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翻译的基本知识
一、翻译的定义
奈达:
Translation consists in reproducing in
the receptor
language the closest
natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of
meaning and
secondly in
terms of style.
——
Eugene A. Nida
二、翻译的标准
奈达:
The
receptors of a translation should comprehend
the translated text to such
an extent that they can
understand how the original receptor
must have understood the original text.
——
Eugene A. Nida
Eugene A. Nida
(November 11, 1914
–
August
25, 2011)
was the developer
of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation
theory.
四、翻译的方法
1
.
直译(
Literal
translation
)
例子:
C.O.D.
(cash on delivery)
货到付现
blue chip
蓝筹股
一箭双雕
hit two hawks with one arrow
意译(
Free
translation
)
例子:
WPA
水渍
blue chip
绩优股
一箭双雕
kill two birds with one stone
一、广告的定义
Advertising is the non-personal
communication of
information usually paid for and
usually persuasive in
nature about products, services or
ideas by identified
sponsors through
the various media.
——
American Marketing
Association
二、广告的分类
1.
理性广告(
Rational
ads
)情感广告(
Emotional
ads
)
三、广告的组成部分
1.
Headline
Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan
I’m
lovin’ it!
(麦当劳)
我就喜欢!
Good to the
last drop.
(
Maxwell
coffee
)
滴滴香浓,
意犹未尽。
Just do it.
(耐克运动鞋)只管去做。
We
lead, others copy.
(
Ricoh
复印机)我们领先,别人模仿。
Minolta, finest to put you finest.
(美能达相机)
第一流的美能达,
第一流的你。
I’m More
satisfied.
(摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱。
Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat.
(奇巧巧克力)
轻松一刻,
奇巧时刻。
It’s
finger
-licking good.
吮指回味,其乐无穷。
(肯德基)
Let us make things better.
让我们做得更好。
(飞利浦)
To lighten the burden of womankind.
我们为女人减负。
(水晶洗衣机)
The un-cola, 7-up.
非可乐
——
七喜。
You are not fully clean
until you’re Zestfully clean.
干净?
用激爽。
(激爽,
沐浴产品)
Go well, go
Shell.
使用壳牌汽油,
保您一路不愁。
Born to
run.
天生奔驰。
The world
leader in oral care.
(高露洁)
口腔护理,
引领世界。
Originality
---Integrity---Innovation.
(
Levi’s
)
独特
——
完美
——
创新。
Small. Smart. Smile.
Pentax: See the difference.
小巧。
灵便。微笑。
宾得相机:不一样,
就是不一样。
No
problems too large. No business too small.
(
IBM
)
没有解决不了的大问题,没有不做的小生意。
We take no pride and prejudice.
(
Time
杂志)
傲慢与偏见,
均与我们无缘。
汉英句子的结构差异与翻译
一、汉英句子的结构差异
英语是形合
型(
hypotaxis
)语言
p>
汉语是意合型(
parataxis
)语言
―
西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人
治的。
‖
英语句子结构是语法的,汉语句子结构是语义的。
英语句子的基本结构是
SV(O)
。
2 .
英语多采用静态,
汉语多采用动态
例
1
:
The meeting was a success.
会开得很成功。
例
2
:
We are short of hands.
我们正缺人手。
英语被动句多于汉语
例
1
:
A few years ago, it was thought unusual
that programs could be called up by viewers to be
displayed on their screens at
home.
几年前,
人们还以为,
观众打电话要求
……
例
2
:
She was asked about 10 questions during
the interview.
面试时问了她十来个问题。
4 .
英语多复合长句,汉语多简单短句。
例:
I
took it for granted that there would be plenty of
graduates in the area who
would be
willing to work for a joint-
venture like ours.
我想当然地以为,
这地区会有大量的大学毕
业生,
愿意为我们这样一家合资企业工作。
5.
英语多头轻脚重(孔雀尾)
,
汉语多头重脚轻
(狮子头)
例:揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,
号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,
这就
是五四运动的一个极大功绩。
A tremendous achievement of
the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of
the ugliness of
old stereotype and the
old dogma and its call to the people to rise
against them.
