宏观经济学术语(中英文对照)

GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP

times 100.

GDP

平减指数：用名义

GDP

与实际

的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。

MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING

生活费用的衡量

CPI is measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.

消费

物价指数

C PI

：

一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于 某个基年同样一篮

子产品与服务的价格。

Inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period.

通货膨胀率：

前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。

< br>

Producer price index (PPI) is a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by

firms.

生产 物价指数：企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。

Indexation

：

the

automatic

correction

of

a

dollar

amount

for

the

effects

of

inflation

by

law

or

contract.

根据法律或合约对通货膨胀的影响进行货币数量的自动调整。

Nominal interest rate is the interest rate as usually reported without a correction of the effects of

inflation.

名义利率：通常公布的，未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率。

Real interest rate is the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.

真实利率：根据通货膨胀校正过的利率。

RODUCTION AND GROWTH

生产与增长

Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker

’

s time.

生< /p>

产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和劳务的数量。

Physical

capital

is

the

stock

of

equipment

and

structures

that

are

used

to

produce

goods

and

services.

物资资本：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物存量。

Human capital is the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and

experience.

人力资本：工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。

Natural

resources

are

the

inputs

into

the

production

of goods

and

services

that

are provided

by

nature.

自然资源：由自然界提供的用于生产物品与劳 务的投入，如土地、河流与矿藏。

Technological

knowledge

is

society

’

s

understanding

of

the

bes

ways

to

produce

goods

and

services.

技术知识：社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。

Diminishing returns are the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as

the quantity of the input increases.

收益递减：随着投入量的增加，每一单位额外投入得到的收益减 少的特性。

Catch-up effect is the property whereby continues that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly

than countries that start off rich.

追赶效应：开始时 贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快。

SA

VING

,INVESTMENT,AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

储蓄、投资和金融体系

Financial

system

is

the

group

of

institutions

in

the

economy

that

help

to

match

one

person

’

s

saving with another person

’

s investment.

金融体系：经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。

Financial

markets

are

financial

institutions

through

which

savers

can

directly

provide

funds

to

borrowers.

金融市场：储蓄者可以通过它直接向借 款者提供资金的金融机构。

Bond is a certificate of indebtedness

债券：一种债务证明书。

Stock is a claim to partial ownership in a firm

股票：企业部分所有权的索取权。

Financial

intermediaries

are

financial

institutions

through

which

savers

can

indirectly

provide

funds to borrowers.

金融中介机构：储 蓄者可以通过它间接地向借款者提供资金的金融机构。

Mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portion

of stocks and bonds. < /p>

共同基金：向公众出售股份，并用收入来购买股票于债券资产组合的机构。

National

saving

(saving)

is

the

total

income

in

the

economy

that

remains

after

paying

for

consumption and government purchase.

国民储蓄（储蓄）

：在用于消费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的收 入。

Private saving is the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption.

私

人储蓄： 家庭在支付了税收和消费之后剩下来的收入。

Public saving is the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending.

公共储

蓄：政府在支付其支出后剩下的税收收入。

Budget surplus is an excess of tax revenue over government spending.

预算盈余：税收收入大于政府支出的余额。

Budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending

预算赤字：政府支出引起的税收收入短缺。

Market for loanable funds are the market in which those who want to save supply funds those who

want to borrow to invest demand funds.

可贷资金市场：想储蓄的人借以提供资金 、想借钱投资的人借以借贷资金的市场。

Crowding out is a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing.

挤出：政府借款所引起的投资减少。

THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE

基本金融工具

Finance:

the

field

that

studies

how

people

make

decisions

regarding

the allocation

of

resources

over time and the handling of risk.

金融学：研究人们如何在某一时期内做出关于配 置资源和应对风险的学科。

Present

value:

the

amount

of

money

today

that

would

be

needed

to

produce,using

prevailing

interest rates, a given future amount of money.

现值：用现行利率生产一定量未来货币所需要的现在货币量。

Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given

prevailing interest rates.

未来值：在现行利率既定时，现在的货币量将带来的未来货币量。

Compounding:

the

accumulation

of

a

sum

of

money

in,say,a

bank

account,where

the

interest

earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future.

复利：

货币量的累积，

比如说银行账户上货币量的累积，

即赚得的利息仍留在账户上以赚取

< br>未来更多的利息。

Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertainty.

风险厌恶：不喜欢不确定性。

Diversification:the

reduction

of

risk

achieved

by

replacing

a

single

risk

with

a

large

number

of

smaller unrelated risks.

多元化：通过用大量不相关的小风险代替一种风险来降低风险。

Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actor.

企业特有风险：只影响一个公司的风险。

Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once.

市场风险：影响股市上所有公司的风险。

Fundamental analysis: the study of a company

’

s accounting statements and future prospects to

determine its value.

基本面分析：为 决定一家公司的价值而对其会计报表和未来前景进行的研究。