
the
meeting.
It
is
+
adj.
+for
sb.
to
do
sth.
注意：
此结构中的形容词是描述事情的、
说明句尾动词不定式
特征的形容词。
这些形容
词主要有
ce
rtain,
clear,
dangerous,
difficult,
easy,
hard,
illegal,
impossible,
important,
obvio
us,
possible,
polite,
proper,
right,
unnecessary,
unimportant,
unlikely,
useless,
useful
等。
85.
She
is
such
an
eccentric
woman
that
it
is
difficult
for
anyone
to
get
on
well
wit
h
her.
86.
It
is
a
good
custom
for
young
people
to
give
up
their
sets
to
old
people
in
the
buses
trains,
or
subways.
It
is
+
adj.
+
of
+
sb.
to
do
sth.
注意：
本句型中的形容词一般表示人
(
逻辑主语
)
的某种特性，
要么是夸赞，
要么是贬损。
主要有
brave,
careful,
careless,
considerable,
cruel,
clever,
foolish,
good,
grateful,
generous,
impolite,
kind,
nice,
polite,
rude,
silly,
stupid,
thoughtful,
unkind,
wise,
wrong,
等。
87.
It
is
kind
of
you
to
lend
me
so
many
books.
88.
It
is
clever
of
you
to
solve
so
difficult
a
problem.
89.
It
is
wise
of
you
to
refuse
his
offer.
90.
It
is
remarkable
of
her
to
be
always
working
like
this.
It
is
a
pity(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.
很遗憾做某事
91.
It
would
be
a
pity
to
miss
the
opening
ceremony.
92.
It
is
a
pity
for
you
not
to
go
to
Paris
with
us.
It
is
a
great
relief
(to
sb.)
to
do
sth.
做
< br>……
是一大慰藉；
……
真叫人送
了一口气
93.
It
is
a
great
relief
to
have
rain
after
a
long
time
of
drought.
94.
It’s
a
great
relief
to
me
to
know
you
are
safe.
95.
It’s
a
great
relief
to
hear
that
she
won
the
prize.
It
is
worth
while
to
do
sth.
做
……
是值得的
注意：本句型就相当于
It
pays
to
do
sth.
；
worth
while
不要写成
worthwh
ile
。
96.
It
is
worth
while
to
take
a
trip
abroad.
97.
It
is
worth
while
to
learn
English.
It’s
best
to
do
sth.
最好做某事
=
To
do
sth.
is
best.
98.
It’s
best
to
set
off
tomorrow.
最好明天动身。
=
To
set
off
tomorrow
is
best.
99.
It’s
best
to
review
the
lessons
one
more
time.
=
To
review
the
lessons
once
mor
e
is
best.
It’s
better
to
do
A
than
to
do
B
=
To
do
A
is
better
than
to
do
B.
100.
It
is
better
to
borrow
than
to
buy.
=
To
borrow
is
better
than
to
buy.
101.
It’s
better
to
stay
at
home
than
to
go
to
the
c
inema.
=
To
stay
at
home
is
bett
er
than
to
go
to
the
cinema.
How
is
it
possible
to
do
sth.?
……
这怎么可能？
102.
How
was
it
possible
to
fall
down
from
the
third
floor
without
being
hurt?
103.
How
is
it
possible
for
a
girl
of
ten
to
fly
an
airplane?
It’s
no
use
to
do
sth.
做
……
是没有用的
104.
It’s
no
use
to
argue
with
him.
105.
He
doesn’t
know
the
answer,
so
it
is
no
use
to
ask
him.
It
takes
(sb.)
+
时间
/
条件
+
to
do
sth.
某人花了多少时间做某事；做某事需要
……
(
条件
)
106.
It
takes
me
half
an
hour
to
walk
from
here
to
school.
107.
How
long
does
it
take
to
fly
Being
to
London?
108.
It
takes
patience
and
hard
work
to
master
English.
It
costs
sb.
some
money
to
do
sth.
某人花多少金钱做某事
109.
It
cost
him
a
great
deal
of
money
to
take
the
trip.
100.
It
cost
me
2000
dollars
to
collect
these
stamps.
It
occurs
to
sb.
to
do
sth.
某人突然想到做某事
111.
It
never
occurred
to
me
to
take
advantage
of
you.
我决没有想到过要占你便宜。
(
利用你
)
It
feels
+
adj.
+
to
do
sth.
112.
It
feels
pleasant
to
talk
with
her.
