-
Being done
的用法
一、与
be
动词一起构成现在进行时的被动语态（
am/ is/ are being done
）和过去
进行时的被动语态（
was/ were being
done
）
。如：
The new houses are being
painted.
这些新房子还在刷漆。
When I went to pay him a visit, he was
being examined by a doctor.
当我去看他时，
他正在接受医生的检查。
二、作后置定语，修
饰某一名词，表示某一被动动作正在进行。如：
The
meeting being held now is of great importance.
现在正在开的会很重要。
上面的句子也可以变成含有定语从句的句子：
The meeting which is being held now is
of great importance.
注意：
being
done
，
to be done
与<
/p>
done
均可作后置定语，其区别为：
b
eing done
表
示正在发生的被动动作；
to be done
表示将要发生的被动动作；
而<
/p>
done
表示已经
发生的被动动作。如：
The house to be built here
next year belongs to Fred.
明年将在这里建的房屋是弗雷
德的。
The house built here last year belongs
to Fred.
去年在这里建的房屋是弗雷德的。
三、作某些及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
John hates being laughed at in public.
约翰不喜欢当众被嘲笑。
Do
you mind being left alone at home.
把你一个人留在家里你介意吗？
My
class teacher was honoured for being devoted to
the cause of the education.
我的
班主任因致力于教育事业受到了表彰。
四、有时作主语或
用在
see
，
hear
，
feel
等少量感官动词后作宾语补足语。如：
Being lost can be a
terrifying experience.
迷路可能是一种可怕的经历。
（作主语）
He heard the
song being sung next door.
他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌
。
（作宾补）
Having
been done
和
done
用法
的区别
是过去分词，
having been done
是现在分词完成时的被动语
态。两个都可
以表示
“
完成＋被动。<
/p>
”
但作状语时，
having
been
done
表示该动作发生在
主句动
作之前；而
done
则不强调这
层含义；
Having been criticized
by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
Not having been invited, he felt very
unhappy.
（分词完成式的被动语态
(having
been done)
强调分词动作先于谓语动词）
Killed, she couldn't stop her blood
from going chilled.
Seen from the hill,
the city looks magnificent.
（过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义）
2.
done
可作定语而
having been
done
一般不作定语。
The
concert given by the symphony orchesta was a great
success.
They are problems left over by
history.
完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如
：
我们一般不说：
The girl
having won the race is my deskmate.
而常这样说：
The girl who has won
the race is my deskmate.
但非限定性的完成体作定语或如
果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：
Anyone
having passed the test has got a prize.
任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖
品。
1
Charlie,
having lived in Paris for years, decided to return
to London.
在巴黎呆过多
年，查理决定重返伦敦。
The man, having been disturbed so
badly, almost
lost his
memory.
由于被严重困
扰，
这个人几乎失去了记忆。
(The man, who
had been disturbed so badly, almost
lost his memory.)
3.
如果分词是短暂动词，那么该分词完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之
前发
生过多次，请看例句：
(1)Having
been
bitten
twice,
the
postman
refused
to
deliver
our
letters
unless
we
chained our dog up.
妙语点睛：
分词完成式
having
been
bitten
在谓语动作
refuse
d
之前已经重复过两次，即分词
完成式用于短暂动作时往往会体
现出重复性的特点。
过去分词的用法
一、动词的
-ed
形式的特征
A
．动词的
-ed
形式是由动词的过去分词构成
动词的
-ed
形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词
的
-ed
形式由动词原形加
-ed
构成，也有一些动词的
-ed
形式是不规则
的。
1
．
规则动
词的
-ed
形式
limit→limited
（限制）
pretend→pretended
（假装）
escape→escaped
（逃脱）
provide→provided
（提供）
ref
er→referred
（提交）
drag→dragged
（拖）
pray→pr
< br>ayed
（祈祷）
supply→supplied
（供应）
<
/p>
2
．不规则动词的
-ed
形式
cast→cast
（投掷）
spread
→spread
（传播）
bite→bitten
（咬）
forgive→forgive
n
（原谅）
spit→spat
（
吐）
wear→worn
（穿）
fight→fought
（搏斗）
lose→lost
（丢失）
3
．少数
动词的
-ed
形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同
learned
a learned professor
一位知识渊博的教授
aged
an aged man
老人
beloved
his beloved computer
他心爱的计算机
< br>B
．动词的
-ed
形式的否定形
式
动词
的
-ed
形式的否定形式是由
not<
/p>
或
never
加动词的
< br>-ed
形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he
had to wait outside.
