-
Chapter I
Introduction
T 1.
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific
study of language.
F stics
studies particular language, not languages in
general.
F 3. A scientific study of
language is based on what the linguist thinks.
T 4. In the study of linguistics,
hypotheses form
ed should be based on
language facts and checked
against the
observed facts.
T 5. General
linguistics is generally the study of language as
a whole.
T 6.
General
linguistics, which
relates itself to(in
contrast to)
the research of other
areas, studies the
basic concepts,
theories, descriptions, m
odels and
m
ethods applicable in any linguistic
study.
T 7. Phonetics is different from
phonology in that the latter studies the
com
binations of the sounds to
convey m
eaning in
comm
unication.
F 8.
Morphology studies how words can be
form
ed to produce m
eaningful
sentences.
T
9
.
The
study
of
the
ways
in
which
m
orphem
es
can
be
com
bined
to
form
words
is
called
morphology.
F
10.
Syntax
(rules
that
govern
the
com
bination
of
words
to
form
grammatically
perm
issible
sentences in L)
is different
from morphology in that the form
er not
only studies the m
orphem
es,
but
also the com
bination of
morphem
es into words and words into
sentences.
T 11. The study of meaning
in language is known as sem
antics.
F
12
.
Both sem
antics
(L is used to
convey m
eaning-
the study of
meaning)
and
pragmatics
( the
study of
meaning is conducted in the context of language
use)
study m
eanings.
T 13. Pragmatics is different from
semantics in that pragmatics studies
m
eaning not in isolation, but
in context.
T changes can
often bring about language changes.
T
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in
relation to society.
F 16. Modern
linguistics is m
ostly prescriptive, but
som
etim
es descriptive.
T 17. Modern linguistics is different
from traditional grammar.
F 18. A
diachronic
历时（
it
changes through
tim
e
）
study of language is the description of
language
at som
e point in
tim
e.
Synchronic
共时
F 19 Modern linguistics regards the
written
language as
prim
ary, not the
spoken
language.
F 20. The distinction between
com
petence
语言能力
and
performance
语言运用
was proposed by
F.
de Saussure.
N.
Chom
sky
Chapter
2
：
Phonology
1.
Voicing is a
phonological feature that distinguishes
m
eaning in both Chinese and English.
(T)
2.
If two
phonetically sim
ilar sounds occur in
the sam
e environm
ents and
they distinguish m
eaning,
they are said to be in
com
plem
entary distribution.
（
F
）
3.
A phone is a
phonetic unit that distinguishes
m
eaning.
（
F
）
4.
English is a tone
language while Chinese is not.
（
F
）
5.
In linguistic evolution,
speech is prior to writing.
（
T
）
6.
In everyday
communication, speech plays a greater role than
writing in term
s of
the
am
ount of
information
conveyed.
（
T
）
7.
Articulatory phonetics
tries to describe the physical properties of the
stream
of sounds which a
speaker issues with the help of a
m
achine called spectrograph.
（
F
）
8.
The articulatory
apparatus of a hum
an being are
contained in three im
portant areas: the
throat,
the m
outh and the
chest.
（
F
）
9.
Vibration of the vocal
cords results in a quality of speech
sounds
called voicing.
（
T
）
10.
English
consonants can be classified in term
s
of place of articulation and the part of the
tongue
that is raised the highest.
（
F
）
11.
According to
the manner of articulation, som
e of the
types into which the consonants can be
classified are stops, fricatives,
bilabial and alveolar.
（
F
）
12.
Vowel
sounds can be differentiated by a
num
ber of factors: the position of
tongue in the m
outh,
the
openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and
the length of the vowels.
（
T
）
13.
According to
the shape of the lips, vowels can be
classified into close vowels,
sem
i
-close
vowels, sem
i-open vowels and
open vowels.
（
F
）
14.
Any sound
produced by a hum
an being is a
phonem
e.
（
F
）
15.
Phones are
the sounds that can distinguish
m
eaning.
（
F
）
16.
Phonology is
concerned
with how the sounds can be
classified into different categories.
（
F
）
17.
A basic way
to determine the phonem
es of a language
is to see if substituting one sound for
another results in a change of
m
eaning.
（
T
）
18.
When two
different form
s are identical in every
way except for one sound
segm
ent which occurs
in the
sam
e place in the strings, the two
words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
（
F
）
19.
The rules
governing the phonological patterning are language
specific.
（
T
）
20.
Distinctive
features of sound segm
ents can be found
running over a sequence of two or m
ore
phonem
ic segm
ents
.
（
T
）
Chapter
3
：
Morphology
1. Morphology studies the
internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are form
ed.
（
T
）
are the
sm
allest m
eaningful units of
language.
（
F
）
3. Just as a phonem
e is the
basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a
m
orphem
e the basic unit in
the study of morphology.
