-
三、国际学术交流英语
1
电子邮件交流惯用语
1.1 Initiate a meeting
?
I would like to
hold a meeting in the afternoon about our
development planning for the
project A.
?
I suggest we
have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with
you and Brown. Please let
me know if
the time is okay for you and Ben.
?
We'd like to
have the meeting on Thu Oct 30 the same time.
?
Let's make a
meeting next Monday at 5:30 PM Beijing time.
?
I want to talk
to you over the phone regarding issues about
report development and the
XX project.
1.2 Seeking for more
information/feedbacks/suggestions
?
Shall you have
any problem accessing the folders, please let me
knows.
?
Thank you and look forward to having
your opinion on the estimation and schedule.
?
Look forward to
your feedbacks and suggestions soon.
?
What is your
opinion on the schedule and next steps we
proposed?
?
What do you think about this?
?
Feel free to
give your comments.
?
Any question, please don't hesitate to
let me know.
?
Any question, please let me know.
?
Please contact
me if you have any questions.
?
Your comments
and suggestions are welcome!
?
Please let me
know what you think?
?
Do you have any idea about this?
?
It would be
nice if you could provide a bit more information
on the user's behavior.
?
At your
convenience, I would really appreciate you looking
into this matter/issue.
1.3 Give
feedback
?
Please
see comments below.
?
My answers are in blue below.
?
I add some
comments to the document for your reference.
1.4 Attachment
?
I enclose the evaluation report for
your reference.
?
Attached please find today's meeting
notes.
?
Attach
is the design document, please review it.
?
For other
issues related to individual features, please see
attached release notes.
1.5 Point
listing
?
Today we would like to finish following
tasks by the end of today: 1…….2…….
?
Some issues in
this release
: 1…….2…….
?
Our team here
reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following
concerns: 1... .2...
?
Here are some more questions/issues for
your team: 1…….2…….
?
The current
status is as following: 1……2……
?
Some items need
your attention: 1…….2…….
1.6
Raise question
?
I have some questions about the report
ABC
?
For the
aggrement ABC, I have the following questions:
…
1.7 Proposal
?
For the next
step of platform implementation, I am
proposing…
?
I suggest we can have a weekly project
meeting over the phone call
?
Achievo team
suggest to adopt option A to solve
outstanding issue……
1.8
Thanks note
?
Thank you so much for the cooperation!
?
I really
appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden
and tight project.
?
Thanks for your attention!
?
Your kind
assistance on this are very appreciated.
?
Really
appreciate your help!
1.9 Apology
?
I sincerely
apologize for this misunderstanding!
?
I apologize for
the late asking but we want to make sure the
correctness of
our implementation ASAP.
2
求职信及简历
2.1
求职信(
Cover
Letter
)
A cover
letter isn't ever going to win you a job by
itself, but a badly worded letter is
going to cause doubts in the employers
mind right from the start.
A good cover
letter explains why you, over all the other
candidates, are worth taking
the time
to find out more about.
2.1.1
格式
Dear [INSERT HIRING MANAGER’S
NAME],
Regarding
the
[INSERT
JOB
TITLE]
position
currently
advertised
on
your
company
’
s
website, please find attached a copy of
my resume for your consideration.
Having
worked
within
the
industry
for
over
[INSERT
YEARS
EXPERIENCE],
I
have
developed a wide range
of skills that would meet, and exceed the
expectations for the role.
During
my
career
I
have
had
many
achievements,
including
[INSERT
KEY
ACHIEVEMENT].
I
am
currently
unemployed
and
would
relish
the
opportunityto
immediately
bring this level of success to your
company.
If you would like
to get in touch to discuss my application and to
arrange an interview, you
can contact
me via [INSERT PHONE NUMBER OR EMAIL ADDRESS].
I look forward
to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
[INSERT NAME]
2.1.2
常见错误
(
1
)
Using the
Wrong Cover Letter Format
The
student's
cover
letter
looked
more like
a
cut-
and-paste
email
than
a
business
letter. It had no recipient
information, no return address and no date. The
letter screamed
unprofessional.
Be sure your cover letter uses a
standard business-letter format. It should include
the
date, the recipient's mailing
address and your address.
(
2
)
Making It All About You
Your
cover
letter,
like
your
resume,
should
be
about
the
employer
as
much
as
it's
about you. Yes, you
need to tell the employer about yourself, but do
so in the context of
the employer's
needs and the specified job requirements.
(
3
)
Not
Proofing for Typos and Grammatical Errors
Employers
tend
to
view
typos
and
grammatical
errors
as
evidence
of
your
carelessness and
inability to write. Proofread every letter you
send. Get additional cover
letter help
by asking a friend who knows good writing double-
check your letter for you.
(
4
)
Making Unsupported Claims
Too many cover letters from college
students and recent grads say the applicant has
Give some examples for each
claim you make. Employers need proof.
(
5
)
Writing a Novel
A good cover letter should be no longer
than one page. Employers are drunk with
resumes and cover letters, and their
time is scarce. Make sure your cover letter has
three
or four concise but convincing
paragraphs that are easy to read. If your
competitor's letter
rambles on for two
pages, guess which candidate the employer will
prefer.
(
6
)
Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Job and
Company
Employers see so many cover
letters that it's easy for them to tell when
you're using a
one-size-fits-all
approach.
If
you
haven't
addressed
their
company's
specific
concerns,
they'll conclude you don't care about
this particular job.
It's time-
consuming but worthwhile to customize each cover
letter for the specific job
and
company.
(
7
)
Not
Sending a Real Cover Letter
Some
job
seekers
--
college
students,
recent
grads
and
even
those
with
years
of
work
experience -- don't bother sending a cover letter
with their resume. Others type up a
one
or
two-sentence
my
resume
cover
letter,
while
others
attach
handwritten
letters or
sticky notes.
There is no gray area
here: You must include a well-written, neatly
formatted cover
letter with every
resume you send. If you don't, you won't be
considered for the job.
2.2
个
人简历(
R?SUM?
)
2.2.1 Contact
(
1<
/p>
)
Full name
(
2
)
Home Address
< br>(
3
)
Phone
(
office
,
home
,
cell
)
and fax
(
4
)
Personal e-mail address
2.2.2
Career Summary/Objective
(
1<
/p>
)
Summary
A career
summary provides a brief, focused overview of your
work history. It tells the
employer
what your specialty is as an employee, and serves
as an introduction to the rest
of
your
resume.
Here
is
an
example
based
on
someone
who
has
been
working
as
a
Customer Service Representative for the
past couple of years:
A
dedicated,
helpful
Customer
Service
Representative
with
experience
in
the
retail
and
automotive
sectors.
Able
to
work
independently
and
use
in-house
resources effectively,
such
as
online
databases
and
problem
resolution
procedures.
Willing
to
do
shift
work
and
weekends
if
required.
Notice that a career
summary is often written in paragraph form, with
up to four or five
sentences.
It
can
be
used
in
all
resumes
regardless
of
how
much,
or
how
little,
work
experience you actually
have.
(
2
)
< br>Objective
What if you’re fairly new
to the workforce
and don’t
have much to put in your career
summary. Or how about if you’re sending
out a mass e
-mail (or snail mail) to
all sorts of
employers without knowing
if they’re hiring or not, but you want them to
know what kind of
job you’d be most
interested in.