6 .
英语重时态,汉语轻时态。
例:
What are you doing? What
were you doing at this time yesterday?
你在干什么?
昨天这个
时候,
你在干什么?
7.
英语常用间接肯定与否定,汉语常用直接肯定与否定。
例
1
:
I
can’t agree w
ith you more.
我非常赞同你的意见。
例
2
:
We
found the quality of the goods below the standard.
我们发现这些产品的质量没有达标。
8 .
英语多用代词,汉语少用代词。
例:
He hated failure; he had
conquered it all his life, risen
above it, and despised it
in others.
他讨厌失败。
他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败,
并且藐视别人的失败。
三、企业名称的翻译
1.
音译法
例:
ASEM China Co., Ltd.
阿塞姆洁具贸易(中国)有限公司
Ford Motor Company
福特汽车公司
Bayer China
Co., Ltd.
拜耳中国有限公司
Dow Corning
(Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
道康宁(上海)有限公司
William Grant &
Sons Ltd.
威廉
·
格兰特父子有限公司
Midland Bank
英国米兰银行
2.
直译法
例:
Gulf Oil Corporation
海湾石油有限公司
Nippon Electric Company
日本电气公司
International
Business Machines Corporation
国际商用机器公司
3.
历史沿用法
例:
First National
City Bank
花旗银行
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation
汇丰银行
Imperial Chemical Industries
卜内门化工公司
3.
音义结合法
例:
EasyJet
易捷航空公司
Goodyear Tire & Rubber
固特异轮胎橡胶公司
Benz
奔驰
P&G
宝洁公司
直接引用法
例:
A. O. Smith
A
·
O ·
史密斯公司
IBM (China)
IBM
(中国)
一、英语成语翻译技巧
借用法
例
1
:
Kill the goose that lays
the golden eggs
得寸进尺
< br>例
2
:
Give him an
inch and he'll take an
ell
杀鸡取卵
例
3
:
a rat in a
hole
瓮中之鳖
直译法
例
1
:
to
show one
’
s cards
put / lay (one's) cards on the
table
摊牌
例
2
:
at a snail
’
s pace
蜗牛般的速度
例
3
:
like a fish out of water
如鱼离水
例
4
:
in one ear and out the other
左耳进,右耳出
例
4
:
strike while the iron is hot
趁热打铁
3.
意译法
例
1
:
by
hook or by crook
不择手段
例
2
:
as poor as a church mouse
一贫如洗
3
:
wolf in sheep's
clothing
披着羊皮的狼
例
4
:
put all one's eggs in one basket
孤注一掷
汉语联合式四字成语的英译方法
(<
/p>
1
)同义词交叉搭配的成语
通常只需译出其中一组的意思。
例如:兵荒马乱
turmoil of
war
愁眉苦脸
gloomy face
(
2
)反义词交叉搭配的成语
通常前后两部分都要译出。
例如:貌合神离
appear united outwardly but divided at
heart
深入浅出
explain the profound in simple terms
p>
(
3
)同义词和反义词搭配的成语
有时只需译出一个部分,
有时需要将前后两个
部分都译出。
例如:冷嘲热讽
be ironical
温故知新
gain new insights
through reviewing old material
(
4
)四字分两组重叠式的成语
只需意译。
例如:马马虎虎
carelessly
勤勤恳恳
diligently
(
5
)四字分两组正反式成语
< br>
只需意译。
例如:悲欢离合
sorrow and joy, be near and
apart
古今中外
anytime and anywhere
1.
音译法
例:
Philips
飞利浦
Fanta
芬达
Elizabeth Arden
伊丽莎白
·
雅顿
省音译法
例:
McDonald’s
麦当劳
Budweiser
百威
谐音译法例:
OMO
奥妙
Benz
平治
4.
直译法
例:
Crocodile
鳄鱼
Camel
骆驼
Arrow
箭牌
自创法例:
Duracell
金霸王
Neutrogena
露得清
Rejoice
飘柔
不译例:
LG NEC3M
Directions:
Remove
cap.
Spray
it
on
the
surface
of
the
object
and
wipe
with
clean
paper
towel
or dry cloth.