（
T
）
4. The
s
m
allest
m
eaningful units that can be used
freely all by them
selves are free morph
em
es.
（
T
）
5. Bound
morphem
es include t
wo types:
roots and affixes.
（
T
< br>）
6. Inflectional
m
orphem
es
m
anifest various grammatical
relations or grammatical categories such
as num
ber, tense, degree,
and case.
（
T
）
7. The existing form to which a
derivational affix can be added is called a
stem
, which can be a
bound
root, a free m
orphem
e, or a
derived form
itself.
（
T
）
8.
Prefixes usually m
odify the part of
speech of the original word, not the
m
eaning of
it.
（
F
）
9. There are rules that govern which
affix can be added to what type of stem to form a
new word.
Therefore, words
form
ed according to the morphological
rules are acceptable words.
（
F
）
10.
Phonetically,
the
stress
of
a
compound
always
falls
on
the
first
elem
ent,
while
the second
elem
ent receives secondary s
tress.
（
T
）
< br>
Chapter 4
：
1. Syntax is a subfied of
linguistics that studies the sentence structure of
language,
including the
com
bination of morphem
es
into words.
（
F
）
tical sentences are form
ed
following a set of syntactic rules.
（
T
）
3.
Sentences are com
posed of sequence of
words arranged in a simple linear order,
with one adding
onto another
following a sim
ple
arithm
etic logic.
（
F
）
sally
found
in
the
grammars
of
all
hum
an
languages,
syntactic
rules
that
com
prise
the
system
of
internalized
linguistic
knowledge
of
a
language
speaker
are
known
as
linguistic
com
petence.
（
T
）
5. The syntactic rules of any language
are finite in num
ber, but there is no
lim
it
to the
num
ber of
sentences native
speakers of that language are able to produce and
com
prehend.
（
T
）
6. In a complex sentence, the two
clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the
other.
（
T
）
7. Constituents that can be substituted
for one another without loss of grammaticality
belong to the
sam
e syntactic
category.
（
T
）
8. Minor lexical categories are
open because these categories are not fixed and
new m
em
bers are
allowed for.
（
F
）
9. In English
syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are
commonly recognized and discussed,
nam
ely, noun phrase, verb
phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
（
F
）
10. In English the subject usually
precedes the verb and the direct object usually
follows the verb.
（
T
）
is
actually internalized
in
the
m
ind
of
a
native
speaker is
a com
plete
list
of
words
and
phrases rather than
grammatical knowledge.
（
F
）
12. A noun phrase
m
ust contain a noun, but other
elem
ents are optional.
（
T
）
13. It
is believed that phrase structure rules, with the
insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at
the level of D-structure.
（
T
）
14.
WH-movem
ent
is
obligatory
in
English
which
changes
a
sentence
from
affirm
ative
to
interrogative.
（
T
）
Chapter 5
Sem
antics
1. Dialectal
synonym
s can often be found in
different regional dialects such as British
English and
Am
erican English
but cannot be found within the variety itself, for
exam
ple, within British English or
Am
erican English.
（
F
）
2. Sense is concerned with the
relationship bet
ween the linguistic
elem
ent and
the
non
-linguistic
world of
experience, while the reference deals
with the inherent m
eaning of
the linguistic form.
（
F
）
3. Linguistic
form
s having the sam
e sense
m
ay have different references in
different situations.
（
T
）
4. In
sem
antics,
m
eaning of language is
considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation
to the
physical world of experience.
（
F
）
5.
Contextualism
is
based
on
the
presum
ption
that
one
can
derive
m
eaning
from
or
reduce
meaning
to observable contexts.
（
T
）
6.
Behaviourists attempted to define the
m
eaning of a language form
as the situation in which the
speaker
utters it and the response it calls forth in the
hearer.
（
T
）
7. The m
eaning of a sentence
is the sum
total of the
m
eanings of all its
com
ponents.
（
F
）
8. Most languages have sets
of lexical item
s sim
ilar in
m
eaning but ranked differently
according to
their degree of formality.
（
T
）
9. “it is hot.” is a
no
-place predication because it
contains no argum
ent.
（
T
）
10. In grammatical analysis, the
sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in
sem
antic analysis of a
sentence, the basic unit is
predication, which is the abstraction of the
m
eaning of a sentence.
（
T
）
Chapter
6
：
Pragmatics
sem
antics
and
pragm
atics
study
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to
effect
successful comm
unication
（
F
）
atics treats the
m
eaning of language as
som
ething intrinsic and inherent.
（
F
）
would be im
possible to give
an adequate description of m
eaning if
the context of language use
was left
unconsidered.
（
T
）
essentially distinguishes
sem
antics and pragm
atics is
whether in the study of
m
eaning the
context of use is considered.
（
T
）
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