That’s when
stating your career objective comes in handy. It
quickly tells employers
which type of
role they should keep you in mind for. Just like
in the following example:
To secure a mid-level Customer Service
job with a respected employer in the hospitality
or
entertainment industries, with room
for upward advancement based on performance.
You can see that a career
objective is short and sweet, with just a sentence
or two
that describes the kind of job
(and industry, if you want to be more specific)
you’d prefer to
be hired
for.
It’s possible to add those one or
two sentences from your career objective directly
to
the end part of your career summary
if you’re looking to save space. However this
makes
the career summary longer and
your career objective may get overlooked.
< br>(
3
)
Summary or
Objective?
A concise career summary
should appear near the top of your resume no
matter if
you have decades of work
experience or are a recent grad. Other terms you
can use as a
header are “Professional
Summary,” “Summary of Experience,” or even “About
Me.”
The
career
objective
is
helpful
if
you’re
not
applying
to
a
specific
job
posting,
but
instead are sending out unsolicited
applications to potential employers. It can be
featured
under its own header, or if
you’re incl
uding it at the end of your
summary, you could use
the header
“Career Summary and Employment
Objective.”
Whether you use
a summary, objective, or some combination of both,
you are helping
employers get a quick
feel for who you are and what kind of work
you
’d be best at. So take
a
few moments to write your own and get it into your
resume!
2.2.3 Major Achievements
针对招聘方向的相关业绩
2.2.4
Working Experience
注意时间顺序,是由近到远
2.2.5 Professional Training
针对招聘方向的相关培训
2.2.6
Qualifications
毕业论文、资格考试证书等
2.2.7 Related Skill
语言、软件、编程、业余爱好等等
2.2.8 Publications
正规杂志、刊物上发
表的论文,要列出论文及刊物名称、刊号、时间等信息
3
学术论文的撰写
3.1
科技论文的基本特征
(
1
)原始研究结果的首次披露(内容的原创性
)
;
(
2<
/p>
)对前人工作的评价深入透彻,本文成果表述文笔流畅(可读性)
;
(
3
)方
法独特,或得到独特发现,或有新的应用(成果的新颖性)
;
(
4
)必须使同行们能够重复实验,以
审查作者的结论(方法的科学性)
3.2
如何选题
3.2.1
课题要与国际接轨
想在国际核心期刊发表文献,就必须了解国际研究动态,选择与国际学术研
究合拍的课题。
由于多方面因素的影响,
我国科学研究选题
与国际先进水平还有
一定距离。
在高
校,一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实,但科研成果不突出,重要原因就是
不重视有关领域学
术动态,不能选得合适的课题。
3.2.2
课题要有可发展性
课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。
中国科技大学范
洪义
另辟蹊径,发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克(
Dirac
)奠定的量子论的符号法,系统
地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”<
/p>
,
1998
年有
24
篇论文被
SCI
收录。他对自
p>
己论文高产的解释是,研究“具有开创性,突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展,使
研究工作自成系列、成面成片”
。
有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端,即使在该点上有所突破,
也难
持续发展。
3.2.3
借助工具选题
(
1
)查阅有关领域的检索工具
< br>
(
2
)了解
< br>SCI
收录期刊所反映的科技动态
1
)
ISI
期刊信息可从
查获
2
)也可从
SCI
印刷版每期A、D分册的来源出版物
目录(
Lists
of
Source
Publications
)查找
<
/p>
3
)还可从
ISI
引用期刊报告
(
Journal
Citation
Reports
,
简称
JCR
)了解期
刊信息,
该文献有印刷版、
网络版
(
JCR on the Web
)
和光盘版
(
JCR on CD-
ROM
)
(
3
)利用
ISI
提供的选题工具帮助<
/p>
1
)
Essential
Science Indicators
:对正在开展的工作进行量化分析,以保证用<
/p>
户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致
2
)
ISI Highly
:介绍有关杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和
发展趋向的
()
(
4
)利用网上
数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料
3.3
学术论文的构思
3.3.1
如何获得好的
idea
首先需要对本研究领域有一个全局性的了解。
无论是应用还是基础科研,最关键的是
idea
。
p>
idea
的形成决定了科研水平和
档次。高
水平的科学家一听你的科研课题方向,就能判断你的科研水平。因此,
获得好的
idea
是至关重要的。
必须具备敏锐的科研嗅觉,而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。
通过几天
或半个月的苦思苦想,
得到了一个自以为很好的
idea
,
很可能是别人十
几年前就做过的工作,但新
手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经验是很正常的。
此外,
科研
要注重质量,
千万不要单纯地追求数量而令同行的人嘲笑。
最重
要的,
还包括不能急于求成。
获得好的
idea
有以下途径:
(
1
)大量地、仔细地阅读文献,弄清研究现状和要
解决的问题
(
2
)自己先冥思苦想一段时间,有了自己的
idea
后再去查
文献
(
3
)
多听学术报告、多与同行探讨,从中获得启示
(
4
)总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过,但很有意义的课题
(
5
)总结争论性很强的问题,反
复比较研究方法和结论,从中发现切入点
(
< br>6
)科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题,往往会成为思维的闪光点
(
7
)但要注意,别人没作
过的,也许不是因为没想到,而是因为没有意义
或者没有可能性。
3.3.2
研究工作的创新
p>
要想在国际核心期刊上发表论文,原创性是其最基本的要求。原创性课题通
< br>常来源于实践或对各种有关信息的研究,
而不是来源于现成文献。
原创性不等同
于新颖性,
新颖性可以是别人研究的继续
,
而原创性意味着一个新事物、
新领域、
新问题的开创。
国际核心刊物发表的论文,原则上都应当是
“在国际上首次”描述的新的观
测和实验事实,
首次提出的新概
念和新模型,
首次建立的新方程,
也包括对已有
重大观测(实验)事实的新的概括和新规律的提炼。
“新”是一篇好论文的灵魂,通过两条基本途径去进行创新:
(
1
)从研究手段上创新
1
)采用新仪器、新流程,对自然过程进行观测,
取得新资料;
2
)对新资料进行分析
,提出新概念,在新概念的基础上建立新理论;
3
)用新思路、新理论对前人观测资料重新进行分析,得到新的结论
(
2
)从研究对象上创新
1
)立足于特殊的储集
-
渗流条件,发现新的自然现象和自然规律;
2
)对前人建立的模式或理论提出质疑,建立修正的模式
3.4
如何阅读文献
在科研前必须弥补基础知识,这是看懂文献的基础。
3.4.1
文献阅读的数量
要广泛阅读文献,通常,每年查阅
200
篇,粗
看
100
篇,细看
30
篇,研读
10
篇,先看中文文献,再阅读英文文献,并
始终关注国际动态。
3.4.2
文献阅读的步骤
拿到一篇研究性论文,按以下步骤研究:
(
1
)先看标题,立即停住,问自己几个问题:
1
)作者为什么要做这个题目?
p>
2
)如果是自己,将会做哪些内容来说明主题?
(
2
)接下来看摘要,并问自己
:
1
)和自己看题目后的想法有什么
差别?
2
)该文章准备解决什么问题?
p>
3
)该文章引出了什么问题?存在什么未解决问题?原因?
(
3
)看实验结果,
再思考:
1
)有什么地方不完善?
