生化英文名词解释

：

a

substructure

formed

with

two

or

more

secondary-structure

peptide

segments

that are drawn close to each other.

domain

（结构域 ）

：

a region within a protein, particularly within a large polypeptide,

that functions in a semi-independent manner.

positive

cooperativity

（

正协同效应）

< br>：

an

effect

that

the

binding

of

one

ligand

to

a

protein

facilitates the subsequent ligand binding.

allosteric effect

（变构效应）

：

an effect that a small molecule, called an effector,

noncovalently binds to a protein and alters its activity.

isoelectric

point

（

pI

）

of

protein

（蛋白质的等电点）

：

the pH at

which a protein

has

an

equal number of positive and negative charges and hence bears no net charge.

denaturation

of

protein

（蛋白质变性）

：

the

disruption

of

the

natively

folded

structure

of a protein caused by exposure to heat, radiation, or chemicals, or change in pH,

that leads to an alteration of chemical, physical and biological properties of the

protein.

第二章

核酸的结构与功能

Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid

denaturation of DNA

（

DNA

的变性）

：< /p>

the disruption of the native conformation of DNA by

separation of the DNA double helix into its two component strands, due to heat,

chemicals, or change in pH, etc.

hyperchromic effect

（增色效应）

：

the increase in

ultraviolet absorbance

of a DNA while

the DNA is denatured.

melting

temperature

（

Tm,

融解温度）

：

the

temperature

corresponding

to

half

the

maximal

increase in ultraviolet absorbance of a thermally denatured DNA.

annealing

（退火 ）

：

the process of returning a thermally denatured DNA to its original

native structure when it is cooled gradually.

第三章

酶

Chapter 3 Enzymes

simple enzyme

（单纯酶）

：

an enzyme that consists of only polypeptide chain(s).

conjugated enzyme

（结合酶）

：

an enzyme with its polypeptide portion(apoenzyme) linked

to one or more substance other than amino acids, such as metals or small organic

molecules.

holoe nzyme

（全酶）

：

a complete enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme portion plus the

cofactor component.

essential group

（必需基团）

：

a chemical group on the side chain of amino acid residue

of an enzyme that is closely related to the activity of the enzyme.

active

center

/

active

site

（活性中心）

：

the

region

of

an

enzyme

molecule

that

contains

the substrate binding site and the catalytic site for converting the substrate(s)

into product(s).

activation energy

（活化能）

：

the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a

chemical reaction.

absolute specificity

（绝对特异性）< /p>

：

the extreme selectivity of an enzyme that allows

it

to

catalyze

only

the

reaction

with

a

single

substrate

in

the

case

of

a

monomolecular

reaction,

or

the

reaction

with

a

single

pair

of

substrates

in

the

case

of

a

bimolecular

reaction.

relative specificity

（相对特异性）< /p>

：

the relative selectivity of an enzyme that allows

it to catalyze the reaction with one type of reactants or one type of chemical bond.

ster eospecificity

（立体异构特异性）

：

stereoisomer.

zymogen

（酶原）

：

the inactive precursor of an enzyme.

zymogen

a ctivation

（酶原激活）

：

t he

process

in

which

a

zymogen

is

converted

to

an

active

enzyme by limited proteolysis and subsequently the active center of the enzyme is

formed or exposed.

isoenzyme

（同工酶）

：

multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but

differ

from

one

another

in

one

or

more

of

the

properties,

such

as

structural,

physical,

chemical and even immunological properties.

第四章

糖代谢

Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism

glyc olysis

（糖酵解）

：

the

anaerobic

degradation

of

carbohydrate

whereby

a

molecule

of

glucose is converted to two molecules of lactic acid.

substrate- level

phosphorylation

（底物水平磷酸 化）

：

the

synthesis

of

ATP

from

ADP

by

the

phosphorylation of ADP coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic

substrate molecules.

Pastuer effect

（巴斯德效应）

：

the phenomenon that the glycolytic pathway is inhibited

under aerobic conditions.

glycogen

< br>（糖原）

：

a

highly

branched

polymer

of

glucose

residues

primarily

in

1,4

linkage

but with 1,6 linkage at branchpoints.

gluconeogenesi s

（糖异生）

：

the synthesis of glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate

molecules, i.e., lactic acid, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, etc.

第五章

脂类代谢

Chapter 5 Lipid Metabolism

essential

fatty

acids

（必需脂肪酸 ）

：

the

fatty

acids,

including

linoleic

acid,

linolenic

acid, and arachidonic acid, which can not be synthesized in the mammalian body and

must be obtained from diet.

mobilization

of

fat

（脂肪动员）

a

process

of

lipolysis

in

which

the

fat

stored

in

adipose

tissues

is

converted

to

free

fatty

acids

and

glycerol,

which

are

consequently

released

into blood so that they can be used in other tissues.

β

-oxidation

of

fatty

acid

（

脂肪酸的

β

-

氧化）

：

a

process

in

which

a

fatty

acid

is

degraded

through

a

sequential

removal

of

two- carbon

fragments

from

the

carboxyl

end

and

therefore acetyl CoA is formed as the bond between the

α

- and

β

-carbon atoms is

broken.

ketone bodies

（酮体）

：

a group of molecules, i.e., acetone, acetoacetate, and

β

–

hydroxybuty rate, that are synthesized in the liver from acetyl CoA.

第六章

生物氧化

Chapter 6 Biological Oxidation

respiratory

chain

（呼吸链）

/

electron

transfer

chain

（电子 传递链）

：

a

series

of

electron

carriers responsible for the transport of reducing equivalent from metabolite to

molecular oxygen,

with the net results of capturing energy for use in

ATP synthesis,

and of the reduction of oxygen to water.

P/O

ratio

（

P/O

比值）

：

the

number

of

molecules

of

Pi

consumed

in

ATP

formation

for

each

oxygen atom reduced to H

2

O.

oxidative phosphorylation

（氧化 磷酸化）

：

the process in which the phosphorylation of

ADP to yield ATP is coupled to the electron transport through respiratory chain.

uncoupler

（解偶联剂）

：

a

molecule,

such

as

dinitrophenol,

that

uncouples

ATP

synthesis

from electron transport.

第七章

氨基酸代谢

Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolism

essential amino acids

（必需氨基酸）

：

the amino acids

，

including valine, leucine,

isoleucine,

threonine,

phenylalanine,

tryptophan

methionine

and

lysine,

that

cannot

be synthesized by animal body and must therefore be supplied by diet.

transdeamination

（联合脱氨基作用）

：

the coupled action of an aminotransferase and a

glutamate dehydrogenase involved in deamination of the majority of amino acids.

transamination

（转氨基作用）

：

a reaction catalyzed by an aminotransferase, in which

an amino group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid.