-
英语构词法
英语主要有三种构词法：转化、派
生和合成。在高考
中，凡超出《考试说明》词汇表范围的单词，若利用
< br>构词法能猜出其意义，
均不加中文解释。
新教材
2000
多词中派生词、合成词、转化词占近
7
00
个，可见其
重要性。下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。
一、转化构词法：
英语中的一个单词由一个词类转化为另一个词类而
词形不变，成为转化法。这种构词
方式主要体现在名
词、动词、形容词之间的相互转化。
①
有大量的动词可以转化为名词，<
/p>
有时意思没有
太大的变化：
Let me have a
try.
We stopped
there for a
swim
.
He went off at a
run
to consult a doctor.
This is for winter
wear
. Don’t
make
it too tight.
This
was
a
great
surprise
（
strike
，
shock
）
to
my
brother.
有时意思有一定的变化：
He
was about the same
build
as
his brother.
Last year’s
catch
was four
times that of 1986.
This was a decisive
move
.
1
They can be used as a
stock
feed
。
Women have a equal
say
in
everything.
。
②
也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。
许多表示物
件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。
Have you
book
the
ticket
？
Who
chaired
the
meeting
？
He
pinned
great hopes on us.
It can
seat
a
thousand people.
We have
mapped
out plans for their
utilization.
It
pictures
the life of
overseas Chinese students.
He hurriedly
penciled
the time on it.
By noon he had
bagged
three hares.
The machine
bottles
15000 jars of cold a
day.
The money was all
pocketed
by corrupt
officials.
He
hammered
a nail into the
wall.
有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。
Hand
in you exercise-
books
，
please.
We’ll
not
back
up.
We
should
dare
to
face
difficulty and danger.
Who
headed
the delegation.
We’ll
headed
for
Yunnan tomorrow.
We should
shoulder
these
responsibilities.
2
any
She
fingered
the silk gently.
I’m
never
interested
in
nosing
out
the
details
of
someone else’s
private life.
They
eyed
him
with suspicion.
一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词：
If so
，
we shall be
badly
fooled
.
）
He insisted on staying up to
nurse
the
child.
）
We were
hosted
by members of the
embassy.
Our aim is to save the patient
and not to
doctor
him
to death.
The
equipment
was
manned
by
three
workers
per
shift.
He has
soldiered
in France in his
youth.
The army was
officered
by brave men.
He claims to have
fathered
over 20 children.
He
fathered
many
inventions.
一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词：
Each apartment can
house
a family of six.
I hope we can
room
together.
This helped to
bridge
over our
difficulties.
They
flowered
well but bore
little fruit.
He
floored
the room.
3
An aeroplane
was used to
dust
insecticide.
We decided to
dam
the river.
He
is busy
oiling
the bicycle.
He
wolfed
down
three great bowls of rice.
The pill is
coated
with sugar.
Executives
，
workers and
technicians
team
up.
此外，还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词：
Where do swallows
winter
？
We
summered
by Lake Geneva.
For six days and nights they
battled
to save his life.
Through my
childhood
，
I had
hungered
for education.
This so
angered
us that we beat him up.
They
breakfasted
（
lunched
< br>）
at the guesthouse. Over
1000
students
stormed
into
the
Senate
building.
③
有不少形容词也可以用做动词：
The train
slowed
down to half its speed.
This
is
the
chief
way
of
narrowing
the
differences
between them.
Please
warm
up the dish over the
stove.
The room gradually
quieted
down.
④形容词转化为名词
Her
native
language is German.
4
You
can
always
tell
the
difference
between
tourists
and
natives
.
Don’t wash
whites and
coloreds
together.
The
whites
of her eye were
bloodshot.
I’m only telling you this
for your own
good
.
What’s
the
good
of
earning
all
that
money
if
you
don’t have time to enjoy it.
It will do you
good
to your health.
⑤情态动词转化为名词
His
new
novel
is
a
mus
t
for
all
lovers
of
science
fiction.
I don’t want to go against your
will
.
It’s god’s
will
.
Where there
is a
will
, there is a way.
There is no
need
for you to get up early tomorrow.
We
should meet children’s special educational
needs
.
⑥代词转化为名词
She
thinks she’s really
somebody
in at car.
She rose from being a
nobody
to become a
superstar.