2
)有没有进一步深入或拓展的空间?
3.5
学术论文的类型
3.5.1
实验性论文
(
1
)结构
-
前言
-
实验方法
-
实验结果(数据)
-
分析
-
结论
(
2<
/p>
)写作要点
详尽介绍实验的每个细节和所用仪器、设备的型号、测试内容。
实验结果与讨论部分要始终围绕研究主题,多与期刊文献数据进行比较,显
示本研究的创新之处
3.5.2
报道性论文
(
1
)结构
-
前言
-
研究区概况
-
对所发现现象的叙述、解释
-
科学意义
-
结论
(
2<
/p>
)写作要点
报道某一项科学发现,这一发现不是通过实验,而是通过野外
3.5.3
理论性论文
(
1
)结构
-
前言
-
理论的提出(推导、证明)
-
理论的验证(如理论模型的率定)
-
理论的应用(算例,或应用意义)
-
结论
(
2<
/p>
)写作要点
提出一项理论或计算方法
3.5.4
综述性论文
(
1
)综述某一领域中的最新进展,有述有评,而不
只是前人工作的罗列
(
2
)有自己观点和对他人工作的评价,指出不足之处和解决问题的设想
p>
(
3
)既要大量占有文献,又要有所取舍,
突出精华
(
4
)要有对未来发展的展望,对他人的研究起到指导作用
(<
/p>
5
)尽量引用最新的工作,体现出时效性
(
6
)尽可能阅读原始文献,
“吃别人嚼过的馍没味道”
3.6
论文的通用结构
(
1
)题目:体现要研究的主题与本文的主要贡献,
精练并切题
(
2
)摘要:科学问题、研究目的、方法、主要发现、结果、结论
(
3
)关键词:准确、规范、切题(否则影响文章被引用)
(
4
)前言
:阐明主题,指出当前的不足,引导出本研究的重要性
(
p>
5
)方法:理论或观测技术
(
6
)资料:资料是如何取得的,对资料代表性及精
度的分析
(
7
)分析与结果:逻辑推理、理论推导、建立模型、模型的验证
(
8
)结论:简述本文贡献,说明其科学、合理、正确,并有
代表性
3.7
论文初稿的编写过程
首先撰写论文的初稿(
writing the first
draft
)
,注意,由于此阶段的文稿不是
< br>正式稿,
因此其撰写的过程也不是按照论文标准结构逐一完成的,
而是按照组织
论文的思维逻辑进行素材的整理,提问
-
答问,然后再逐步修改,按照论文标准
结构,形成正式文稿。<
/p>
3.7.1
材料和方法
做了什么?怎样做的?
作者对本项研
究所用的材料和方法是最熟悉的,
因此这部分是文章最开始进
行
写作的部分,用过去时,尽可能按实验的先后顺序描述。
3.7.2
结果
发生了什么?
可用图、表或文字表达
,三者间尽量减少重复。在正文部分叙述主要结果和
意义,用图或表给出较详细的数据,
用过去时。
3.7.3
讨论
所得结果是否为“前言”部分提出关键问题的答案?结果是如何支持答案
的?如何证
实假说的?
集中讨论与本结果有关的问题,突出本研究的创新
及重要性;与相关研究结
果进行比较分析;给出结果所支持的结论;指出前景、不足和改
进。
用现在时叙述已知或被证明的事实,用过去时描述本研究结果。
3.7.4
文献
与本研究方法、结果、讨论有关的其它研究有哪些?
准确、完整、规范的著录。
3.7.5
前言
本项研究的背景和目的是什么?试图回答的关键问题是什么?研究现状是
什么?本研
究的重要性和创新性体现在哪里?
3.7.6
致谢
谁提供了基金和物质帮助?除了作者,
还有谁协助完成了本项研究?谁参与
了结果分析并协助撰写了论文?
3.7.7
摘要
论文告诉了我们什么?
摘要是论文要
点的浓缩,应在文章各主要部分完成后再写,这样有利于文章
要点的提炼。优秀的摘要能
有效地抓住读者的兴趣。
用含有技术关键词汇的短句描述,以
使摘要清楚而简洁,避免使用缩写词和
晦涩难懂的词句,强调研究的创新性和重要性方面
。
3.7.8
标题
本文关于什么?最佳标题的标准是用最少的必要术语准确描述论文的内容。
要求准确
、简洁、有效和吸引人。
3.7.9
作者
谁参与了本研究的设计、工作及论文的撰写?
3.7.10
准备正式文稿
论文初稿完成以后,必须对内容及格式进行反复推敲和修改,达到“投稿须
知”的一切要求。
绝大多数编辑都认为,
< br>不认真准备的稿件绝不是高水平科学研究成果的良好
载体。如果希望论文发表,在
准备投稿时必须做到单词、语法无错、符合期刊格
式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。该过程
一般分三步:
(
1
< br>)再次阅读拟投期刊的“投稿须知”
;
(
2
)用“投稿须知”中提供的“稿件对照检查表”与
自己论文一一核对;
(
3
)根据期刊要求打印输出,完成最后一稿。
3.8
摘要的写作要点
Abstracts
是论文的一个缩写,一定要简明扼要。
< br>
3.8.1
格式
不多于
300
个单词,只能是一个自然段
3.8.2
内容
<
/p>
按照论文的顺序介绍主要研究对象(
subject
)
、实验设计(
design
)
、实验步
骤(
procedure
s
)以及最后的结果(
results
)
,这种介绍必须让非专业的人员
(
non-
specialist
)能够看懂。
3.9
前言的写作技巧
Introduction
是外刊文章最难写的部分之一,必
须体现论文的研究基础和创
新要素。外刊论文对于
Introd
uction
的要求也是非常高的,一个好的
Introduc
tion
相当于文章成功了一半。
I
ntroduction
同样要保证简短,
顺序是:
一般背景介绍、
别人工作成果的总结、
自己的研究
目的及工作简介,
其中介绍别人工作时,
只需介绍和自己最相关
的方
面,
而对自己的工作介绍在此处不用说明细节,
因为这个要放到主体中去。
不要
忘记在介绍自己工
作之前要有一个
declarative
statement
。
要写好
Introduction
,
最重要的是要保
持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,
这两
点是紧密结合的,即在符
合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。
按照层次结构和递进关系,前言的写作主要包括以下几个部分:
3.9.1
简述研究对象
简明阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。须知看文章的都是该领域的专家,所以
一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。
3.9.2
文献总结回顾
文献的总结回顾是
Introduction
的重
要组成部分之一,要特别着重描写。
(
1
)要把该领域内过去和现在的研究状况全面概括总结出来,不能有丝毫
的遗漏,特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。
这往往是两个最容易出问题的地方,一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病,就意味着
认为你做的
调研不够深入或全面,对整个文章的负面作用非常明显。
(<
/p>
2
)文献引用和数据提供一定要准确,切忌避免片面摘录部分结果
而不反
映文献的总体结果。
引用的数
据要正确,特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到,而是
从别人文献中发现的另
一篇文献的数据)
;数据出错会导致评审专家对文章的印
象特差
。
(
3
)引
用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象。
不要原文抄录,要用自己
的话进行总结描述。如果审稿人正好是文献的引用
者的话,原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕
。
3.9.3
提出创新点
分析过去研究的局限性,指出当前研究的不足,并有目的地引出自己研究的
重
要性,并阐明自己研究的创新点,这是整个
Introduction
< br>的高潮,因而要慎之
又慎。
在
阐述局限性时,需要客观公正评价别人的工作,不要把抬高自己研究的价
值建立在贬低别
人的工作之上,
外刊论文写作万万不可如此,
一定要遵循实事求
是的原则来分析;
在阐述自己的创新
点时,要紧紧围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述,完整而清晰
地描述自己的解决思路。
需要注意文章的摊子不要铺的太大,要抓住一点进行深入的阐述。只
要能够
很好的解决一个问题,
就是一篇好文章;
创新性描述的越多越大,
越容易被审稿
人抓住把柄。<
/p>
注意以下写作技巧:
(
1
)在叙述前人成果后,用
However
引导不足,提出新方法或新方向:
However,
little
information
/
little
attention
/
little
work
/
little
data
/
little
research
/ few studies / few investigations / few
researchers / few attempts / or none of
these
studies
has
/
have
been
done
on
/
focused
on
/
attempted
to
/
conducted
/
investigated / studied
Previous
research
/
studies
/
records
has/have
failed
to
consider
/
ignored
/
misinterpreted / neglected to /
overestimated / underestimated / misleaded, thus,
these
previous
results
are
inconclusive
/
misleading
/
unsatisfactory
/
questionable
/
controversial. Uncertainties /
discrepancies
still exist……
(
2
)研究方法和手段与前人一样时,
可通过以下方式强调自己工作:
However, data
is still scarce / rare / less
accurate
,
We need / aim /
have to provide
more documents / data /
records / studies / increase the dataset. Further