不允许他进去，
他只好在外面等着。
Never invited
to his party, she got angry with him.
从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她
很生气。
C
．动词
的
-ed
形式的特征
动词的
-
ed
形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
1
．动词
的
-ed
形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的
-ed
形式外，
动词的
-ed
形式可带有完成的意义，
有的同时也
带
有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside,
he was interested in biology.
由于在农村
出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was
found broken.
有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books,
written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese
people.
鲁迅写的
2
这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
2
．及物动词的
-ed
形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given more
time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的时间，我就能猜
出那个谜语。
（句子的主语
I
和动词
give
之间是被动关系。
）
When you speak English, be
sure to make yourself understood.
你说英语的
时候，
一定要让人懂得你的意思。
（动词
make
的宾语
yourself
和
宾语补足语
understand
之间是被动关系。
）
The experience gained in the army was
of great value to our study.
在军队获得的
经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
3
．不及物动词的
< br>-ed
形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped
prisoner
逃犯
（
= a prisoner who has
escaped
）
a retired worker
退休工人
（
= a worker who has
retired
）
a newly arrived guest
新来的客人
（
= a guest who has just
arrived
）
We
should
bring
in
advanced
technology
from
developed
countries
from
time
to
time.
我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
< br>
People
should pay attention to the changed situation.
人们应该注意到变化了的形
势。
二、动词的
-ed
形式的用法
动词的
-ed
形式在句中
主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和
补语。
A
．动词的
-ed
形式作表语
1
．
-ed
形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared.
学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance
on the high-and-low bars.
她对自己在高低杠
上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained
unexploited.
这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the
news, he looked disappointed.
听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is
covered with snow all through the year.
山顶上终年积
雪覆盖。
比较：
要把
-e
d
形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。
作表语的
< br>-ed
形式表示状态，
被动语
态
中的
-ed
形式表示被动动作。
All the doors
are locked.
所有的门都是锁着的。
（
-ed
形式作表语，表示状态）
All the doors
were locked by the guard.
所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。<
/p>
（被动语态，
表示动作）
Peter the Great
is buried here.
彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。
（
-ed
形式作表语，表示
状态
Peter
the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝
于
1725
年被埋葬在这里。
（被
动语态，表示动作）
2
．同一动词的
-ed
形式与
-ing
形式作表语
时的区别。
动词的
-ed
形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处
的状态，含有被动的
意思，而
-ing
形式作
表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were
frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害
3
怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all
the people present were moved.
看到这么动
人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的
-ed
< br>形式，有的（如
pleased, tired, excited, disa
ppointed
等）已经变
成形容词，可以被
very,
too
等副词修饰。有的（如
amused,
puzzled, relaxed
等）
还不能被
very, too
修饰，只能被
much
修饰。
These problems are very puzzling.
这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much
puzzled by his
failure to
reply.
他不给我们回信使我们百思不得
其解。
His speech was
very moving.
他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were
moved to tears.
在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
B
．动词的
-ed
形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般
应用动词的
-ed
形式作宾语的补足语。
1
．在感觉动词
see, hear,
feel, notice, watch,
find
后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony
played last night.
昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演
奏。
We found all
the rivers seriously polluted.
我们发现所有的河流都被严重污
染了。
Yesterday I
noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.
昨天我在商店里注意
到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt
his collar pulled by someone from behind.
他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了
一下。
2
．在使役动词
get, have,
make, leave, keep
等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的
-ed
形式作
get
的宾语补足语。<
/p>
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in
the hospital.
多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get
these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盘子洗了，然后就
来。
比较：
动词
ge
t
后也可接动词不定式或动词的
-ing
形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动
关系。
I
couldn
誸
get the
car to start this morning.
今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help
him with his clothes.