同他谈话使人感到愉快。
113.
It
must
feel
strange
to
have
a
twin
brother.
114.
It
feels
unhappy
to
be
with
him.
同他在一块让人感到不舒服。
115.
It
feels
nice
to
take
a
walk
in
the
evening.
晚间散散步感觉很好。
其它例句
116.
It
seems
a
pity
not
to
have
taken
his
advice.
117.
It
won’t
hurt
to
postpone
the
party
for
a
few
weeks.
118.
It
did
surprise
me
to
hear
you
say
so.
119.
It
gave
great
pleasure
to
have
finished
this
work
ahead
of
the
dead
line.
(
二
)
替代动名词
动名词可以直接位于句首作主语，但为了强调，或动名词过长
时，要用
it
作形式主语
置于句首，而
把动名词放到句子最后。这也是英语尾部重压原则所要求的。
It
is
no
good/use
(in)
doing
sth.
做
……
是没用的；做
……
是
白费力气的
=
It
is
of
no
good/use
doing
sth.
=
It
is
not
any
good/use
doing
sth.
120.
It
is
no
sue
crying
over
spilt
milk.
覆水难收，悔恨无益。
121.
It
is
no
use
trying
to
drown
your
sorrows
in
drink.
解酒浇愁无济于事。
122.
It’s
no
good
getting
cross
with
him.
和他生气没有用。
123
.
It’s
no
good
reading
without
full
understanding.
It’s
exciting
doing
sth.
124.
It’s
exciting
meeting
you
here.
It’s
dangerous
doing
sth.
125.
It’s
dangerous
playing
with
fire.
It’s
foolish
doing
sth.
126.
It’s
foolish
behaving
like
that.
It
’s
pleasant
doing
sth.
127.
It’s
pleasant
lying
in
the
sun.
It’s
fun
doing
sth.
128.
It’s
fun
being
a
magician.
It’s
no
use
doing
sth.
做
……
没有用
129.
It’s
no
use
crying
over
spilt
milk.
130.
It’s
no
use
regretting.
131.
It’s
no
use
you
running
a
way.
注意：
1.
辨析：
It’s
no
use
doing
sth.
&
It’s
no
use
to
do
sth.
132.
It’s
no
use
doing
sth.
通常指比较一般的情况。
133.
It’s
no
use
to
do
sth.
常指具体的情况，也就
是指在某一特定的场合所发生的事
情。
2.
类似句型
134.
It’s
useless
to
do
sth.
135.
It’s
of
no
use
to
do
sth.
It’s
a
nuisanc
e
doing
sth.
做
……
很烦人。
136.
It’s
a
nuisance
having
to
do
so
much
homework.
注意：这一结构中的动名词还可加
one’s
即物主代词来充当该动名词的逻辑主语。
137.
It’s
a
waste
of
time
your
talking
to
him.
It
is
just
like
casting
pearls
before
swi
ne.
138.
It
was
great
encouragement
to
us
their
coming
to
help.
139.
It
is
useless
doing
that
over
and
over
again.
注意：辨析：
It’s
nice
to
do
sth.
&
It’s
nice
doing
sth.
140.
It’s
nice
to
do
sth.
常用于见面或活动开始；
It’s
nice
doing
sth.
则用于分手或活
动结束。
141.
It’s
nice
taking
a
walk
in
the
evening.
142.
It’s
so
n
ice
sitting
near
a
fire
in
winter.
143.
It’s
nice
to
meet
you
here.
144.
It’s
nice
to
have
a
talk
with
you.
(
说话开始
)
145.
It’s
nice
talking
with
you.
（谈话之后）
It’s
hard
doing
sth.
做某事有困难
146.
It’s
hard
learning
English
well.
It’s
interesting
doing
s
th.
做某事有趣
147.
It’s
interesting
going
sight
seeing.
It’s
easy
doing
sth.
做某事容易
148.
It’s
easy
working
out
this
problem.
(
三
)
、替代主语从句
句型一：
It
+
be
+
adj.
+
that
从句
149.
It
is
clear
that
she
is
a
spy.
140.
Is
it
true
that
you
won
the
contest?
151.
It
is
true
that
he
didn’t
tell
the
truth.
152.
It
is
quite
plain
that
Tom
didn’t
want
to
go
there
with
us.
153.
It
is
obvious
that
the
driver
couldn’t
control
his
car
.
句型二：
It
is
+
adj.