studies are still
necessary /
essentia
l……
(
3
)强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在
How
ever
之前介绍与之相反或相
关的问题。比如:
-
时间问题:如果所研究的问题在时间上比较新
,可首先提及问题研究的重
要性,然后(
However
)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”
;
-
研究手段问题:如果是一种新的研究方法或研究手段,
可首先提及当前流
行的研究方法,然后(
However
)说目前对新方法的研究甚少;
-
研究区域问题:如果研究涉及区域问题,就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的
研究,然后(
However
)强调对这一区域的研究不足;
-
不确定性:虽然前人对某一问题
研究很多,但目前有两种或更多种观点,
这种
uncertai
nties
或
ambiguitie
s
值得进一步澄清;
-
提出自己的假设来验证:如果自己的研究是全是新的,没有前人的工作可
对
比,就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是
要证实这种
结果”
等等。
We aim to test the
feasibility/reliability
of the……It is
hoped
that the question will be
resolved/fall away with our proposed
method/approach.
3.9.4
概述研究内容
总结性地描述本论文的研究内容,可以分为一、二、三、四等几个方面来分
别描述,为
Introduction
做最后的收尾工作。
p>
注意以下写作技巧:
< br>(
1
)明确提出自己的观点
- We aim to
- This paper
reports on
- This paper provides
results
- This paper extends the method
-
This paper focus
on……
- The
purpo
se of this paper is
to……
-
Furthermore/Moreover/
In addition, we
will also discuss……
(
2
)告诉读者(包括审稿人)本文的主要研究内容
<
/p>
如果处理不好,
reviewer
会提出
严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,
某种研究手段等。
为
减少这种争论,
在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的时
间尺
度和研究区域等。
1
)如涉及较长的
时序,你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题,
We
preliminarily focus on the o
lder
(younger)……
2
)如有两种时间尺度
(long-term and short term)
,你
可说两者都重要,但是
本文只涉及其中一种。
3
)研究区域问题,和时间问题一样,也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域
p>
(
3
)总结性地
提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”
F
urther studies on……will be
summarized in our next study
.
让读者把思路集中到要讨论的问题,尽量减少不必要的争论
(arguments)
。
至此,
Introduction
的写作算是大功告成。但是写完之后
,还是要慎之又慎的
仔细修改,琢磨每一个句子是否表达得恰当准确。
< br>
3.10
方法的写作要点
Methods
部分主要描述研究的实验过程,这一过程的写
作相对较为简单,但
要注意完整性,
即实验当中的每一个环节都
要注意到,
不能顾此失彼,
遗漏一些
重
要的内容。
该部分要详尽地介绍自己的实验方案,以便于他人
能够重复自己的实验过
程。对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上
面(
own
procedures
)
。
按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文
章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的
subheadings
,
比如
subsubsubsection
等等
Methods
部分可按实
验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方
法等来组织文字。注意以下四个方
面的完整性和科学性:
3.10.1
实验对象的描述
对实验对象的基本信息要描述明确、正确和准确,要注意国外刊物对相似实
验对象描述的习惯。
3.10.2
实验设备
要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明;实验设备之间
的
连接要科学正确,不要给人混乱或操作错误的感觉。
设备中一
些必要的步骤不可或缺,
尤其是可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操
作更要详细说明。这样做的好处是为了在
Discussion
中能够进行对应的分析。
比如,一些设备在使用前要校正(
calibration
)
,有的要求
每阶段实验之后都
要重新校正,以保证结果的正确性;一定要详细说明你的操作步骤或校
正过程,
便于评审人分析你的结果。
3.10.3
实验材料
不同学科有不同要求,总体上来说,要注意说明材料选择的必要性,也就是
对
为什么要选择这种材料,
最好有一定的说明。
如果这点描述不清
,
可能会导致
整个实验过程不成立。
3.10.4
实验过程
必须附以文字和示意图相结合的实验流程图来清楚描述实验的整个操作流
程,
这样能使评审人对实验过程一目了然。
如果示意图画得漂亮,<
/p>
还可以增加一
些印象分。
描述时要有鲜明
的层次感,
对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚,
不要造成
实验过程混乱不堪的印象,
因为评审人最终判断你的实验是否合理,
是
从这个过程描述得来的。
3.11
结论的写作要点
使用
text
、
tabl
e
、
figure
等手段表达出来,<
/p>
其中
table
不要使用过多,
而
figure
必须
保证图线清楚、注解明确。
3.11.1
翔实准确
结果必须是真实的,不能伪造和篡改。要提供最全面的分析结果,把一切从
实
验中得到的结果都提供给读者,
不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要结果。
结果不够
翔实并不一定导致论文被拒,一旦结果的真实性被怀疑,文章就肯定被拒。
3.11.2
采用表和图
采用表和图的形式提供结果。不同杂志对图表要求不完全一致,应根据杂志
要求分别对待:
表格能清晰展示论文获得的结果,
便于后人在研
究时进行引用和
对比;
而图示能将数据的变化趋势灵活的表现出
来,
更直接和富于感染力。
图表
结合,
能取长补短,使结果展现更丰富。
但杂志通常要限制图的个数
,因此,尽量用最少的图提供最多的信息。图片
格式要求各个杂志也有所不同,用
tif
格式较多,不推荐用
bmp
(
jpg
更不能用)
。<
/p>
黑白图片可免费,彩色图片绝对要收费,而且价格不菲。
3.11.3
提供统计结果
统计分析结果过多时,可用表格给出,但如果论文结果部分通篇都是统计分
析的数据,也会显得凌乱不堪,需要避免这种情况。
3.11.4
结论与讨论分开写
p>
如果结论与讨论分成两部分写,则
Results
< br>部分尽量不要涉及对结果的评论,
最多是总结陈述结果就可以了。
否则会造成这两部分的内容重叠,
显得累赘。
结
果的描述也要注意层次安排,要按照条理性要求分别描述,表现出逻辑。
3.12
讨论的写作技巧
Introduction
和
Discuss
ion
是科技论文中最难写的两部分。
Discussion
这个部分是为了以后的
study
p>
,在其中提出自己的
problem
或者是
hypothesis
,与别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主
要收获,为后面的
conclusion
做准备。
Discussion
最能够显示一个作者研究问
题的深度和广度。深度就是论文对于
提出问题的研究到了一个什么样的程度,
广度指是否能够从多个角度来分析解释
实验结果。写好
Discussion
,要注意下面几个要点:
3.12.1
选择问题
Discussion
部分只对本文结果进行讨论,与同类研究结果进行比较
,对结果
涉及的可能机制不要展开太多,不要进行推理讨论;结论应客观,不要夸大。<
/p>
Results
中有的结果很重要,有的则可一笔带过。选择合适
的结果在
Discussion
部分进行深入讨论,是写好该部
分首先要面临的问题。
如果你的结果体现了实验的独特性,是
其他研究中没有得到的,那这个结果
就是要重点讨论的问题;
有
些结果和前人的研究一致,
并没有显著性差异,
就应
该一笔带过而无需深入讨论。
Discussion
的一个重要作用就是突出自己研究的创
新性,
并体现出显著区
别于他人的特点,
区别大和小是另外一个问题,
重要的是
要有区别。区别就是创新。
如果提出的观点
没有新意或自己对自己提出的所有观点都不肯定,
那么这篇
文章
的意义就大打折扣,
但如果全部观点都过于自信,
肯定也会遭到
专家的置疑。
所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。
3.12.2
展开讨论
对选中的问题按一定层次从多个角度进行讨论,把最重要的问题放在中间,
次
之的问题放开头和末尾。放在中间能将评审人的情绪带至高潮,前面是铺垫,
后面是总结
。
问题无论大小、是否重要,都要从多个角度(实验设计的角
度、理论原理的
角度、分析方法的角度、借鉴别人的分析方法)展开深入讨论;要有类似