他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him
talking; the problem is stopping him!
让
他说话不难，
难的
是说开了止不住他。
Can you really
get that old clock going again
你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的
-ed
形式作
make
的宾语补足语。
He raised his
voice in order to make himself heard.
他
提高了嗓门为了使别人听
清他的讲话。
You should make
your views known to the public.
你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词
make
后的宾语补足语可用不带
to
的动词不定式或动词的
-ed
形式，但不
可用动词的
< br>-ing
形式。
4
【误】
Can you make the students
understanding the text
【正】
Can you make
the students understand the text
你能让学生理解这篇课文
吗？
【正】
Can you make the text
understood by the students
你能让学生理解这篇课
文吗？
③动词的
-ed
形式作
keep
或
leave
的宾语补足语。
They all went
home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都没完成，他们就
回家了。
The detective
and his assistant kept themselves locked in the
room all night.
侦探
和他的助手把自己整夜
反锁在房间里。
3
．动词的
-ed
形式也可用在
with
（
without
）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With
everything well arranged, he left the office.
一切都安排妥善之后，
他离开了
办公室。
She
has com
e back with her
backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已经回来了，背包
里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any
grain left in the house, the little girl had to go
begging.
家里没有粮
食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without any
more time given, we couldn't finish the task in
three weeks.
如果不再
给我们任何时间的话，我
们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4
．某些动词后（如
want,
need, prefer, would like
等）
，作
宾语补足语的不定式
被动形式省略
“to be”
，就成了
-ed
形式作宾语补足语。
I would
like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book
translated by my sister.
我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We
need
the
work
(to
be)
finished
by
Saturday.
我们需要这项工作周六之前完
成。
The peasants
don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
农民们不想让好好的农
田被用来建造房子。
C
．动词
的
-ed
形式作定语
动词的
-
ed
形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1
．前置定语
单个的动词的
-ed
形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot
never boils.
心急锅不开。
All the broken
doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each
were given a printed question paper.
我们
到达的时候，
每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词
-ed
形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is
more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2
．后置定语
作后置定语的
-ed
形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定
< br>语从句。
We have read many novels written by
this author.
我们读过这个作家写的许多小
说。
（
= that are written by this
author
）
5
Half of the honoured guests invited to
the reception were foreign ambassadors.
被
邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
（
=
who
had
been
invited
to
the
reception
）
The meeting,
attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很
大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。
(=
which
was
attended
by
one
thousand
students)
A woman,
dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat
as judge.
一个律师装
扮的女人走了进来，并作为法
官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3
．动词
的
-ed
形式作定语和
-ing
形式作定语的区别
动词的
-ed
形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而
-ing
形式作定语
表示动作
正在进行或和主动。
the risen sun
升起了的太阳
the rising sun
正在升起的太阳
boiled water
开水
boiling water
正沸腾的水
developed countries
发达国家
developing countries
发展中国家
fallen leaves
落叶
falling leaves
正在飘落的叶子
changed condition
改变了的情况
changing
condition
变化着的情况
D
．动词的
-ed
形式作状语动词的
-ed
形式作
状语和
-ing
形式作状语一样，也可
以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
1
．表示时间
动词的
-
ed
形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the
tower, the city looks beautiful.
从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。
（
=
When the city is seen from the
tower...
）
Shown the lab,
we were taken to see the library.
带我们参观
了实验室之后，又带
我们参观了图书馆。
（
= After we had been shown the lab...
）
Completely examined by the
doctors, he went back to school right away.
经过医生
彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。
(=
After he was completely examined...)
提示：
有时动词的
-ed
< br>形式前可加连词
when
或
wh
ile
来强调时间概念。
When asked why she was late
for class again, she hung her head in shame.
当被问
到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once
recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干
起了工作。
Once started,
the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦给这钟上了
发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2.
表示原因
动词的
-ed
形式作状语表示原因，相
当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children
couldn't help crying.
孩子们被英雄事迹
感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。
（
= Since they
were moved by the heroic deeds
...
）
Written in haste, her
letter is very hard to read.
因为写得快，她的信很
难阅读。
（
=As it was written in
haste ...
