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翻译的基本知识

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2021-02-06 08:58
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2021年2月6日发(作者:debater)


翻译的基本知识



一、翻译的定义



奈达:








Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor


language the closest natural equivalent of the source


language message, first in terms of meaning and



secondly in terms of style.



——


Eugene A. Nida


二、翻译的标准



奈达:








The receptors of a translation should comprehend



the translated text to such an extent that they can



understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text.


——



Eugene A. Nida



Eugene A. Nida


(November 11, 1914



August 25, 2011)



was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.


四、翻译的方法



1 .



直译(


Literal translation




例子:



C.O.D.



(cash on delivery)



货到付现








blue chip



蓝筹股








一箭双雕





hit two hawks with one arrow


意译(


Free translation




例子:



WPA



水渍



blue chip



绩优股




一箭双雕





kill two birds with one stone




一、广告的定义



Advertising is the non-personal communication of



information usually paid for and usually persuasive in



nature about products, services or ideas by identified


sponsors through the various media.



——


American Marketing Association




二、广告的分类



1.



理性广告(



Rational ads


)情感广告(


Emotional ads




三、广告的组成部分



1.



Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan


I’m lovin’ it!



(麦当劳)



我就喜欢!



Good to the last drop.



Maxwell coffee




滴滴香浓,



意犹未尽。



Just do it.


(耐克运动鞋)只管去做。



We lead, others copy.



Ricoh


复印机)我们领先,别人模仿。



Minolta, finest to put you finest.


(美能达相机)



第一流的美能达,



第一流的你。



I’m More satisfied.


(摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱。



Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat.


(奇巧巧克力)



轻松一刻,



奇巧时刻。



It’s finger


-licking good.




吮指回味,其乐无穷。


(肯德基)



Let us make things better.




让我们做得更好。


(飞利浦)



To lighten the burden of womankind.


我们为女人减负。


(水晶洗衣机)



The un-cola, 7-up.




非可乐


——


七喜。



You are not fully clean until you’re Zestfully clean.



干净?



用激爽。



(激爽,



沐浴产品)



Go well, go Shell.




使用壳牌汽油,



保您一路不愁。



Born to run.




天生奔驰。



The world leader in oral care.




(高露洁)



口腔护理,



引领世界。



Originality ---Integrity---Innovation.



Levi’s




独特


——


完美


——


创新。



Small. Smart. Smile.


Pentax: See the difference.


小巧。



灵便。微笑。



宾得相机:不一样,



就是不一样。



No problems too large. No business too small.





IBM




没有解决不了的大问题,没有不做的小生意。



We take no pride and prejudice.




Time


杂志)



傲慢与偏见,



均与我们无缘。



汉英句子的结构差异与翻译



一、汉英句子的结构差异



英语是形合 型(


hypotaxis


)语言



汉语是意合型(


parataxis


)语言




西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人 治的。




英语句子结构是语法的,汉语句子结构是语义的。


< p>
英语句子的基本结构是


SV(O)




2 .



英语多采用静态,



汉语多采用动态




1





The meeting was a success.



会开得很成功。




2





We are short of hands.



我们正缺人手。



英语被动句多于汉语




1




A few years ago, it was thought unusual that programs could be called up by viewers to be


displayed on their screens at home.


几年前,



人们还以为,



观众打电话要求


……




2




She was asked about 10 questions during the interview.



面试时问了她十来个问题。



4 .



英语多复合长句,汉语多简单短句。



例:




I took it for granted that there would be plenty of



graduates in the area who would be


willing to work for a joint- venture like ours.





我想当然地以为,



这地区会有大量的大学毕


业生,



愿意为我们这样一家合资企业工作。



5.



英语多头轻脚重(孔雀尾)












汉语多头重脚轻



(狮子头)



例:揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,



号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,



这就


是五四运动的一个极大功绩。




A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of


old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.


6 .



英语重时态,汉语轻时态。



例:


What are you doing? What were you doing at this time yesterday?



你在干什么?



昨天这个


时候,



你在干什么?



7.



英语常用间接肯定与否定,汉语常用直接肯定与否定。




1



I can’t agree w


ith you more.



我非常赞同你的意见。




2



We found the quality of the goods below the standard.












我们发现这些产品的质量没有达标。



8 .



英语多用代词,汉语少用代词。



例:


He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen




above it, and despised it in others.









他讨厌失败。



他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败,



并且藐视别人的失败。



三、企业名称的翻译



1.



音译法



例:


ASEM China Co., Ltd.



阿塞姆洁具贸易(中国)有限公司






Ford Motor Company



福特汽车公司






Bayer China Co., Ltd.




拜耳中国有限公司






Dow Corning (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.



道康宁(上海)有限公司






William Grant & Sons Ltd.



威廉


·


格兰特父子有限公司






Midland Bank




英国米兰银行



2.




直译法



例:


Gulf Oil Corporation



海湾石油有限公司






Nippon Electric Company




日本电气公司





International Business Machines Corporation




国际商用机器公司



3.



历史沿用法



例:



First National City Bank




花旗银行








Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation




汇丰银行







Imperial Chemical Industries





卜内门化工公司



3.




音义结合法



例:


EasyJet




易捷航空公司



Goodyear Tire & Rubber





固特异轮胎橡胶公司






Benz





奔驰



P&G





宝洁公司




直接引用法



例:



A. O. Smith





A ·


O ·



史密斯公司


IBM (China)





IBM


(中国)



一、英语成语翻译技巧



借用法




1



Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs


得寸进尺


< br>例


2



Give him an inch and he'll take an ell


杀鸡取卵




3




a rat in a hole


瓮中之鳖



直译法




1



to show one



s cards



put / lay (one's) cards on the table


摊牌





2




at a snail



s pace




蜗牛般的速度



3



like a fish out of water










如鱼离水




4




in one ear and out the other






左耳进,右耳出




4




strike while the iron is hot








趁热打铁



3.