结果的
对比,说明自己结论的独特性;要阐述为什么会有这样的结果。
< br>
3.12.3
与结果要一致
Discussion
部分要注意保持和
Results
的一致性。结果和讨论要一一对应。千
万不要
出现按讨论的逻辑可以推出与实验相反结论的这种情形。所以
Discussion
p>
的文字描述和语言表达的精确性尤为重要。
3.12.4
写作技巧
(
1
)提出观点
在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要,不合适的句子通常会遭到
reviewer
的置疑。
1
p>
)如果观点不是本文最新提出的,通常要用
We confirm
that……
2
)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
We
believ
e that……
3<
/p>
)由数据推断出的结论,用
Results
indicate/infer/suggest/
imply
that……
4
)在极其严谨的前提下可用
We
put forward/discover/
observe……
time
来强调自己的创新
……
5
)如果对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用:
< br>
- We tentatively put forward /
interrprete this to…
- The results may be due to/caused
by/at
tributed to resulted
from……
-
This is
probably a consequence of……
-
It seems that……can account
for (interpret) this……
-
It is posible that it stem
from……
(
2
< br>)连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的毛病是文章的逻辑不清楚,解决方法如下。
1
)注意句子上下连贯,不能让句子独立
常见的连接词有:
However,
also,
in
addition,
consequently,
afterwards,
moreover,
Furthermore,
further,
although,
unlike,
in
contrast,
Similarly,
Unfortunately,
alternatively,
parallel
results,
In
order
to,
despite,
For
example,
Compared
with,
other
results,
thus,
therefore……
用好连接词能使文章层次清楚,意思明确。比如:
-
叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献
最早的文献可用
AA advocated it for
the first
time
,
接下来可用
Then BB
further
demonstrated that.
再
接下来,
可用
Afterwards,
CC……
如果还有,
可用
More
recent
studies by DD……
-
叙述两种观点
要把它们截然分开:
AA put forward
that……In contrast, BB believe or Unlike
AA, BB suggest or On the contrary
(
表明前面观点错误
)
如果只表明两种观点对立,用
in contrast
BB……
如果两种观点相近
,
可用
AA
suggest……Similarily,
alternatively,
BB……Or
Also, BB or BB allso does……
表示因果或者前后关系可用
Consequently,
therefore, as a result……
表明递进关系可用
furthermore,
further, moreover, in addition……
写完一段英文,最好首先检查是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
2
)注意段落布局的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
……Therefore, there
are three aspects of
this
problem
have
to
be
addressed.
The
first
question
involves……The
second
problem relates to……The third aspect
deals with……
清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
也可以直接用
First,
S
econd, Third, Finally……
当然,
Furthermore, in
addition
等也可以用来补充说明。
3
)整体结构
文章的读者分为多个层面,除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,还要让更多的
外专业人士
读懂,
所以可以把讨论分为两部份:
一部份提出观点,
另一部份详细
介绍过程以及论述的依据。
这样专
业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点,
而专业
外的人士也可以进
一步研究。
(
3
)讨论部分所包括的内容
1
)主要数据及其特征的总结;
2
)主要结论及与前人观点的对比;
3
)本文的不足;
-
研究的问题有片面性
-
It should be noted that this study has
examined only……
-
We concentrate (focus) on
only……
-
We have
to point out that we do not……
-
Some limitations of this
study are……
-
结论有些不足
-
The results do not imply……
- The results can not be used to
determine (or
be taken as evidence
of)……
-
Unfortunately, we can not determine
this from this data……
-
Our results are lack of……
-
本文的意义及不足的解决
- Not
withstanding its limitation, this study does
suggest
……
-
However, these problems could be solved if we
consider
……
-
Despite its preliminary character, this study can
clearly
indicate
……
…
但指出这些不足之后,
一定要马上再
次强调本文的重要性及可能采取的解决
手段,为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏笔。<
/p>
用中文来说这叫左右逢源,把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代
,同时表明
你已经在思考这些问题了,
但是由于时间或试验手段
、
条件的制约,
暂时不能回
答这些问题
。但通过你的一些建议,这些问题在将来的研究中有可能实现。
3.13
致谢与参考文献的写作技巧
3.13.1
致谢
< br>Acknowledgements
主要分为两部分:
(
1
)研究基金的来源
中国一般都是
Nature
Science
Foundation
of
China
(NSFC
,国家自然科学基
金
)
,要标注基金号码
(Grant
Number)
,只有这样才算是该项基金的研究成果;
也可以
算做实验室的研究成果。
须知没有任何一项研究成果是在没有
资金资助的情况下完成的,
所以这一点
非常必要。
(
2
)对参与人员和单位
的致谢
主要针对列在作者中的研究人员表示感谢,如果通过了
一审并最终接受发
表,
还要添上对
ed
itor
和
anonymous reviewers
的感谢,
这是基本礼貌。
值得注意
的是,发表论文中对个人的致谢,必须首先得到被致谢者的同意。
3.13.2
参考文献
论文应清楚地标注引用,完整给出参考文献,参考文献不多于
15
条。参考
文献尽量要新,尽可能引用拟投刊物近
2
年的文章。
原则上,除了教科书上公
认的方程和表达式外,特定的目的、特定条件和问
题的推演,只要不是自己的工作,都要
列出其出处,并完整给出相应的文献。即
使是作者自己以往的工作,
也要列出相应文献。
这样做既是对他人研究成果的充
分肯定
、
免去剽窃之嫌,
又能说明自己的论述依据充分,
也突出了自己在该研究
中的独创内容。
不同杂志对参考文献(
References
)格
式的要求不一样,最简单的方法就是
参阅该杂志以往刊出文章中参考文献的写法。参考文
献的格式主要包括:
(
1
)作者的写法
有的是简写在前,有的简写在后,
有的简写有点,有的简写没有点;
(
2
)文章的名字
有的要加上引号,有的没有引号;
(
3
)期刊的写法
有的要简写,有的要全称,有的要斜体,有的则不需要;
p>
(
4
)年和期卷号的顺序
< br>
有的是年在前,有的是年在后;
(
5
)期刊类型
论文、书、学位论文、会议论文,四种引用的格式各不相同;
(
6
)文献的排序
有的按照字母顺序,有的则是按照在论文中出现的顺序用阿拉伯数字排序。
3.14
其他写作注意事项
3.14.1
语言
< br>熟记各个部分的套话,在撰写论文时,要自始至终都用英语写,千万不要先
写中文
再译成英文,那样写出来的文章不中不英,翻译和校对时极大浪费精力。
3.14.2
时态
英文的时态要求相当严格。
(
1
)现在时
当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时,而不用
一般过去时。
This
paper
describes
……
The
focus
of
this
paper
is
……
Figure
1
shows
……
Most of
the common condensation polymers are listed in
Table 1-1.