）
Excited by the new
discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我们因为新发
现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。
(Because we were excited by...)
注意：
为了使
-ed
形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连
6
词。
Even if invited,I won'tgo.
即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten
by the opposite team,they did not lose heart.
虽然被对手打败，便
他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless
invited,he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀请，不然他不会
回到公司来
的。
3.
表示条件
动词的
-
ed
形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated,
water
changes
into
steam.
加热，水就能变成蒸汽。
（
=
If
water
is
heated...
）
Given more
time, he would be able to do better.
假如
多给一些时间，他会干得更
出色。
（
=
If he was given more time
...
）
Compared with other professors, she was
an excellent speaker.
与其他教授相比，
她是一个优秀的演说家。
4.
表示让步
动词的
-
ed
形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个
thoughaltho
ugh
引导的让步状语
从句。
Exhausted by
the running, they went on running after the
robber.
尽管已经跑得筋
疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着
那个强盗。
（
= Although they were
exhausted by the
running
...
）
Laughed at by many people, he continued
his research.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还
是继续
他的研究。
（
= Even if he was
laughed by many people ...
）
Questioned many
times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. <
/p>
尽管一天被盘
问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。
提示：
有时动词的
-ed
形式作状语和动词的
-ing
形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的
< br>区别，可以互换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he
was unable to attend school.
他因突然发热
不能来上学。
= Being
suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable
to attend school.
他因突
然发热不能来上学。
Brought up in
the countryside, he found it hard to get used to
town life.
因为是在
农村长大的，他感到很难适应
城市生活。
= Having been brought up in the
countryside, he found it hard to get used to town
life.
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。
5
．表示
行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。
动词的
-ed
形式作状语表示行为方式
、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子
的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The
teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. <
/p>
老师站在那儿，被学生围住
了。
（
= and he was surrounded by the
students
）
He went into the office,
followed by some children.
他走进办公室，后面跟着一
些孩子。
(= and he was followed
by some children)
They turned around and stood in the
middle of the room, completely astonished.
他
们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。
7
She accepted the gift, deeply moved.
她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
注意：
动词的
-
ed
形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】
Invited to the state
banquet is a great honour.
【正】
To be invited
to the state banquet is a great honour.
被邀请出席国宴是极大
的荣耀。
【误】
I
cannot stand laughed at.
【正】
I cannot
stand being laughed at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
三、动词的
-ed
< br>形式的逻辑主语
A
．动词的
-ed
形式
在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子
的
主语，
-ed
形式和主语之间是被动关系。
Locked up, he had no way to escape.
他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。
Lost in thought, he almost
ran into the car in front of him.
他陷入了沉
思，几乎撞
到了前面的汽车。
She became discouraged at
the news.
听到这个消息，她泄气了。
Though it was
1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. <
/p>
尽管已经是上午
10
点了，商店的门仍然
锁着。
B
．当动词的
-ed
形式在句中作定语
时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它
和名词之间是被动关系。
The first
textbooks written for teaching English as a
foreign language came out in
the 16th
century.
第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是
16
世纪出版的。
The computer center, opened
last year, is very popular among the students in
this
school.
去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。
A lighted candle lit up the
cellar.
一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。
C
．当动
词的
-ed
形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语
是句子
的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Vivien got her
fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.
薇
薇恩把手指卡在自行车链
条里了。
（
t
rapped
的逻辑主语是句子的宾语
fingers
）
The valuable vase was found stolen.
那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。
（
stolen
的逻
辑主语是句子的主语
vase
）
We got home only to find the whole
house turned upside down. Thieves obviously
had broken in.
我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟
,
很明显小偷闯进来了。
D
．
动词的
-ed
形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，
常用作状语
（详见
“
第
8
章
独
< br>立主格结构
”
）
。
Everything done, we went home.
一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。
All our money
run out, Henry had to find another job.
钱都用完了，
亨利不得不再
找一份工作。
He was lying
on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上，头枕
着双手。
All things
considered, the planned trip will have to be
called off.
考虑到所有的情
况，原来计划好的旅
行不得不取消。
E
．动词的
-ed
形式作独立
成分。
8
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