Caution:
In
case of eye contact, clean your eyes with
water.
If swallowed, drink plenty
of water and consult physician immediately.
例
1
:
If
you want to interrupt recording, you should press
Pause.
例
2
:
Should you encounter any problems during the
installation of this fax machine,
please refer
to the trouble-
shooting guide before calling the service center.
频繁使用被动语态
例
1
:
Additional information
can be found in the electronic
user’s manual which is located on the
CD
-ROM.
例
2
:
The
fan belt tension should be checked regularly.
例
3
:
This
product can be used in hot water or steam line
with the temperature limited to
225
°
C.
例
1
:
Tupperware cups have
many series, each having its own designer.
大量使用独立分词结构
例
2
:
Test the effect of
the two speakers with both turned to the largest
volume.
例
3
:
This phenomenon of howling is caused by the
microphone picking up the sound output from
the speaker.
大量使用动词不定式
例
1
:
To
prevent this, first decrease the volume, then
place the microphone so that it is not pointed
to the speaker and that there is
sufficient distance between the microphone and the
speaker.
例
2
:
For
a transistor to work properly, it is necessary to
apply proper voltages to its electrodes.
商品说明书翻译练习
1.
Twice a week
it will make the skin even, white and elastic.
2.
Apply
a
small
amount
to
the
face
and
gently
massage
with
circular
movement
until
absorbed. Use after cleaning in the
morning and evening or whenever necessary.
3.
If
the
cigarette
lighter
fails
to
come
back
to
its
normal
position
automatically
in
18
seconds,
it
means
it
may
have
something
wrong,
and
must
be
put
back
to
its
normal
position manually.
3.
The
drug
should
not
be
administered
to
patients
with
known
hypersensitivity
to
penicillin.
一、
商务英语中数词的互译
1.
实指
例:
The first
phase of domestic air freight village, which
covers an area of about 40,000 square
meters, has a yearly handling capacity
of 500,000 tons.
译文:
国内航空货运站第一期占地约
4
万平方米,
年吞吐量达
50
万吨。
一、
商务英语中数词的互译
虚指(
1
)等值翻译
例
1
:
Two
is company,
three is none.
译文:
两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。
例
2
:
We need to figure out a method to
settle these technical problems once and for all.
译文:
我们必须想办法一劳永逸地解决这些技术问题。
(
2
)不等值翻译例
1
p>
:
Two heads are better than
one.
译文:
三个臭皮匠,
顶个诸葛亮。例
2
:
We
have
just
moved
into
the
new
office
and
everything is at sixes and sevens.
译文:
我们刚搬进新办公室,因此东西都是乱七八糟的。
例
3
:
Once bitten, twice
shy.
译文:
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
例
4
:
The
economic recession has put our new business behind
the eight ball.
译文:
经济不景气使我们的新业务处
于很不利的处境。例
5
:
We will think twice before we
sign that
contract.
译文:
在签署那份合同之前,
我们会三思而
行。例
6
:
我们都是来自五
湖四海。译文:
We are from all corners of
the country.
二、
商务英语中量词的互译
增加量词
例
1
:
Would you please provide a
receipt for us.
译文:
能否请你们给我们开一张收据
?
例
2
:
To
our dismay, we find three computer screens got
broken during shipment.
译文:
使我们失望的是
,
我们发现三台电脑显示屏在运输途中破裂。
选择量词
例
1
:
We
would like to order 500 pairs of pliers with the
article no. of H846.
译文:
我们想订购
500
把货号为
< br>H846
的钳子。
例
2
:
The
price quoted is for quantities smaller than 5
metric tons. For orders of larger-than-5-ton
quantities, we offer a 3%
discount.
译文:
所报价格
适用于
5
公吨以下的订货量。
若订货量超
过
5
公吨
,
我们给予
3%
的折扣。
二、
商务英语中倍数的互译
倍数增加
例
1
:
Our
total output of chemical fertilizer this year is
approximately three times as great as that
of last year.
译文:
我们今年的化肥产量大约相当于去年的三倍。
例
2
:
The
warehouse under construction is five folds as
large as the old one.
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