-
考研英语阅读
（
1
）
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman
Edmund Burke,
triumph of a misguided
cause is that good people do nothing.
to
end biomedical research because of the theory that
animals have rights ruling out their
use in research. Scientists need to
respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,
whose
arguments are confusing the
public and thereby threatening advances in health
knowledge and care. Leaders of the
animal rights movement target biomedical research
because it depends on public funding,
and few people understand the process of health
care research. Hearing allegations of
cruelty to animals in research settings, many are
perplexed that anyone would
deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a
grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights
booth at a recent
street fair was
distributing a brochure that encouraged readers
not to use anything that
comes from or
is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no
medicines. Asked if she opposed
immunizations, she wanted to know if
vaccines come from animal research. When
assured that they do, she replied,
when epidemics return, she said,
computers.
Scientists must communicate their
message to the public in a compassionate,
understandable way-in human terms, not
in the language of molecular biology. We need
to make clear the connection between
animal research and a grandmother's hip
replacement, a father's bypass
operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's
shots. To
those who are unaware that
animal research was needed to produce these
treatments, as
well as new treatments
and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at
best and cruel at
worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could
own research. They should be quick to
respond to letters to the editor, lest animal
rights
misinformation go unchallenged
and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.
Research
institutions could be opened
to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive
humane
care. Finally, because the
ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health
research
community should actively
recruit to its cause not only well-known
personalities such as
Stephen Cooper,
who has made courageous statements about the value
of animal
research, but all who receive
medical treatment. If good people do nothing there
is a real
possibility that an
uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious
embers of medical
progress.
18<
/p>
世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“
被误导的运动要
想成功，所需的
只是好人不作为。
”现在，
就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，
因为有这样一
种理论说，
动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。
科学家应该
对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的
回应，
因为他们的言论混淆了公
众的视听，
从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。
动物权
利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，
原因在于它依赖公共资金
的资助，
并且很少有人
懂得医学研究的过程。
< br>当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，
许多人都不明白为什么有人
会故意伤害动物。
<
/p>
例如，
在最近一次街头集市上，
一位老奶
奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，
规劝人
们不要使用动物制
品和动物实验制品——肉类，
毛皮，
药物。
当被问到她是否反对免疫接种
时，
她问疫苗是否来自动物实
验。
当被告知的确如此，
她回答道，
“
那么我不得不说，
是的，
我反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么
办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种方法，
用计算机来解决问题”。看，这样好
心的人们就是不明白。
科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，
并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的
语言，
一般人
能够明白的语言，
而不要
使用分子生物学的语言。
我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、
父亲的心脏搭桥、
婴儿的免疫接种、
甚至宠物的注射针剂都
密切相关。
许多人不明白获得这
些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进
行动物实验。
对于他们来说，
动物实验说得好是浪费，
说得
不好是残忍。
有
很多事情可以做。
科学家可以进入中学课堂，
展示他们的实验结
果。
他们应该对报刊
的读者来信及时做出反应，
以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，
从而获得
一副真理的面容。
科研机构应该对外开放，
让人参观，
向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人
道的对待。最后，因为最终
决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬
?
库柏
这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受
治疗的病人的支持。
如果好人无所作为，
一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝
贵火种。
（
2
）
Science, in practice, depends far
less on the experiments it prepares than on
the
preparedness
of
the
minds
of
the
men
who
watch
the
experiments.
Sir
Isaac
Newton
supposedly
discovered
gravity
through
the
fall
of
an
apple.
Apples
had
been
falling
in
many
places
for
centuries
and
thousands
of
people
had
seen
them
fall.
But
Newton
for years had been
curious about the cause of the orbital motion of
the moon and
planets.
What
kept
them
in
place?
Why
didn't
they
fall
out
of
the
sky?
The
fact
that
the
apple
fell
down
toward
the
earth
and
not
up
into
the
tree
answered
the
question
he had been asking
himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,
the moon and
the planets.
How many men
would have considered the
possibility
of an
apple
falling up into
the tree? Newton did
because he was not trying to predict anything. He
was just
wondering. His mind was ready
for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of
the
essential
nature
of
research.
If
you
don't
have
unpredictable
things,
you
don't
have
research. Scientists tend to forget this when
writing their cut and dried
reports for
the technical journals, but history is filled with
examples of it.
In
talking
to
some
scientists,
particularly
younger
ones,
you
might
gather
the
impression that they find the
thought. I've attended research
conferences where a scientist has been asked what
he
thinks
about
the
advisability
of
continuing
a
certain
experiment.
The
scientist
has
frowned, looked at the graphs, and said
know that,
it
worthwhile going on? What do you think we might
expect?
shocked at having even been
asked to speculate.
What this amounts
to, of course, is that the scientist has become
the victim
of his own writings. He has
put forward unquestioned claims so consistently
that
he not only believes them himself,
but has convinced industrial and business
management
that
they
are
true.
If
experiments
are
planned
and
carried
out
according
to plan as
faithfully as the reports in the science journals
indicate, then it is
perfectly logical
for management to expect research to produce
results measurable
in dollars and
cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to
believe that
scientists
who
know
exactly
where
they
are
going
and
how
they
will
get
there
should
not
be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye
on the cash register while
the
other
eye
is
on
the
microscope.
Nor,
if
regularity
and
conformity
to
a
standard
pattern
are
as
desirable
to
the
scientist
as
the
writing
of
his
papers
would
appear
to
reflect, is management to be blamed for
discriminating against the
among
researchers in favor of more conventional tinkers
who
team.
在实践中
，
科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）
的心
理是否有足够的准备。艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。多
少个世纪以来，
苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，
也有成千上万的
人看到过苹果落地。
多年来牛顿一直对月球
和行星绕轨道运行的
起因好奇不已。
是什么使它们处于现在的位置呢？它们为什么不落到天
< br>空之外呢？苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，
这一事实回答了他长期以来一直
对天空中
更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。
多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上
的可能性呢？牛顿考虑过，
因为他不想对任何事情进
行预测。<
/p>
他只是怀有好奇心。
他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。
不可预测性是科学研究不
可或缺的一个重要特征。
如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。
科学家们在为
科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时常常忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。
在和一些科学家，
特别是年轻科学家交谈时，
你可能会有这样一种印象：
他们认为“科
学方法”可以代替创造性思维。
我出席过一些科研
会议，
会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实
验是否是明智之举。<
/p>
那位科学家皱了皱眉，
又看了看图表，
然
后说：
“数据还是不够充分。
”
预算部
门的人说：
“这点我们知道，
但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下
去吗？你觉得我们可
以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做
出臆测。
当然，
这几乎等于说：
那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。
他所提出的种种论断是如