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(1)Concrete
and
reinforced
concrete
are
used
as
building
materials
in
every
country.
In many, including Canada and the
United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant
structural material in engineered
construction.
(1)
混凝土和钢筋混凝土在
每个国家都被用作建筑材料。
在许多国家，
包括加拿大和美国，
钢
筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。
(2)The universal nature of reinforced
concrete construction stems from the wide
availability
of
reinforcing
bars
and
the
constituents
of
concrete,
gravel,
sand,
and
cement,
the relatively simple skills required in concrete
construction.
(2)
钢筋混凝土建筑的
广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，
可以通过多种途径方
便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。
(3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are
used in bridges, building of all sorts,
underground
structures,
water
tanks,
television
towers,
offshore
oil
exploration
and
production structures, dams, and even
in ships.
(3)
混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于
桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上
石油平台，以及工业建筑，大
坝，甚至船舶等。
(4)Reinforce
concrete structures consist of a series of
individual members that
interact
to
support
the
loads
placed
on
the
structure.
The
floor
of
concrete
buildings is often
built of concrete joist-slab construction.
(4)
钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成，
这些构
件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的
荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形
式。
(5)A series of parallel
ribs or joists support the load from the top
slab. The
reactions
supporting
the
joists
apply
load
to
the
beams,
which
in
turn
are
supported
by
the columns.
(5)
一系列的平行梁肋或次梁
抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载，次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上，
主粱则支承在柱上。
(6)The slab transfers load
laterally to the joists, and serves as the top
flange of
the joists, which act as
T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams
running
at right angles to the joists.
(6)
楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁，
并
且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成
T
形截面梁，
将荷载传递给
与次梁正交的主粱。
(7)Some
floors
of
have
a
slab-and-
beam
design
in
which
the
slab
spans
between
beams,
which in turn apply
loads to the columns.
(7)
一
些楼层被设计成梁板结构，
即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上，
主
粱再将荷载传递到柱上。
(8)Concrete
is
strong
in
compression
but
weak
in
tension.
As
a
result,
cracks
develop
whenever
loads,
or
restrained
shrinkage
or
temperature
changes,
give
rise
to
tensile
stresses in excess
of the tensile strength of the concrete.
(8)
混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。
因此，
当荷载、
受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起
的
拉应力超过其抗拉强度时，混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。
(9)The
construction
of
a
reinforced
concrete
member
involves
building
a
form
or
mould
in the shape of the
member being built. The form must be strong enough
to support
the weight and hydrostatic
pressure of the wet concrete.
(9)
钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子，
其必须具有足够的强
度以抵抗湿
混凝土的重量和流动压力。
(10)The
reinforcement
is
placed
in
this
form
and
held
in
place
during
the
concreting
operation. After
the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed.
(10)
在混凝土浇注的过程中，钢筋被放置在模子中的固定位
置。在混凝土硬化之后，模板才
能被移除。
< br>(11)
一个结构到底是采用混凝土，钢材，砌体，还是木材进行建造，取决于材
料是否容易获
得和其他一些经济上的考虑。通常，最先考虑的因素是结构的总造价。
(12)
结构的总造价是材料费用，人工
费，以及建造过程持续时间的函数。
(13)
通常，结构的总造价受到施工时间长短的影响，这是因为承包商和业主必须为施工过程
< br>提供资金，而且这些资金一直要到建筑物可以使用后才能得到收益。
(14)
兴建钢筋混凝土结构所需要的材料可以很容易的通过多种渠道获得
，在施工过程中需要
时可以随时制作，与此相反，兴建钢结构时所需要的材料必须向钢材
加工厂预定并为此提前
支付部分款项。
(15)
设计者对设计和制作所采取的任何标准化的措施都可以减少建筑的总造价。例
如，可以
在不同的楼层布置相同尺寸的柱以节省模板的费用，而不同楼层柱荷载的不同则
可以通过改
变柱混凝土强度等级或配筋率来考虑。
(16)The
occupants
of
a
building
may
be
disturbed
if
their
building
oscillates
in
the
wind or the floors vibrate an people
walk by. Due to the greater stiffness and mass
of a concrete structure, vibrations are
seldom a problem.