(
2
)过去时
在
Introduction
文献回顾
,
Methods
整个部分,
Resu
lts
结果总结,
Discussion
中的大部分,都用过去时态陈述。
3.14.3
数
在学术论文里,有时很难顾及数的逻辑,因此一般不将逻辑上数的问题视为
语法错误
,只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。
单、复数的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向习惯
(
1
)当含意上强调复数时建议用复数
(
2
)当含意上不
强调复数时可用单数或复数。
(
3<
/p>
)在标题中描述一类事物、现象,提到具体物质时常用复数
p>
(
4
)在标题中描述一类事物、现象,提到
抽象概念时可用单数或复数
(
5
p>
)同时提及几个图、表、方程式时,要用复数
3.14.4
大小写
请注意以下结构的大、小写:
(
p>
1
)当提及具体第几章、节、图、表、方程式时,首个字母要大写<
/p>
As discussed in Chapter 2,
……
In Section 1.2, we
……
As shown in Figure 1,
……
The results are listed in
Table 3.
(
2
)当不指明是
第几章、节、图、表、方程式时,首个字母通常用小写。
In
the previous chapter, ……
As
shown in this figure, ……
3.14.5
缩写
以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等,可以互换:
Figure
Figures
Table
=
Fig.
=
Figs.
=
Tab.
Chapter
Section
=
Chap.
=
Sec.
Equation
=
Eq.
Equations
=
Eqs.
3.14.6
概念清晰
第一次提出概念时,最好以括弧给出较详细、清晰的解释
3.14.7
评价态度
绝不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是对前
人
工作最起码的尊重,
英文叫做给别人的工作的
credits<
/p>
,
所以文章不要出现非常
negativ
e
的评价,比如:
Their
results are wrong, very questionable, have no
commensence, etc.
遇到这类情况,可以婉转地提出:
-
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had
considered this situation.
-
Their results could be better convinced
if they……
- Their conclusion
may remain some uncertanties.
3.15
学术论文的常用句型
学术论文的撰写,主要依靠多读、多记、多背一些套话以及固定的格式和常
用表达方式,并尽早直接写英文
,
切忌对中文的逐词甚至逐
字翻译。
3.15.1 Beginning
1
)
In
this paper, we focus on the need for
2
)
This paper
proceeds as follow.
3
)
The structure
of the paper is as follows.
4
)
In this paper,
we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and
related concepts
5
)
To begin with
we will provide a brief background on the
3.15.2 Abstract
1
)
A basic problem
in the design of xx is presented by the choice of
a xx rate for the measurement
of
experimental variables.
2
)
This paper
examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy
mathematics which overcomes
the
difficulties found in other xx measures.
3
)
This paper
describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4
)
The method
involves the construction of xx from fuzzy
relations.
5
)
The
procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach
a decision.
6
)
The
technique used is to employ a newly developed and
versatile xx algorithm.
7
)
The usefulness
of xx is also considered.
8
)
A brief
methodology used in xx is discussed.
9
)
The analysis is
useful in xx and xx problem.
10
)
A model is
developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11
)
Algorithms to
combine these estimates and produce a xx are
presented and justified.
12
)
The use of the
method is discussed and an example is given.
13
)
Results of an
experimental applications of this xx analysis
procedure are given to illustrate the
proposed technique.
14
)
This paper
analyses problems in
15
)
This paper
outlines the functions carried out by ...
16
)
This paper
includes an illustration of the ...
17
)
This paper
provides an overview and information useful for
approaching
18
)
The main
emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
19
)
Our proposed
model is verified through experimental study.
20
)
The
experimental results reveal interesting examples
of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
21
)
The
compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and
xx are likewise represented by linguistic
variables.
22
)
A didactic
example is included to illustrate the
computational procedure
3.15.3 Introduction
【
Time
】
1
)
Over the past
30 years, ..
2
)
Technological
revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3
)
The development
of ... is explored
4
)
During the past
decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in
a variety of directions
5
)
The concept of
xx was investigated quite intensively in recent
years
6
)
A major
concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
7
)
A xx is a
latecomer in the part representation arena.
8
)
At the time of
this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
9
)
Although a lot
of effort is being spent on improving these
weaknesses, the efficient and
effective
method has yet to be developed.
10
)
The pioneer
work can be traced to xx [1965].
11
)
To date, none
of the methods developed is perfect and all are
far from ready to be used in
commercial
systems.
【
Object
ive/Goal/Purpose
】
1
)
The purpose of
the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2
)
The ultimate
goal of the xx system is to
…
3
)
The paper
concerns the development of a xx
4
)
The scope of
this research lies in
5
)
The main theme
of the paper is the application of rule based
decision making.
6
)
These
objectives are to be met with such thoroughness
and confidence as to permit ...
7
)
The primary
purpose/consideration/objective of
8
)
The ultimate
goal of this concept is to provide
9
)
The main
objective of such a ... system is to
10
)
The aim of
this paper is to provide methods to construct such
probability distribution.
11
)
In order to
achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the
following requirements:
12
)
In order to
take advantage of their similarity
13
)
more research
is still required before final goal of ... can be
completed
14
)
In
this trial, the objective is to generate...
15
)
A major goal
of this report is to extend the utilization of a
recently developed procedure for
16
)
For an
illustrative purpose, four well known problems are
studied
17
)
This
illustration points out the need to specify
3.15.4 Literature Review
1
)
A considerable
amount of research has been done .. during the
last decade
2
)
A
wealth of information is to be found in the
statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
3
)
A great number
of studies report on the treatment of
uncertainties associated with xx.