意译法




1



by hook or by crook


不择手段












2




as poor as a church mouse


一贫如洗







3



wolf in sheep's clothing



披着羊皮的狼




4




put all one's eggs in one basket



孤注一掷



汉语联合式四字成语的英译方法



(< /p>


1


)同义词交叉搭配的成语



通常只需译出其中一组的意思。



例如:兵荒马乱


turmoil of war


愁眉苦脸




gloomy face



2


)反义词交叉搭配的成语



通常前后两部分都要译出。



例如:貌合神离




appear united outwardly but divided at heart








深入浅出




explain the profound in simple terms



3


)同义词和反义词搭配的成语



有时只需译出一个部分,



有时需要将前后两个



部分都译出。



例如:冷嘲热讽




be ironical



温故知新


gain new insights through reviewing old material



4


)四字分两组重叠式的成语



只需意译。



例如:马马虎虎





carelessly


勤勤恳恳





diligently



5


)四字分两组正反式成语

< br>


只需意译。



例如:悲欢离合





sorrow and joy, be near and apart





古今中外




anytime and anywhere


1.



音译法



例:


Philips



飞利浦





Fanta




芬达




Elizabeth Arden



伊丽莎白


·


雅顿








省音译法



例:



McDonald’s




麦当劳





Budweiser






百威



谐音译法例:



OMO




奥妙


Benz




平治



4.



直译法



例:


Crocodile




鳄鱼










Camel




骆驼





Arrow




箭牌



自创法例:



Duracell





金霸王




Neutrogena





露得清








Rejoice





飘柔



不译例:



LG NEC3M


Directions:






Remove


cap.


Spray


it


on


the


surface


of


the


object


and


wipe


with


clean


paper


towel or dry cloth.


Caution:






In case of eye contact, clean your eyes with



water.




If swallowed, drink plenty of water and consult physician immediately.



1



If you want to interrupt recording, you should press Pause.



2



Should you encounter any problems during the installation of this fax machine,



please refer


to the trouble- shooting guide before calling the service center.


频繁使用被动语态




1



Additional information can be found in the electronic



user’s manual which is located on the CD


-ROM.



2



The fan belt tension should be checked regularly.



3



This product can be used in hot water or steam line with the temperature limited to 225


°


C.


1



Tupperware cups have many series, each having its own designer.


大量使用独立分词结构



< p>
2



Test the effect of the two speakers with both turned to the largest volume.



3



This phenomenon of howling is caused by the microphone picking up the sound output from


the speaker.


大量使用动词不定式




1



To prevent this, first decrease the volume, then place the microphone so that it is not pointed


to the speaker and that there is sufficient distance between the microphone and the speaker.



2



For a transistor to work properly, it is necessary to apply proper voltages to its electrodes.


商品说明书翻译练习



1.



Twice a week it will make the skin even, white and elastic.


2.


Apply


a


small


amount


to


the


face


and


gently


massage


with


circular


movement


until


absorbed. Use after cleaning in the morning and evening or whenever necessary.


3.



If


the


cigarette


lighter


fails


to


come


back


to


its


normal


position


automatically


in


18


seconds,


it


means


it


may


have


something


wrong,


and


must


be


put


back


to


its


normal


position manually.


3.




The


drug


should


not


be


administered


to


patients


with


known


hypersensitivity


to


penicillin.


一、



商务英语中数词的互译



1.



实指



例:



The first phase of domestic air freight village, which covers an area of about 40,000 square


meters, has a yearly handling capacity of 500,000 tons.


译文:



国内航空货运站第一期占地约


4


万平方米,

< p>


年吞吐量达



50


万吨。



一、



商务英语中数词的互译



虚指(


1


)等值翻译




1



Two is company,



three is none.


译文:



两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。




2




We need to figure out a method to settle these technical problems once and for all.


译文:



我们必须想办法一劳永逸地解决这些技术问题。




2


)不等值翻译例


1



Two heads are better than one.


译文:



三个臭皮匠,



顶个诸葛亮。例


2




We


have


just


moved


into


the


new


office



and


everything is at sixes and sevens.


译文:



我们刚搬进新办公室,因此东西都是乱七八糟的。




3





Once bitten, twice shy.


译文:



一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。




4



The economic recession has put our new business behind the eight ball.



译文:



经济不景气使我们的新业务处 于很不利的处境。例


5




We will think twice before we


sign that contract.


译文:



在签署那份合同之前,



我们会三思而 行。例


6




我们都是来自五


湖四海。译文:




We are from all corners of the country.



二、



商务英语中量词的互译



增加量词




1



Would you please provide a receipt for us.


译文:



能否请你们给我们开一张收据


?



2



To our dismay, we find three computer screens got broken during shipment.


译文:



使我们失望的是


,


我们发现三台电脑显示屏在运输途中破裂。



选择量词




1



We would like to order 500 pairs of pliers with the article no. of H846.


译文:



我们想订购


500


把货号为

< br>H846


的钳子。




2



The price quoted is for quantities smaller than 5 metric tons. For orders of larger-than-5-ton


quantities, we offer a 3% discount.


译文:



所报价格 适用于


5


公吨以下的订货量。



若订货量超



5


公吨 ,



我们给予


3%

的折扣。



二、



商务英语中倍数的互译



倍数增加




1



Our total output of chemical fertilizer this year is approximately three times as great as that


of last year.


译文:



我们今年的化肥产量大约相当于去年的三倍。




2



The warehouse under construction is five folds as large as the old one.

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


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