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Lesson 1
1. International
trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and
services produced in one
country with
those produced in another.
2.
International specialization: one country
producing more of a commodity than it uses
itself
and selling the remainder to
other countries.
3. The theory of
comparative advantage: holds that even if a
country is less efficient than ano
ther
in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has
absolute disadvantage in producing bot
h
commodities, there is still a basis for mutually
beneficial
trade.
4.
国际专业化：
international
specialization
绝对利益：
absolute
advantage
比较利益：
comparative advantage
5. rich in advantage over point on
across borders
ation:
(1)
在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no
country can be completely self- sufficient.
(2)
随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因
素，即国际专业化。
With the
development of manufacturing and technology, there
arose another incentive for tra
de, i.e.
international
specialization.
(3)
按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。
According to the theory of comparative
advantage, both trade partners can benefit from
trade.
(4)
比较利
益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比
较利益。
Comparative advantage is
not a static concept; a country may develop a
particular comparati
ve advantage
through its own actions.
(5)
比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has
become the cornerstone of modern thinking on
intern
ational trade.
Lesson 2
1. Economies of
scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale
production.
2. Tariff barriers: are
the most common form of trade restriction.
3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a
commodity when it crosses the boundary of a
customs area wh
ich usually coincides
with the area of a country.
4. A
customs union: a customs area extending beyond
national boundaries to include two or
more independent nations is
called a customs union.
5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on
goods entering an area.
6. Export
duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.
7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on
imported goods that are refunded if the goods are
reexp
orted.
8. Most
-favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a
tariff treatment under which a country
i
s required to extend to all
signatories any tariff concessions granted to any
participating coun
try.
9.
Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most
common form of non-tariff barriers. A
quo
ta limits the imports or exports of
a commodity during a given period of time.
10.
需求结构：
patterns
of demand
生产能力：
production
capabilities
消费爱好：
consumption preference
规模经济：
economies of scale
成本优势：
cost advantage
大规模生产：
large-scale production
关税和配额：
tariffs and quotas
外汇：
foreign exchange
革新或款式：
innovation or style
移民汇款：
immigrant remittance
11. capability at/in cost for/of at
reasonable costs levied on
take into
account without reference to
(
不针对
) make efforts to
engage in
ation:
(1)
一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。
The cost of product will decrease with
the expansion of production scale.
(2)
在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永
远不会发生。
In reality,
complete specialization may never take place even
though it is economically advan
tageous.
(3)
配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are
the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4)
有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国
家间的劳务交换。
The visible
trade is the import and export of goods, and the
invisible trade is the exchange of
services between countries.
(5)
国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸
易和无形贸易的混合。
The kinds of
trade nations engage in are varied and complex,
often a mixture of visible and
i
nvisible trade.
Lesson 3
1. Consignment transaction: this means
the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will
no
t get payment until the
goods are sold. If not sold, the goods
can be shipped back.
2. The draft:
also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an
unconditional order to a bank or a
c
ustomer to pay a sum of
money to someone on demand or at a
fixed time in the future.
3. Sight
draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation
to the drawee.
4. Usance draft: is
payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days
after sight or date.
5. Documentary
draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant
documents such as the bill of
lading,
the invoice, the
insurance policy etc.
6. Documents against payment (D/P):
documents will not be released to the importer
until pa
yment is effected.
7. D/P at sight: requires immediate
payment by the importer to get hold of the
documents.
8. D/P after sight: gives
the importer a certain period after presentation
of the documents, but
documents are not
released to him until he actually pays for the
merchandise.
9. Documents against
acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the
importer upon his
acceptance of the
bill of
exchange drawn by the
exporter. Payment will not be made until a later
date. D/A is always a
fter sight.
10.
外汇管制：
foreign
exchange control
预付现金：
cash
in advance
记帐贸易：
open
account
破产：
go bankrupt
up to (amount to) have/gain control
over part with (
分手
)
enter into on demand
(
立即
) hand over to
(
交给
)
push the
sale(
促销
) tie up
money
（占压资金）
make/effect
payment
open/issue/establish L/C
with bank in one
以谁为受益人
)
12. Translation:
(1)
在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。
In international trade, both the
exporter and importer face risks as there is
always the possibil
ity that the other
party may
fail to fulfil the contract.
(2)
为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。
Various methods of payment have been
developed to cope with different situations in
internat
ional trade.
(3)
许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。
A lot of international
transactions are paid for by means of the draft,
which is an order to a ba
nk or a
customer to pay.
(4)
即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。
Documents against payment at sight
requires immediate payment by the importer to get
hold
of the documents.
(5)
就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付
款交单比承兑交单有利。
So far as the
exporter
ht, and D/P is more favorable
than D/A.
Lesson 4
1.
The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank
at the request of the importer in which the
b
ank promises to pay upon
presentation of the relevant documents.