二、派生
在一个单词的前、后面加上词缀构成新词的方式
5
就为派生。加在前面的叫前缀（
p
refixes
）
，加在后面
的叫后缀
（
suffixes
）
。前缀一般不改
变词类，而主要
决定一个词的词义；后缀一般不改变词义，而主要决
定一个词的词类。
（一）前缀
1.
表示否定意义的常见前缀形式
①
un-
构成反义词，
表示否定或相反的动作
，
经常
附在动词、形容词、副词之前。
unusual, uncertain, unwanted, unable,
unfair, uncover,
unnecessary,
unhappy,
unimportant,
unknown,
unpleasant,
untouched, unlike, unexpectedly, undress,
unfold, unlock, undo,
I
undid
the
package and took out the books.
She
undressed
and got into bed.
Everyone helped to
unload
the luggage from the
car.
The divers hoped to
unlock
the secret of the
seabed.
②
dis-
构成反义词，表示“不”
,
经常附在动词、
形容词、副词之前。
例：
discomfort,
disappear,
dishonest,
discover,
disagree,
dissatisfied,
disappointed,
dislike,
disobey,
disadvantage,
disagree,
discourage,
disable,
disallow,
disapproval, disbelieve, disconnect,
disharmony,
6
You
could
be
disqualified
from
driving
for
up
to
3
years
because of driving after drinking.
Everything was in a
disordered
state.
You have
dishonored
the name of the
school.
Her behavior has brought
disgrace
on her family.
She
disclaimed
any
knowledge
of
her
husband
’
s
whereabouts.
Most
of
the
rebels(
叛
乱
分
子
)
were
caught
and
disarmed
.
③
in-/im-
构成反义词，表示“不”
，
im
用于以
m, b,
p
等开头的词
;
其余都用
in-
如：
impossible,
impolite,
imperfect,
improper,
immodest,
impatient,
imbalance
inactive,
inadequate,
incorrect,
incomplete,
indirect,
independence,
informal,
ingratitude,
inhuman,
injustice, inoperative, insincere,
intolerable, invisible,
④
ir-
构成反义词，表示“不”
，用于以
r<
/p>
开头的单
词
例：
Irregular,
irreligious
⑤
il-
构成反义词，表示“不”
，用于以<
/p>
l
开头的单词
7
irresponsible,
irresistible,
irrelevant,
例：
illegal
⑥
mis-
构成反义词，表示“错误”
、坏
例：
mi
stake
，
misuse
，
misunderstand,
Any
child
caught
misbehaving
was
made
to
stand
at
the front of the class.
The newspapers
misreported
the facts of the
case.
I afraid I completely
misread
the situation.
She now realizes she
misjudged
him.
⑦
non-
构成反义词，表示“不”
,
常在名词，形容
< br>词及作形容词用的分词前
例：
non-
stop
，
non-
smoker
，
nonsense,
nonviolence,
nonalcoholic,
nonessential, nonrenewable, non-existed,
nonscientific
⑧<
/p>
anti-
表示反抗、阻止、排斥
anti-Japanese,
anti-
freezing,
antisocial,
antibiotic,
antibody,
2.
表示其他意义的前缀
①
re-
表示“再；又；重”
，
re-
多重读，
构成双重读
词。
例：
rewrite,
repay, remarry, rewrite, reread, react, retell,
rebuild, reuse
②
a-
表
示“的”
，多构成表语形容词
。
例
8
alone
，
alike,
aside, asleep, awake, alive, ahead, afraid,
aloud,
③
tele-
表示“远程的”
,
电话的，
电视的。
例：
telephone
，
television,
telegram<
/p>
，
telecommunication,
telesales,
teleworking, telescope ,telecontrol,
④
en-
表示“使”
，构成动词。
例：
enlarge
，
enable,
enrich,
ensure,
enforce,
endanger,
encourage, enjoy,
⑤
inter-
表示“关系”
。
例：
internet, international, interview
⑥
pre-
表示在前，
事先，预先
Prewar,
preview, predict
⑦
fore-
表示位置在前，时间提前，预先
Forehead, forecast, foresee,
foretell
，
forearm
⑧
sub-
表示在下面
,
低于
subway,
subwater,
submarine,
subcommittee,
subconscious,
subnormal,
⑨
auto
-
表示自身、自己、自动
autob
oat
，
autobus
，
automatic
，
autograph,
autoimmune, autobiography
⑩
bi-
表示双的
9