(17)
在混凝土结构
的施工过程中，新浇混凝土的重量由模板来承担，这些模板通常支承在下
层楼板上。另外
，建筑材料经常堆放在楼板或屋面上。
(18)
砂子，石子，水泥以及搅拌混凝土的设备可以很方便地通过多种方式获得，并且钢筋比
型钢更容易运送到工地。因此，一些偏远的地区经常使用钢筋混凝土。
(19)
混凝土的抗拉强度比其抗压强度低得多，因此混凝土会开裂。
在结构中，这个问题通过
使用钢筋来解决。
< br>(20)
与类似的钢结构相比，混凝土结构需要使用更多的材料，重量也更大。因
此，大跨度的
结构通常使用钢材来建造。
(21)The
limit
states
for
reinforced
concrete
structures
can
be
divided
into
five
basic
groups: durability,
fire resistance, ultimate limit states,
serviceability limit
states, and
special limit states.
(21)
混凝
土结构的极限状态包括五个内容：耐久性，耐火性，承载力极限状态，正常使用极
限状态
，以及特殊极限状态。
(22)Durability
means that the structure should withstand
environmental exposure
without
excessive deterioration of the concrete or
corrosion of the reinforcement.
Fire
resistance
means
the
structure
must
have
the
resistance
required
by
the
applicable
provincial building code.
(22)
耐久性是指结构能够暴露在环境中而不会发生混凝土材料性能的急剧退化或钢筋的锈
蚀。耐火性是指结构必须具有本地区建筑规范所要求的抗火能力。
(23)The ultimate limit states involve a
structural collapse of part or all of the
structure.
Such
a
limit
state
should
have
a
very
low
probability
of
occurrence
since
it may lead to loss of life and major
financial losses.
(23)
承载力极限
状态指结构局部倒塌或整体倒塌。因为这种极限状态会造成生命和大量财产
的损失，其发
生的可能性必须被降到很低。
(24)The
ultimate limit states include loss of equilibrium
of a part or all of the
structure,
rupture
of
critical
parts
of
the
structure,
progressive
collapse,
formation of a plastic mechanism, and
instability.
(24)
承载力极限状态包括结构
局部或整体失去平衡，结构关键部位的破坏，渐进式的倒塌，
塑性机构形成，以及失稳。
(25)Serviceability limit
states involve disruption of the functional use of
the
structure but not collapse. Since
there is less danger of loss of life, a higher
probability of occurrence can generally
be tolerated.
(25)
正常使用界限状态是指
结构使用功能受到影响但并不发生倒塌。因为对生命安全的威胁
比较小，其发生可以具有
稍高的可能性。
(26)Serviceability
limit states include excessive deflections for
normal service,
excessive crack widths,
and undesirable vibrations.
(26)
正常使用界限状态包括正常使用下结构产生过大的挠度，裂缝宽度过大，以及令人不舒
适的振动。
(27)Special limit
states involve damage or failure due to abnormal
conditions or
abnormal
loadings.
These
include
structural
effects
of
explosion
or
vehicular
collision, and
long-term physical or chemical actions.
(27)
特殊极限状态是指在非正常条件或非正常荷载下发生
的结构损坏或失效。
这包括由于爆
炸或交通工具冲撞导致的结构
效应，以及长期的物理或化学作用。
(28)Some
sort
of
safety
factors,
such
as
load
and
resistance
factors,
are
necessary
in
structural
design
because
the
variability
in
resistance
and
variability
in
loadings.
(28
）
由于抗力和荷载的可变性，
一些安全系数，
例
如荷载系数和抗力系数，
对结构设计而言
是必须的。
(29)The
actual
strengths
(resistances)
of
beams,
columns,
or
other
structural
members
will always differ from the values
calculated by the designer. And all loads are
variable,
especially
live
loads
and
environmental
loads
due
to
snow,
wind
or
earthquake.
(29)
梁、柱或其他构件的实际强度（抗力）值总是与设计者计算所得到的值有偏差。并且所
有
的荷载都是可变的，特别是活载和由雪，风或地震等导致的与环境有关的荷载。
(30)In addition to actual variations in
the loads themselves, the assumptions and
approximations
made
in
carrying
out
structural
analysis
lead
to
differences
between
the actual forces and moments and those
computed by the designer.
(30)
除了荷载本身的变化之外，在结构分析中所使用的假设或近似也使实际的力或力矩与设
计者的计算值有偏差。
(31)Loads may be
described by their variability with respect to
time and location.