2. The confirming bank: the bank that
adds its confirmation to the credit is called the
confirm
ing bank which is undertaken
either by the advising bank or another prime bank.
3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either
nominated by the opening bank or at its own
choice, bu
ys the
exporter
submitted to it under a credit,
it is called a negotiating bank.
4.
支付方法：
method of payment
发货：
dispatch the goods
条款：
terms and conditions
保兑信用证：
confirmed letter of
credit
分批可转船：
partial
shipments or
transshipment
运载船支：
carrying
vessel
统一惯例：
the uniform
customs and practice for documentary credits
5.
match…with
(
与
…
一致
)
at the request of be concerned with
(
关心
)
(1)
在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。
In international trade it is almost
impossible to match payment with the physical
delivery of t
he goods.
(2)
信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of
credit offers security to both the seller and the
buyer.
(3)
现代信
用证在
19
世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质
性的发展。
Modern credits were
introduced in the second half of the 19th century
and had substantial de
velopment after
the First
World War.
(4)
要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保
兑的信用证。
Either
because the credit amount is too large, or because
he does not fully trust the opening
b
ank, the exporter may
sometimes require confirmed letter of
credit.
(5)
信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form,
length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 5
1. Clean draft:
draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for
payment are clean credit.
2. Documentary credit: credits that
require shipping documents to be presented
together with
the draft.
3. Irrevocable credits: are those that
cannot be amended or revoked without the consent
of all
the parties concerned.
4. Revocable credit: the credit is a
revocable one if such commitments can be altered
or even
canceled without consulting
with the beneficiary.
5. Confirmed
credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other
than the issuing bank, it becomes
a
confirmed credit.
6. Sight credit:
is one by which payment can be made upon
presentation of the draft and
impe
ccable documents by the
beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit
calls for a sight draft.
7. Usance
credit: is one by which payment cannot be made
until a specific date or a specific
t
ime after the date or after
sight, this type of credit requires a
usance draft.
8. Transferable
credit: if a credit can be transferred by the
original beneficiary to one or more
parties, it is a transferable
credit.
9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency
for payment to be made by presentatio
n
of the documents without the formality
of drawing and presenting a draft.
10. Revolving credit: if a credit
stipulated that its amount can be renewed or
reinstated witho
ut specific amendment
to the credit being made.
11.
Accompany with/by consult with(
和
…
协商
)
(1)
信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。
Letters of credit are classified into
different types according to their function, form,
and mech
anism.
(2)
光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used
in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits
are
generally used in commodity trade.
(3)
在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便
立即付款。
In the case of
sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon
presentation of draft and im
peccable
shipping
documents.
(4)
远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。
付款期限可为
30
天，
60
天甚至可长达<
/p>
180
天。
A usance credit obviously calls for a
time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to
as long
as 180 days.
(5)
如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信
用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called
transferable if it can be transferred by its
original beneficiary to one
or more
parties. The original beneficiary is called the
first beneficiary, and the party (or
parti
es) the credit is transferred to
is called the second beneficiary.
(6)
对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款
方式。缔约双方应根据具体
情况作出最好的选择。
The letter of credit may not be the
most ideal method of payment for a particular
transaction,
and the contracting
parties
should make their best choice
according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 6
1. Contract: is
an agreement which sets forth binding obligations
of the relevant parties. It is
enforceable by law, and any
party that fails to fulfill his
contractual obligations may be sued and forced to
make compens
ation.
2.
Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated
price. In making a firm offer, mention
sho
uld be made of the time of
shipment and the mode of payment
desired n addition to an exact description of the
goods inc
luding the quantity, quality,
specifications, packing, etc. The validity period
is indispensable t
o a firm offer.
3.
业务范围：
business
line
不可抗力：
force majeur
合
同
正
文：
contract proper
通常作法：
usual practice
4. make compensation give rise to
disputes (
引起争执
)
binding upon send/make/mail an offer
(
发盘
) in relation to
(
关于
)
set up
(
结构
)
5.
Translation:
(1)
合同依法实施，未
能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。
A contract is enforceable by law, and
the party that fails to fulfill his contractual
obligations
may be sued and forced to
make compensation.
(2)
口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。
Oral business negotiations refer
to face-to -face discussions or those conducted
through inter
national truck calls.
(3)
买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，<
/p>
它对发出询盘的人无约束力。
Inquiries made by the buyer are to get
information about the goods to be ordered, and are
not
binding on the inquirer.
(4)
有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或
在被对方接受或拒绝之前确
盘一直是有效的。
The validity period is indispensable to
a firm offer, that remains valid until a
stipulated time o
r until it is accepted
or
rejected.
(5)
还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。
A counter-offer is a refusal of the
offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a
counter-of
fer is made.
Lesson 7
1. Commercial
invoice: generally called
description
of the quality and
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