+
that
(
虚拟语气
)
154.
It
is
strange
that
such
a
rich
man
should
be
so
stingy.
155.
It
is
natural
that
such
a
hardworking
student
should
pass
the <
/p>
exam.
这么用功的
学生通过考试时很
自然的事。
156.
It
is
important
that
he
should
not
do
it.
他不该做那事是有必要的。
157.
It
isn’t
surprise
that
Marry
should
marry
him.
玛丽要同他结婚并不奇怪。
157.
It
is
necessary
that
you
should
go
to
the
doctor.
158.
It
is
strange
that
we
should
meet
here.
我们竟然在此相遇，真奇怪。
159.
It
is
a
pity
that
we
should
refuse
to
attend
the
meeting.
句型三：
It
+
be
+
名词或名词词组
+
that
从句
It
is
a
pity
that…
……
真是遗憾
160.
It
is
a
pity
that
we
have
to
leave
tomorrow.
161.
It
is
a
pity
that
I
can’t
go
to
the
theater
with
her
tonight.
It
is
one’s
belief
that…
某人相信
…...
162.
It
is
her
belief
that
he
will
succeed
someday.
她相信总有一天他会成功。
163.
It
is
our
belief
that
every
body
is
equal
before
the
law.
164.
It
is
my
belief
that
it
takes
intelligence,
diligence
and
persistence
to
succeed.
句型四：
It
+
be
+
过去分词
+
that
从句
It
is
regarded
that
…
人们认为
……
It
is
supposed
that…
人们猜测
…
；据推测
< br>…
It
is
said
that…
据说
……;
有人说
……
It
is
pointed
out
that…
有人指出
……
It
is
pro
posed
that…
有人提议
……
It
is
reported
that…
j
据报道
……
It
is
stated
that… <
/p>
据称
……
；据说
……
It
is
thought
that…
有人以为
……
；有人认为
……
It
is
well
known
that…<
/p>
众所周知
……
It
is
accepted
that…
人们公认
……
It
is
announced
that…
据称
……
；有人宣称
……
It
is
acknowledged
that…
应该承认
……
It
has
b
een
shown
that…
业已表明
……
It
has
been
proved
that…
已经证明
……
It
believed
that…
有人相
信
……
It
is
declared
that…
据宣称
……
It
is
described
that…
据述
……
It
is
considered
that…
有
人认为
……
It
is
observed
that…
可以看
出
……
；据观察
……
< br>
It
is
mentioned
that
…
据说
……
；上文提到
……
165.
It
is
said
the
sports
meeting
will
be
called
off.
166.
It
was
later
found
that
the
report
was
false.
167.
It
is
known
that
he
is
an
honest
man.
168.
It
is
reported
that
Yao
Ming
got
hurt
while
training.
169.
It
is
known
to
all
that
smoking
is
bad
for
health.
170.
It
is
said
that
he
can
speak
six
languages.
is
supposed
that
Tom
will
be
our
monitor
next
semester.
172.
It
must
be
pointed
out
that
everything
you’ve
done
will
be
answered
for
one
da
y.
(
必须指出
……)
注意：当过去分词是
suggested,
ordered,
demanded
等表示命令，建议的动词时主语从
句要用虚拟语气。
173.
It
is
believed
that
health
is
above
wealth.
174.
It
was
once
generally
believed
that
the
earth
was
flat.
175.
It
is
reported
that
the
car
accident
took
place
on
New
Year
’s
Eve.
176.
It
is
reported
that
another
bridge
will
be
built
here.
177.
It
is
estimated
that
the
damage
was
over
one
million
dollars.
178.
It
is
suggested
that
each
student
should
tell
a
story.
179.
t
is
ordered
that
the
work
should
be
finished
by
the
end
of
this
month.
句型五：
It
替代
< br>wh-
从句
180.
It
d
oesn’t
matter
to
me
what
you
say
and
do.
你说什么和做什么跟我毫无关系。
181.
It
is
a
mystery
where
David
got
the
money
182.
It
has
been
decided
when
the
match
will
be
held.
183.
It
is
very
clear
what
he
meant.
句型六：
It
+
动词
+
that
从句
It
is
just
as
well
that…
做
/
没做
……
倒也不错
184.
It
is
just
as
well
that
we
arrived
at
the
station
in
time.
还好我们及时抵达车站。
185.
It’s
just
as
well
that
you
didn’t
go
out
in
the
rain.
你下雨天没出去倒也是好
事。
It
follows
that...
