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A
Advantages
The
part of the affirmative case about policies that
demonstrates the positive
effects of
the affirmative’s plan.
Ambiguity
A
fallacy of language that occurs when a word in an
argument has two or more
possible
meanings and the listener has no means to
determine adequately
which meaning the
arguer intends.
Analogy
An argument that supports associations
between things based on their
similarity or dissimilarity.
Appeal to fear
A
fallacious argument that occurs when an arguer
uses irrelevant appeals to
fear to take
the focus off the arguer’s original
argument.
Appeal to
popularity
A fallacious
argument that occurs when a debater uses the
popularity of a
person, product, or
belief to justify a favorable conclusion about
that person,
product, or belief.
Appeal to tradition
A fallacious argument made when a
debater argues in favor of a particular
action on the grounds of tradition
rather than on the basis of that action’s
merits.
Argument
A controversial statement, frequently
called a claim, supported by evidence
and a warrant. The standards of a
logically good argument include
acceptability, relevance, and
sufficiency.
See also
Standard of acceptability, Standard of relevance,
standard of
sufficiency.
Argumentation
The
uniquely human use of reasoning to communicate.
Argument ad hominem
A fallacy that occurs when an arguer
attacks a person’s character or
background, which is irrelevant to the
claim.
Argument by example
An argument that supports an
association between specific examples and a
general rule.
Argument by
incompatibility
An argument
designed to reject something because it is
incompatible with
something else.
Argument by principle
An argument that supports a certain
action based on the connection between
that action and a general principle.
Argument sphere
A
community within which arguments are made.
Argument structure
The way evidence and warrants are
arranged to support a claim.
See also
Convergent argument structure; Independent
argument structure;
Simple argument
structure.
Arrangement
The organization of arguments in a
speech.
Authority
An argument that supports a claim with
the opinion of experts in the field.
B
Ballot
A document on which the judge records
the decision, the reasons for the
decision, and speaker points awarded to
each debater.
Begging the
question
A fallacy of
acceptability that occurs when a debater
introduces evidence that
is the same as
the claim.
C
Case
One or more
arguments sufficient to support a proposition.
Causal argument
An argument that supports associations
between causes and effects.
See also
Contributory causal argument; Intervening and
counteracting causal
argument;
Necessary causal argument; Sufficient causal
argument.
Cause-and-effect
proposition
A proposition
that asserts that one object causes a specific
outcome.
Cause-and-effect
reasoning
The type of
reasoning that examines the reasons certain
actions, events, or
conditions (causes)
create specific consequences (effects).
Claim
A
controversial statement an arguer supports using
reason. Claims are divided
into four
general categories: definitional descriptive,
relational, and evaluative.
Comparative
advantages case
A method
used for developing a case about policies that
advocates the
adoption of the plan
based on its advantages compared with the status
quo or
some other policy.
Comparative policy
proposition
Compares two or
more policies.
Comparative value
proposition
Compares two or
more objects with respect to some value.
Constructive speech
A speech that presents a debater’s
basic arguments for or against the
resolution.
Contributory
causal argument
An argument
that states that the purported cause is one of
several contributors
to the effect.
Convergent argument
structure
Two or more bits
of evidence that, in combination with one another,
support a
claim.
Counterplan
A
plan proposed by the negative team as an
alternative to the affirmative plan.
Cross-examination
A period during the debate when a
member of one team asks questions of a
member of the opposing team.
D
Debate
The
process of arguing about claims in situations
where an adjudicator must
decide the
outcome.
Dissociation
An argument that creates new categories
by dividing an old category into two
new ones.
E
Equivocation(as
Ambiguity)
A fallacy of
language that occurs when a word is used in two
different senses
and the meaning of the
word is shifted during the argument.
Evidence
Different types of information (facts,
statistics, theories, opinions, or narratives)
that are used to support arguments.
Evidence can be divided into two
categories: that relating to reality
(facts, theories, and presumptions) and that
relating to preference (values, value
hierarchies, and value categories).
See
also Facts; Presumption; Theory; Value; Value
categories; Value
hierarchy.
F
Facts (evidence)
Observed or observable data.
Fallacy
An
argument that fails to meet any one of the
standards of acceptability,
relevance,
and sufficiency.
See also
Argument ad hominem; Ambiguity; Appeal to fear;
Appeal to
popularity; Appeal to
tradition; Begging the question; Equivocation;
Fallacy of
composition; Fallacy of
division; Fallacy of incompatibility; Faulty
analogy;
Hasty conclusion; Improper
appeal to practice; Loaded term; Poisoning the
well; Post hoc fallacy; Problematic
premise; Red herring; Slippery slope
argument; Straw person fallacy; Two
wrongs fallacy; Vagueness.
Fallacy of c
omposition(
由部分推论整体
)
A fallacious argument where the
evidence is drawn from some part of a whole
but the conclusion is about the whole.
Fallacy of
division
(由整体推论部分)
An erroneous argument where the
evidence is drawn from the whole, but the
conclusion is made about the part.
Fallacy of incompatibility
Occurs when a debater makes a statement
as evidence that is at odds with
another statement made by the debater,
or when a debater’s argument is
incompatible with some action she has
performed or recommended
elsewhere.
Faulty analogy
A
fallacious argument that occurs when two cases are
compared with each
other but are not
similar in terms of the relationship stated in the
comparison.
G
Guilt by association
A fallacious argument that occurs when
a person’s argument is attacked using
that person’s association with groups
and people rather than using issues
pertinent to the argument.
H
Hasty
conclusion
A fallacious
argument that fails to meet the standard of
sufficiency. It includes
hasty
generalization, irrelevant slippery slope
arguments, fallacy of
composition,
fallacy of division, faulty analogy, improper
appeal to practice,
post hoc fallacy,
and two wrongs.
Hasty
generalization
A fallacy of
reasoning by example that occurs when the examples
selected to
support the claim are
either insufficient in number or in their
representativeness.
Improper
appeal to practice
A
fallacious argument that occurs when a debater
suggests doing something
because it is
a common practice, even if that practice clearly
is wrong.
I
Independent argument
structure
Several pieces of
evidence, any one of which can provide sufficient
support for
a claim.
International debating
Debating that occurs between
representatives of different countries, nations,
or cultures.
Intervening and
counteracting causal argument
An argument that demonstrates a cause
that prevents the completion of a
cause-and-effect sequence.
Irrelevant reason
An argument that fails to meet the
relevance criterion. It includes ad hominem
argument, appeal to fear, appeal to
popularity, appeal to tradition, guilt by
association, poisoning the well, red
herring, and straw person.
J
Judge
An observer
of a debate who has the responsibility of deciding
which team has
done a better job of
debating.
K
Karl Popper debate format
A debate format that matches two three-
person teams against each other: one
affirming the proposition and one
opposing it. Each team has one constructive
speech presenting its basic arguments
for and against the proposition and two
constructive speeches refuting the
opposing team’s arguments and
summarizing its own.
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