4
)
There is
considerable amount of literature on planning
5
)
However, these
studies do not provide much attention to
uncertainty in xx.
6
)
Since then, the
subject has been extensively explored and it is
still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete
applications.
7
)
Many research
studies have been carried out on this topic.
8
)
Problem of xx
draws recently more and more attention of system
analysis.
9
)
Attempts to
resolve this dilemma have resulted in the
development of
10
)
Most of the
methods developed so far are deterministic and /or
probabilistic in nature.
11
)
The central
issue in all these studies is to
12
)
The problem of
xx has been studied by other investigators,
however, these studies have been
based
upon classical statistical approaches.
13
)
Applied ...
techniques to
14
)
Characterized
the ... system as
15
)
Developed an
algorithm to
16
)
Developed a
system called ... which
17
)
Uses an
iterative algorithm to deduce
18
)
Emphasized the
need to
19
)
Identifies six
key issues surrounding high technology
20
)
A
comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
21
)
Much work has
been reported recently in these filed
22
)
A study on
...was done / developed by []
23
)
Previous work,
such as [] and [], deal only with
24
)
The approach
taken by [] is
25
)
A paper
relevant to this research was published by []
26
)
[]'s model
requires consideration of...
27
)
[]' model
draws attention to evolution in human development
28
)
[]'s model
focuses on...
29
)
Little
research has been conducted in applying ... to
30
)
The published
information that is relevant to this research...
31
)
This study
further shows that
32
)
Their work is
based on the principle of
33
)
More history
of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
34
)
Studies have
been completed to established
35
)
The ...
studies indicated that
3.15.5 Body
1
)
Section 1
defines the notion of robustness, and argues for
its importance.
2
)
Section 1
devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision
making logic.
3
)
Section 2 gives
the background of the problem which includes xxx
4
)
Section 2
discusses some problems with and approaches to,
natural language understanding.
5
)
Section 2
explains how flexibility which often ... can be
expressed in terms of
6
)
Section 3
discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are
used in the ...
7
)
Section 3
describes the system itself in a
general way, including the ….. and also
discusses how
to evaluate system
performance.
8
)
Section 3
describes a new measure of xx.
9
)
Section 3
demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory
in the analysis of xx.
10
)
Section 3 is a
fine description of fuzzy formulation of human
decision.
11
)
Section 3, is
developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy
decision rules
12
)
The main idea
of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section
4 describes the xx strategies.
13
)
Section 3 and
4 show experimental studies for verifying the
proposed model.
14
)
Section 4
discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to
cost variance investigation.
15
)
Section 4
gives a specific example of xxx.
16
)
Section 4 is
the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of
memory process.
17
)
Section 4
contains a discussion of the implication of the
results of Section 2 and 3.
18
)
Section 4
applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx
and illustrate its use on experimental
data.
19
)
Section 5
presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy
set model ..
20
)
Section 5
contains some conclusions plus some ideas for
further work.
21
)
Section 6
illustrates the model with an example.
22
)
V
arious
ways
of
justification
and
the
reasons
for
their
choice
are
discussed
very
briefly
in
Section 2.
23
)
In Section 2
we shall list a collection of basic assumptions
which a ... scheme must satisfy.
24
)
In
Section
2
of
this
paper,
we
present
representation
and
uniqueness
theorems
for
the
fundamental measurement of fuzziness
when the domain of discourse is order dense.
25
)
In Section 3,
we describe the preliminary results of an
empirical study currently in progress to
verify the measurement model and to
construct membership functions.
3.15.6 Section
1
)
We will provide
in this section basic terminologies and notations
which are necessary for the
understanding of subsequent Section
2
)
The next
section describes the mathematics that goes into
the computer implementation of such
fuzzy logic statements.
3
)
However, it is
cumbersome for this purpose and in practical
applications the formulae were
rearranged and simplified as discussed
in the next section.
4
)
The three
components will be described in the next two
section, and an example of xx analysis
of a computer information system will
then illustrate their use.
5
)
We can
interpret the results of Experiments I and II as
in the following sections.
6
)
The next
section summarizes the method in a from that is
useful for arguments based on xx
3.15.7 Problem / Issue / Question
1
)
Unfortunately,
real-world engineering problems such as
manufacturing planning do not fit well
2
)
... is a
difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
3
)
Two major
problems have yet to be addressed
4
)
An unanswered
question
5
)
This
problem in essence involves using x to obtain a
solution.
6
)
An
additional research issue to be tackled is ....
7
)
Some important
issues in developing a ... system are discussed
8
)
The three prime
issues can be summarized:
9
)
The situation
leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
10
)
There have
been many attempts to
11
)
It is expected
to be serious barrier to
12
)
It offers a
simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
3.15.8 Summary
1
)
This paper
concludes with a discussion of future research
consideration in section 5.
2
)
Section 5
summarizes the results of this investigation.
3
)
Section 5 gives
the conclusions and future directions of research.
4
)
Section 7
provides a summary and a discussion of some
extensions of the paper.
5
)
Finally,
conclusions and future work are summarized
6
)
The basic
questions posed above are then discussed and
conclusions are drawn.
7
)
Section 7 is
the conclusion of the paper.
4
投稿与参会
4.1
为什么要发表科技论文
能在国际核心刊物上发表的论文,原则上都是该领域内“在国际上首次”描
述了新的观测和实验事实,
首次提出了概念和模型,
首次建
立了方程,
也包括对
已有的重大观测(实验)事实的新的概括和
新规律的提炼。
与原创性相联系,任何期刊都不希望发表已见
于其它杂志,或已由其它语言
发表、
或已经以稍有不同形式发表
过的论文。
公认的原则是:
作者不能把已在经
< br>过审稿的杂志发表的主要结果以不同形式投寄给其它杂志再发表。
国际核心刊物的论文,不仅应该是原创的,其结果还必须是显著的,并对学
科
发展有所推动。
对研究成果显著性的检验就是论文的被引用次数的多寡。
作者
可以通过自己论文被引用的情况,
注意国际学术界
对自己工作的评价,
包括肯定
和批评的方面,
< br>特别是注意同行们对自己发表结果的不同的理解,
这是提高自己
< br>研究水平的重要途径。
由此看来,
要体现一项科研成果水平的高低,
并做到可持续性发展,
最
直接、
最有说服力、
最无可争议的途径,
就是在具有较高影响因子的国际期刊上发表相
关的技术论文。
4.2
拟投期刊的选择
拟投期刊的选择是论文得以发表的一个重要环节,然而,选择一本恰当的期
刊
并非一件易事,选择期刊应考虑的因素包括:
(
1
)论文主题是否在刊物征稿范围内?
(
2
)论文格式是否符合刊物要求?
(
3
)论文是否符合刊物
的一贯口味?