必然是
……;
……
那必然是真的
It
doesn’t
follow
that…
未必
……
注意：
follow
在此意为
be
necessarily
true(
必然是真的
)
186.
It
follows
that
if
you
work
hard,
you
will
succeed.
如果你努力，
你就
会成功，
那
必然是真的。
187.
From
this
evidence,
it
follows
that
he
is
not
the
murderer.
根据这一证据判断，
他当然不是真凶。
188.
Although
she
is
poor,
it
doesn’t
follow
that
she
is
dishonest.
虽然她穷，却未必
不诚实。
It
occurs
to
sb.
that
…
某人突然想起
……
189.
It
occurred
to
him
that
he
should
go
to
see
his
girl
friend.
It
seems/appears
(to
sb.)
that…
(
在某人看来
)
似
乎
……
190.
It
seems
to
my
grandfather
that
my
father
is
still
a
child.
191.
It
seems
that
the
world
is
getting
smaller
and
smaller.
It
happens
/chances
that…
恰好
……
；
碰巧
……
191.
It
happened
that
the
harvest
was
bad
in
1958.
192.
It
happened
that
Kate
was
out
when
I
called
her.
(=
Kate
happened
to
be
out
when
I
called
her.)
193.
It
chanced
that
I
was
busy
doing
my
homework
when
he
came.
It
goes
without
saying
that…
不用说
……
；
……
是显而易见的
194.
It
goes
without
saying
that
money
can’t
buy
anything.
195.
It
goes
without
saying
that
home
is
the
warmest
place
in
the
world.
It
shocked
sb.
that…
使某人惊讶的是
……
196.
It
shocked
me
that
he
couldn’t
communicate
with
his
mother.
其它句式
197.
It
is
often
the
case
that
haste
makes
waste.
忙中出错是很常见的。
198.
It
is
good
news
that
you
have
beaten
your
rival
and
won
the
gold
medal.
199.
It
is
great
pleasure
that
you
were
with
me.
200.
It
is
common
knowledge
the
whale
is
not
a
fish.
十、作形式宾语
句型一
:
主语
+
谓语动词
+it
+
宾语补足语
+(for/of
sb.)+
不定式
/
动名词
/
名词性从句
在这个句型中，谓语动词通常是
find,
think,
make,
consider,
regard
等
。引导名词性从
句的有
that,
if,
whether,
who,
what,
when,
where,
how
等。
201.
I
think
it
important
that
we
keep
up
with
the
times.
202.
I
think
it
possible
for
us
to
get
there
on
time
if
we
hurry.
203.
Do
you
think
it
possible
to
finish
it
in
time?
204.
We
all
consider
it
wrong
to
cheat
in
examination.
205.
I
feel
it
my
duty
to
help
the
poor.
206.
I
think
it
stupid
of
you
to
accept
his
present.
207.
She
found
it
useless
arguing
with
her
husband.
208.
I
think
it
worthwhile
discussing
the
problem
again.
209.
We
all
believe
it
no
good
quarrelling
over
such
trifles.
我们都
认为位这种区区
小事争吵没有益处。
210.
I
count
it
an
honor
that
I
can
serve
you.
211.
You
haven’t
made
it
clear
whether
I
am
to
go
or
not.
212.
Haven’t
I
made
clear
it
you
mustn’t
spit
everywhere?
213.
I
want
to
make
it
clear
whether
she
still
loves
him
or
not.
it
可以用在
have,
enjoy,
hate,
like,
love,
take,
appreciate
等动词后充当形式宾语。
214.
I
hate
it
when
people
talk
with
their
mouths
full.
215.
I
hate
it
that
I’ve
made
so
many
mistakes.
216.
Does
it
matter
if
he
can’t
finish
the
job
on
time?
217.
I
like
it
when
she
kiss
me.
218.
He
will
have
it
that
our
plan
is
impracticable.
219.
We
take
it
that
you
will
act
according
to
the
final
agreement.
我方认为贵方是
会按最后协议行事的。
220.
We
all
take
it
that
Liu
Xiang
will
win
the
first
prize.
我们都相信鲍勃会获得一
等奖。
221.
I
will
appreciate
it
if
you
call
me
back.
如果你给我回电话我会感激不尽。
222.
I
take
it
for
granted
that
we
should
work
hard.
句型二
①
.
主语
+take
it
for
granted
that…
②
.It
is
taken
for
granted
that…
此句型意为
“
认为
……
是理所当然的
”
，
that
可省略。<
/p>
223.
