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作者:高考题库网
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2021-02-06 10:41
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2021年2月6日发(作者:尼古丁英文)



Automotive navigation system



An



automotive


avigation


system is


a satellite


navigation


system designed


for


use


in automobiles.


It


typically


uses


a


GPS


navigation


device to


acquire


position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the


road database, the unit can give directions to other locations along roads also


in its database. Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to


the drivetrain,


a gyroscope and


an accelerometer can


be


used


for


greater


reliability,


as


GPS


signal


loss


and/or multipath can


occur


due


to urban


canyons or tunnels.


Some sorts can be taken out of the car and used hand- held while walking.


History


Automotive navigation systems were the subject of extensive experimentation,


including some efforts to reach mass markets, prior to the availability of


commercialGPS.


Most major technologies required for modern automobile navigation were


already established when the microprocessor emerged in the 1970s to support


their integration and enhancement by computer software. These technologies


subsequently underwent extensive refinement, and a variety of system


architectures had been explored by the time practical systems reached the


market in the late 1980s. Among the other enhancements of the 1980s was the


development of color displays for digital maps and of CD-ROMs for digital map


storage.


However, there is some question about who made the first


commercially


available


automotive navigation system. There seems to be little room for


doubt that Etak was first to make available a digital system that used


map-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Etak's systems,


which accessed digital map information stored on standard cassette tapes,


arguably made car navigation systems practical for the first time.


[2]


However,


Japanese efforts on both digital and analog systems predate Etak's founding.


Steven Lobbezoo developed the first commercially available satellite


navigation system for cars. It was produced in Berlin from start 1984 to


January 1986. Publicly presented first at the Hannover fair in 1985 in Germany,


the system was shown in operation on the evening news from the first German


television channel in that year. It used a modified IBM PC, a large disc for map


data and a flat screen, built into the glove compartment. It was called Homer


Alpine claims to have created the first automotive navigation system in 1981.




However, according to the company's own historical timeline,


[3]


the company


claims to have


co-


developed an analog automotive navigation product called


the Electro Gyrocator, working with Honda. This engineering effort was


abandoned in 1985. Although there are reports of the Electro Gyrocator being


offered as a dealer option on the Honda Accord in 1981, it's not clear whether


an actual product was released, whether any customers took delivery of an


Electro Gyrocator-equipped Accord, or even whether the unit appeared in any


dealer showrooms; Honda's own official history appears to pronounce the


Electro Gyrocator as not practical.



Honda claims


[4]


to have created the first navigation system starting in 1983,


and culminating with general availability in the 1990 Acura Legend. The


original analogElectro Gyrocator system used an accelerometer to navigate


using inertial navigation, as the GPS system was not yet generally available.


However, it appears from Honda's concessions in their own account of the


Electro Gyrocator project that Etak actually trumped Honda's analog effort with


a truly practical digital system, albeit one whose effective range of operation


was limited by the availability of appropriately digitized street map data.


Technology


Visualization



Navigation systems may (or may not) use a combination of any of the


following:


?



?



top view for the map


top view for the map with the map rotating with the automobile (so that



bird's-eye view for the map or the next curve


linear gauge for distance, which is redundant if a rotating map is used


numbers for distance


schematic pictograms


voice prompts


?



?



?



?



?





Road database


Contents


The road database is a vector map of some area of interest. Street names or


numbers and house numbers are encoded as geographic coordinates so that


the user can find some desired destination by street address .


Points of interest will also be stored with their geographic coordinates. Point of


interest specialties include speed cameras, fuel stations, publicparking, and



Contents can be produced by the user base as their cars drive along existing


streets and communicating via the internet, yielding a free and up-to-date map.


Physical Storage Format


The Physical Storage Format (PSF) initiative is an industry grouping of car


manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose


objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation


systems, as well as allow a map update capability. Standardization would


improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to


be used in navigation systems from 19 manufacturers. Companies involved


include BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler,Renault, ADIT, Aisin AW, Alpine


Electronics, Navigon, Bosch, DENSO, Mitsubishi, Harman Becker, Panasonic,


PTV, Continental AG, Clarion, Navteq, Tele Atlas and Zenrin.


Media


The road database may be stored in solid state read-only memory (ROM),


optical media (CD or DVD), solid state flash memory, magnetic media (hard


disk), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a base


map permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed


information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always


programmed at the factory; the other media may be


preprogrammed, downloaded from a CD or DVD via


a computer or wireless connection (bluetooth, Wi-Fi), or directly used utilizing


a card reader.


Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers.


These updates are often obtained from the vendor's website, which is


accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.


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