(
4
< br>)期刊声望越高,代表的学术水平就越高,刊出的难度也越大
< br>由于国内的核心刊物版面有限,
投稿人多,
而国内刊物<
/p>
SCI
收录杂志的发表
就更难了,
再加上国内刊物影响因子都较低,
因此建议作者尽量多向国外核心刊<
/p>
物投稿。大多数国际刊物不收版面费,而且国际刊物的发表周期短。
SCI
(
Science
Citation
Index
)由美
国科技信息研究(
Institute
for
Scientific
Information
,简称
ISI
)编辑出版,是用来查询科技文献及其
引用情况的检索工
具,内容涉及科技领域的
150
多个学科,分为数学、物理学、化学、生物学、微
生物学、农业、分子生物学
与遗传学、临床医学、神经学、药学、计算机科学、
生态与环境等,以基础科学研究为主
。
SCI
对其收录期刊采用了多种严
格而科学的定量和定性筛选,
所收载的均是
集中了各学科高质量
优秀论文精萃的期刊,
全面覆盖了世界最重要、
最有影响的
p>
研究成果。
SCI
的研究成果代表着世界基
础学科研究的最高水准,科技论文被
SCI
收录和引用是评价其
国际学术地位、基础科学研究水平、科技创新实力和科
技论文质量的国际通用依据。
p>
目前,
SCI
收
录的核心期刊有
3000
种,加上增补期刊共约
5600
种。研究者
可事先将
SCI
中自己感兴趣的期刊名称和编号找出来,同时利用
SCI
收录期刊
的影响引子
(
Impact Factor
,
即该刊前
2
年发表的文献在当前平均被引用的次数)
来选择期
刊。
4.3
学术会议信息
会议文章投稿前,首先要通过互联网、专业刊物、会议文献等途径调研相关
学术
会议的信息,包括以下各方面:
(
1
)主办机构、会议主席和会议主要召集人的背景资料
(
2
)会议模式(主题发言、专题讨论会)
p>
(
3
)会议主题
、议题及对文章的要求
(
4
)本次学术会议的主要程序和环节
4.4
如何准备投稿
首先作者必须切记:
不能把已在通过审稿的杂志发表的主要结果以不同形式
p>
投寄给其它杂志再发表,
这是学术道德问题,
在国际上可能会因此而葬送一个科
技工作者的前途。
选择适合的刊物投稿,首先从杂志
homepage
< br>上下载
Instruction for Author
,
按投稿要求,
如投稿份数、
论文体裁
、
长度、
图表、
参考文献引法、
配图说明
(
Figure
legends
)等,逐条遵循。
<
/p>
通常在接受摘要以后,就要提交正文及相关的版权信息等材料。以下以
SPE
投稿为例,一一进行列举说明:
4.4.1
版权转让表
每个作者亲笔签署“版权转让表”
,并于截止日期前寄回(大会宣布的截止<
/p>
日期是指收到日期,考虑到邮寄的时间,需要尽量提前寄出)
(
1
)作者
权益及适用条件
The
term
“employers”
in
the
following
m
eans
the
companies,
universities,
or
organizations
for
which
the
authors
worked
at
the
time
the
paper
was
written.
Company or
companies as used herein means the company the
author worked for at
the time the paper
was written, such company’s parent (if
any)
, and any company for
which the company (or such ultimate
parent) owns or controls, directly or indirectly,
fifty percent or more of the stock or
voting rights.
1
)
Authors/employers
retain
all
intellectual
property
rights,
including
any
idea,
process, procedure, or article of
manufacture described in the paper.
2
p>
)
Authors/employers may
reproduce and distribute copies of the paper
internally to
employees of the company*
or organization for which the author worked at the
time
the
paper
was
written.
Such
distribution
includes
posting
of
the
paper
on
the
employer’s
intranet
accessible only to company employees.
3
)
Authors/employers may
reproduce, or authorize reproduction of, and
distribute up
to
50
paper
copies
of
the
paper
outside
the
company
or
organization
for
which
the
author
worked at the time the paper was written for
personal, business, or educational
purposes provided that the SPE
copyright notice is included, the copies are not
used in
any
way
that
implies
SPE
endorsement
of
a
product
or
service,
and
the
copies
themselves are not
offered for sale.
4
)
< br>Authors/employers may make an oral presentation of the same material provided
proper
acknowledgement of SPE copyright ownership is
made.
5
)
Authors/e
mployers may incorporate all or part of the paper
in future writings or
presentations.
If
the
entire
paper
or
a
portion
thereof
is
used
in
substantially
unchanged
form, proper acknowledgement of SPE copyright must
be made.
6
)
Author
s/employers
may
request
return
of
one-
time
journal
publication
rights
to
enable
publication
of
the
paper
in
a
journal
or
magazine
if
the
paper
is
not
being
considered for
publication in an SPE journal. Such requests
should be made in writing
to SPE
Customer Service. Requests for return of one-time
journal publication rights
will not be
granted for papers submitted to SPE for peer
review unless the paper is
declined for
publication or it is at least 6 months after the
submission date.
7
)
In
the
case
of
work
performed
under
a
U.S.
government
contract
or
grant,
SPE
recognizes that, if the contract/grant
so requires, the U.S. government has royalty-free
permission to reproduce all or portions
of the paper and to authorize others to do so
for official U.S. government purposes
only.
8
)
For
all
uses
not
covered
by
Items
2
through
6,
authors/employers
must
request
permission from SPE
to reproduce or authorize reproduction of the
paper.
9
)
Although
authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of
the paper in other works,
this
does
not
include
granting
third-party
requests
for
reprinting,
republishing,
or
other types of re-use.
SPE must handle all such third-party requests.
(
2
)作者信息
SPE
policy
requires
that
SPE
hold
copyright
to
all
copyrightable
material
in
its
publications,
including
conference
proceedings,
and
to
the
individual
contributions
contained therein, to protect the
interests of SPE, authors and their employers, and
at
the
same
time,
to
facilitate
the
appropriate
re-use
of
this
material
by
others.
SPE
distributes
its
publications
throughout
the
world
and
does
so
by
various
print
and
electronic means. SPE also may
translate or authorize translation of its
publications,
and articls contained
therein, for inclusion in various publications.
If
you are employed and
prepared this paper within the scope of
your employment,
the
original
copyright
to
the
paper
belongs
to
your
employer.
In
that
case,
SPE
assumes
that when you sign this form, you are authorized
to do so by your employer
and
that
your
employer
has
consented
to
the
transfer
of
copyright,
to
the
representation
and
warranty
of
publication
rights,
and
to
all
other
terms
and
conditions of the form. If such
authorization and consent has not been given you,
an
authorized
representative
of
your
employer
should
sign
this
form
in
the
space
provided for the
Author.
Most SPE conferences have a no-
paper/no-podium policy. This means that no paper
can be presented at
the
conference unless a written
paper accompanied
by a
signed
copy of this form transferring
copyright to the paper to SPE is received by SPE
before
the
manuscript
due
date
to
enable
its
publication
in
the
conference
proceedings.
Failure to
submit these materials to SPE by the due date will
result in the paperbeing
removed from
the conference program.
NO
MANUSCRIPT
MAY
BE
PUBLISHED
IN
ANY
SPE
PUBLICATION,
INCLUDING
CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS,
UNLESS
SPE
HAS
RECEIVED
THIS
SIGNED
FORM.
TO
ENSURE
UNIFORM
TREATMENT
AMONG
ALL
CONTRIBUTORS,
OTHER
FORMS
MAY
NOT
BE
SUBSTITUTED
FOR
THIS
FORM, NOR MAY ANY
WORDING OF THIS FORM BE CHANGED.
4.4.2
作者信息表
提供每个作者的信息,例如:
SPE
会员号、所属公
司、地址、电话、传真,
电子邮件等。
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