They
took
it
for
granted
that
he
will
win
the
pretty
girl’s
favor.
(
应得漂亮姑娘
的芳心
)
224.
It
is
taken
for
granted
that
everyone
is
equal
before
the
law.
十一、用于强调结构
句型：
It
is/was
+
被强调部分
+that/who
+
其他成分
.
被强调的是人时可以用
that
或
who
，或<
/p>
whom
，其它一律用
that
。
(
一
).
强调主语
225.
It
is
I
who
am
to
blame.
都怪我。
226.
It
was
Mr.
Wang
who/that
gave
me
this
dictionary.
227.
It
is
the
people
who
are
really
powerful.
真正强大的是人民。
228.
It
is
Beijing
that
is
the
capital
of
China.
229.
It’s
I
who
runs
this
shop,
not
you.
230.
I
was
he
that
helped
the
old
man
across
the
street.
231.
It
is
I
who/that
am
a
new
winner
of
the
gold
medal.
232.
It
is
you
that/who
made
fun
of
him.
233.
It
is
that
he
often
fails
in
exams
that
makes
his
parents
worried
about
him.
234.
What
is
it
that
has
made
him
so
excited?
到底是什么事情使他变得如此激动？
235.
It
is
the
ability
to
do
the
job
that
matters
not
where
you
come
from
or
what
y
ou
are.
重要的是工作能力，而不是你来自哪儿或你是干什么的。
(
二
).
强调宾语
236.
It
was
a
black
car
that
Jack
bought
yesterday.
237.
It
is
Han
Mei
that/whom
I
teach
every
Saturday
evening.
238.
It
was
Mr.
Green
that/whom
he
brought
the
newspapers
to.
=
239.
It
was
to
Mr.
Green
that
he
brought
the
newspapers.
240.
It
was
her
that/whom
I
wanted
to
call
on
the
other
day.
(
三
).
强调状语
241.
It
is
last
night
that
all
this
happened.
242.
It
was
in
Beijing
that
I
was
born.
243.
It
was
because
of
his
illness
that
he
was
late
yesterday.
244.
It
was
because
it
rained
that
he
didn’t
come.
245.
It
is
by
bike
that
he
often
goes
to
school.
246.
It
was
when
he
was
about
to
leave
that
the
telephone
rang.
247.
It
was
in
1968
that
they
got
married.
248.
It
was
not
until
he
finished
his
work
that
Mr.
Wang
went
home.
249.
t
was
not
until
he
finished
his
homework
that
he
went
out.
(
四
).
强调疑问词：疑问词
+
be
+
it
+
that…
(
五
).
强调
who
250.
Who
was
it
that
did
it?
(
六
).
强调
what
251.
What
is
it
that
he
wants
us
to
do?
(
七
).
强调
where
252.
Where
was
it
that
you
picked
up
the
pen?
十二、没有实意的
if
(
一
).
作
seem,
happen
等动词的主语
it
常做
seem,
appear,
happen,
turn
out
等动词的主语，在这
些结构中，
it
没有实意。
253.
It
seems
unlikely
that
he
will
pass
the
exam.
他不大可能会通过考试。
254.
It
happened
that
I
was
not
in
the
classroom
when
the
earthquake
happened.
地
震发生时我碰巧不在教室。
255.
It
turned
out
(to
be)
a
stormy
day.
结果那天风狂雨骤。
256.
It
appears
that
she
have
many
friends.
她似乎有很多朋友。
(
二
).
泛指
“
生活
”
、
“
生活环境
”
等
257.
How
is
it
going?
情况如何？
258.
How
is
it
going
with
your
mother?
你母亲好么？
=
How
is
it
with
your
mothe
r?
259.
It
is
always
the
case
with
him.
他的情况一向如此。
260.
I
shall
stick
it
out
here
till
he
comes.
我将一直在这儿坚持下去，直到他回来。
261.
He
wants
to
leave
home
and
go
it
alone.
他想离开家，独立生活。
262.
At
last
we’ve
made
it.
263.
go
for
it
努力争取；加油
264.
You
can
make
it,
too.
265.
Believe
it
or
not.
266.
It
depends.
/
It
all
depends.
得看情况而定
267.
It
serves
sb.
right.
某人罪有应得。
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：小学英语单词表 全12册
下一篇：pep人教版三到六年级英语词汇,黑体 白体