-
besides,except,except
for,but,but for,apart from,aside
from
,
in addition
to
的区别
一、
besides
意为
“
除了
……
,(还,也)
”
,表示的是追加关系,整体中包括了
“
除了
”
的部分;
Five other representatives arrived
late besides me.
除了我还有五位代表来晚了。
(晚到的代表中包括
“
我
”
)
Besides his wife,
his daughter also went to see him.
除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他。
二、
except
意为
“
除了
……
,
(其余的都)
”
,
表示的是
剔除的关系,
整体中不包括
“
除了
p>
”
的部分,
except
除
了后面接名词、代词外,还可接介词短语或从句。
All the other five representatives
arrived late except me.
除了我,其他的五位代表都来晚了
。(晚到的代
表中不包括
“
我
”
)
I
seldom go by bus except when it is rainy.
除了下雨的时候,我很少乘公共汽车。
He rarely went anywhere except to his
office.
除了去办公室,他很少去别的地方。
I know nothing about it except what he
told me.
除他告诉我的情况外,我对此事一无所知。
My papers seem to be everywhere except
where they ought to be.
我的文件似乎完全不在它们应该放
置
的地方。
三、
except for
表示的是
,
在整体上给以定论后,
再从局部上加以修正。
与
except
不同的是:
except
所
“
排
除
”
的部分与前面所述整体词属于同类,是部分与整体的关系;而
except
for
所
“
排除
”
的部分与前面所述的
整体词往往不是同类。如:
Your essay is well written
except for one or two minor grammatical mistakes.
你的作文除了一两处小的语
法错误外,写得很好。(
“
作文
”
与
“
语法错误
”
不是同类事物
)
若用于句首,则
except for
与
except
同义
(
但
except
通常不用于句首,另外
but
也不能用于句首
)
:
Except for me, everyone passed
the exam.
除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
四、
but
与
except
的用法基本相同并常互换使用,
但
but
多与
no,
nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere,
all, anything, who
等词连用,
but
所引出的事物常是句子的重心,有一定的强调意味。如:
They are all from the
countryside but / except John.
除了约翰外,他们都来自乡下。
I
never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
除了报纸,我从没见他读过别的东西。
当
but / except
后面跟不
定式时,
如果
but / except
前面有实义动词
do
或
do
的其他形式,
后面的不定式符
号要省略。如:<
/p>
In winter the
bear does nothing but lie down and sleep.
冬天,熊除了躺下睡觉什么也不干。
It had no effect except to make him
angry.
除了惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
五、
but for
否定复合介词,
用在名词前构成介词短语,意思是
“
要不是
”
,等于
without
。句子中只要有
but
for
,该句子必须用虚拟语气。
But for your help
(
if you had not helped
us
)
we should not have
finished in time.
要不是你的帮助,我们
就
不会及时完成。
But for the rain (=
If it had not rained) we should have had a
pleasant journey.
要不是下雨,我们就会有一
个愉快的旅途的。
六、
apart
from
在不同的上下文中,既有
besides
的含义,又有
except
和
except for
的含义,要根据上下
文来判别。如:<
/p>
Apart from English, he has a
good command of Russian and French.
除英语外,他还精通俄语和法语。
(
=
besides)
He has no interests, apart
from his work.
他除了自己的工作外,没什么兴趣爱好。(
= except
)
It’s a good paper, apart from a few
spelling mistakes.
这是一篇好论文,只是有几处拼写错误。
p>
(
= except
for)
七、
aside from
类似于
apart
from
的用法。
1
除
…
之外
< br>Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance.
除了远处偶尔
有汽车的声响外
,
四周一片寂静。
2
< br>既
…
又
…
I didn't accept the job because it
was badly paid and aside from that, it wasn't very
interesting.
我没接受
这个工作
,
因为工资既少
,
又非常乏味。
八、
in addition to
含义与
besides
一样。
They provide a free breakfast in
addition to a
bed.
除了提供床位外,他们还提供免费早餐。
常见区别
1. keep doing/ keep on
doing
(1) keep doing
指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事,中间不间断。
It
kept blowing for a whole day.
刮了一整天风了。
The
temperature keeps dropping.
温度持续下降。
(2) keep
on doing
是指反复坚持做某事,但动作之间略有间隔。
They have kept on writing to each other for many
years.
他们已经互相通信多年了。
After drinking some water, he kept on talking.
喝了一些水后,他坚持讲话。
2.
seem/ look
(1) seem
< br>一般着重于以客观迹象为依据,意思是“似乎、好象、看起来??”。
The baby seems to be happy.
婴儿看上去似乎很高兴。
He seemed to
be sorry for that.
他似乎为那件事感到抱歉。
seem
能与
to do
结构连用,而
look
不能。
It seems to rain.
似乎要下雨了。
They seemed to
have finished their work.
他们似乎已经完成了工作。
在
it
作形式主语的句型中只能用
seem
。
It seems that
he is quite busy now.
他现在看起来很忙。
It seems to us
that there is nothing serious.
在我看来没什么大不了的。
(2)
look
用作“看起来;好像”时,常从物体的外观或样貌上来判断,是以视觉所接受
的印象为依据的。
The room looks clean.
这间房看起来很干净。
The girl looks
like her mother.
那女孩看起来向她的妈妈。
3.
such/ so
(1) such
常用作形容词,用来修饰名词。
Don't be such
a fool.
别这么傻。
He is such a
clever boy.
他是如此聪明的一个男孩。
(2) so
是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。
He is so kind!
他真好心!
Why
did you come so late?
你为何回来得如此晚?
当名词前有
many, much, few,
little
等表示多、少时,应该用
so
。
He has so many friends.