A
permanent
load
remains
roughly
constant
once
the
structure
is
complete.
An
examples
is the self-weight
of the structure.
(31)
荷载可以根
据其是否随时间和位置而变化来描述。
永久荷载在结构完工后基本保持恒定。
结构的自重就是一个例子。
(32)Variable
loads such
as occupancy
loads and wind
loads change
from time to time.
Variable loads may be sustained loads
of long duration, such as weight of filing
cabinets in an office.
(32)<
/p>
可变荷载例如使用荷载和风荷载随时间而变化。可变荷载可以是长期作用的荷载，例如
办公楼中档案柜的重量。
(33)Creep deformations of concrete
structures result from the permanent loads and
the sustained portion of the variable
loads.
(33)
混凝土的徐变变形是由永久荷载和可
变荷载中长期作用的部分引起的。
(34)Variable
loads may be fixed or free in location. Thus the
loading in an office
building is free
since it can occur at any point in the loaded
area. A train load
on a bridge is not
fixed longitudinally but is fixed laterally by the
train.
(34)
可变荷载可以是位置变化的或固定的
。
可以认为，
办公楼的荷载位置是变化的因为其可
以作用在受荷区域的任意点。火车对其经过的桥梁的荷载位置在沿着铁轨的方向是变化的，
在垂直铁轨的方向则是固定的。
(35)Concrete is a mixture of cement and
aggregate, each of which has an linear and
brittle
stress-strain
relationship
in
compression.
Brittle
materials
tend
to
develop
tensile fractures
perpendicular to the direction of the largest
tensile strain.
(35)
混凝土是水泥
和骨料的拌和物，
两者在受压时都具有线性和脆性的应力应变关系。
脆性
材料的受拉破坏会沿着垂直于最大拉应变的方向发展。
(36)When concrete is subjected to
uniaxial compressive loading, cracks tend to
develop parallel to the maximum
compressive stress.
(36)
当混凝
土承受单轴压力时，其裂缝会沿着平行于压应力的方向发展。
(37)Although concrete is made up of
elastic, brittle materials, its stress-strain
curve is nonlinear and appears to be
somewhat ductile. This can be explained by the
gradually
development
of
microcracking
within
the
concrete
and
resulting
redistribution of
stress.
(37)
尽管混凝土是由弹性的脆性材料组成
的，但其应力应变关系曲线却是非线性的，并且具
有一定的塑性。这可以用混凝土内部微
裂缝的逐步发展及其所导致的应力重分布来解释。
(38)Microcracks
are
internal
cracks
2
to
10mm
in
length.
Microcracks
that
occur
along
the interface between paste and
aggregate are called bond cracks; those that cross
the mortar between pieces of aggregate
are known as mortar cracks.
(38)
微裂缝是指长度为
2
到
10<
/p>
毫米的内部裂缝。
在骨料和砂浆的界面上产生的微裂缝称为粘
结裂缝；穿越骨料间的砂浆的微裂缝称为砂浆裂缝。
(39)Shrinkage
of
the
paste
during
hydration
and
drying
of
the
concrete
is
restrained
by
the
aggregate.
The
resulting
tensile
stresses
lead
to
cracks
before
the
concrete
is loaded.
< br>(39)
由于混凝土的水化作用和泌水现象所产生的砂浆收缩受到骨料的约束。这
种约束所导致
的拉应力使裂缝出现在混凝土在受荷之前。
(40)Generally,
the
term
concrete
strength
is
taken
to
refer
to
the
uniaxial
compressive
strength
as
measured
by
a
compression
test
of
a
standard
test
cylinder.
(40)
通常
，混凝土的强度是指由标准圆柱体试件的抗压试验得到的轴心抗压强度。
(41)Although the tensile strength of
concrete increases with an increase in the
compressive strength, the ration of
tensile stress to compressive stress decreases
as the compressive strength increases.
(41)
尽管混凝土的抗拉强度随着其抗压强度的提高而提高
，
但抗拉强度与抗压强度的比值却
随着抗压强度的提高而降低。
(42)The tensile strength is
approximately proportional to the square root of
the
compressive strength. The mean
split cylinder strength, ,from a
large number
of tests of
concrete from various localities has been found to
be
(42)
抗拉强度近似与抗压强度的平方根成比例。各地
对混凝土的大量试验表明，圆柱体的平
均劈裂强度
为
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