他有如此多的朋友。
Only so little
time is left!
才剩这么一点儿时间!
4. either/ too/ also
(1) either
用作“也”时是副词,常用于否定句句尾。
She is not a Japanese, I'm not, either.
她不是日本人,我也不是。
My sister
doesn't like this song, either.
我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。
(2)
too
常用于肯定句或疑问句尾,表示“也”。
He
likes China, too.
他也喜欢中国。
Are you in Grade 3, too?
你也在三年级吗?
(3) also
也常用于肯定句或疑问句,但一般位于句中。
We
are also students.
我们也是学生。
He
also went there on foot.
他也是走着去的。
Did you also
want to have a look?
你也想看看吗?
5. if/ whether
在下列情况下只能用
whether
而非
if
:
(1)
与
or not
连用时,只能用
whether
。
We want to
know whether you are ill or not.
我们想知道你是否生病了。
Please tell me
whether or not you have finished your work.
请告诉我们你是否完成了工作。
(2)
后接动词不定式时,只能用
whether.
Adam didn't know whether to go or
stay.
亚当不知道是走还是留。
He
hasn't decided whether to have dinner with me.
他还没决定是否和我共进晚餐。
(3)
所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时,只能用
whether.
Whether it will rain or snow, we don't mind.
我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。
Whether I won
or lost, she didn't want to know.
我是赢是输她不想知道。
(4)
引导主语从句或表语从句时,一般用
whether.
The most important was whether they had gone.
最重要的是他们是不是已经走了。
Whether he
will go with me is a secret.
他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。
if
能引导条件状语从句,表示“如果,假如”,而
whether
没有此用法。
We'll have a
football match if it doesn't rain tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨,我们要进行足球赛。
I'll tell him if I sees him.
我看见他就告诉他。
If you're in
danger, please call 110.
如果你遇到危险,请拨打
110
。
6.
cost/ spend/ pay/ take
(1)
cost
一般用某物来做主语,表示“(某物
)
值??、花费??”,既能指花费时间也能指金钱。
The new bike costs me 300 yuan.
这辆新自行车花了我三百元。
It will cost
you a whole to read through this
book.
通读这本书将会花费你整整一周时间。
cost
还可以用作名词,表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。
What's the cost of this TV set?
这台电视机的成本是多少钱?
They succeeded
at the cost of hard work.
他们辛苦地工作换来的成功。
(2)
spend
一般用某人来作主语,表示“(某人
)
花费??,付出??”,也能指时间或金钱,指时间时常
与
in
搭配,指金钱时常与
on
或
for
搭配。
We spent two days in
repairing this machine.
我们花了两天时间修理这台机器。
Mr. Lee spends
$$20 on books every month.
李先生每月花二十美元在书上。
(3)
pay
用作动词时,一般也
以某人作主语,但一般指花钱、付款等,很少用来指花费时间。常与
for
搭
配
使用。
They paid 70 yuan for the
tickets.
他们花了七十元买票。
He
was too poor to pay for his schooling.
他穷得交不起学费。
pay
还可以用作名词,意思为“薪水、工资”等。
It's hard for me to live with such low pay.
我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。
(4) take
也指“花费
(
p>
时间、金钱)”,但通常用某事、某物做主语,或用形式主语
it.
How long will the meeting take?
会议要开多久?
It took me
several hours to get there.
我花了几个小时才到那儿。
7.
bad/ badly
这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严
重”等意思,且它们有共同的比较级
worse
和最高级
worst
。
(1) bad
是一个形容词,意思是“坏的,糟糕的,差的,严重的”。
I
don't think he is a bad person.
我并不认为他是一个坏人。
I had a bad
headache.
我的头疼得很厉害。
(2) badly
是一个副词,意思是“不好地,差”,也
可以表示程度,意为“严重地,非常,极度”。
We need help
badly.
我们急需帮助。
His arm was
badly hurt.
他的胳膊严重受伤了。
辨析
Each Every Either
Neither
前两个都表示每一个,每个的,
各自
的,区分起来有点难度;
Either
是或者??或者??,<
/p>
neither
是两者都不??。
这些词通常与单数名词连用,并放在名词之前。
Each, either
和
neither
与复数连用时后面必须接
of
。
Each
是针对整体中的每个个体而言。
Each child
received a present./Each of the children received
a present.
每个孩子都可以得到一份礼物。
Every
是针对整体中的一系列成
员而言。
Every child in the world deserves
affection.
全世界的孩子都应该受到爱护。
尤其在时间的表达上,
every
也可以表示一系列不同的点。
Every third
morning John goes jogging.
每隔三天约翰都要早起跑步。
This magazine is published
every other week.
这本杂志每隔一周出版一次。
Either
和
< br>neither
是相对于两个不同的事物而言的——
ei
ther
是肯定的,
neither
是
否定的。
Which chair do you want? Either chair
will do.
你想要哪把椅子?哪个都行。
I can stay at
either hotel, and they are both good.
我住哪家宾馆都可以,两家都挺不错的。
There are two
chairs here. You can take either of them.
这有两把椅子,你可以任选一把。
Neither chair
is any good, and they're both too small.
没有一把椅子合适,它们都太小了。
Which chair do
you want? Neither of
them
—
they're both too small.
你想要哪把椅子?两个都不要——它们都太小了。
either
与
neither
可用作形容词、代词、副词和连词等,它们的用法如下:
一、用作形容词。起定语作用,常放在单数名词前。
either
表示
“
这
个或者那个
”
;
neither
表示
“
既非这个、
也
非那个,两者皆非的
”
。如:
You may use either
book
.两本书你可以随便用一本。