语言学复习试题及参考答案

语言学

复习试题及参考答案

I

.

Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)

1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

C. Duality

D. Meaningfulness

2.

According

to F.

de

Saussure, _______ refers

to

the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. Language

3.

The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti

al phoneme,

thus making the two phones ____________.

A. identical

B. same

C. exactly alike

D. similar

4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The

phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.

A. phonetic components

B. immediate constituents

C. suprasegmental features

D. semantic features

5.

The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.

A. bound morpheme

B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free morpheme

6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.

A. lexical

B. morphemic

C. grammatical

D. semantic

7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. social

D. functional

8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

9.

“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviourism

10.

“Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

11.

What

essentially

distinguishes

semantics

and

pragmatics

is

whether

in

the

study

of

meaning

_________ is considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying somet

hing; it is the consequence of, or

the change brought about by the utterance.

A. A locutionary act

B. An illocutionary act

C. A perlocutionary act

D. A performative act

13. Language change is ______________.

A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematic

B. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universal

C. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic

D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous

14. In

Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern

English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.

A. sound addition

B. sound loss

1

C. sound shift

D. sound movement

15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.

A. use of words

B. use of structures

C. accent

D. morphemes

16. _________

means that

certain

authorities,

such

as the

government choose,

a

particular

speech

variety, standardize it and spread the use of i

t

across regional boundaries.

A. Language interference

B. Language changes

C. Language planning

D. Language transfer

17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.

A. human brain

B. human vocal cords

C. human memory

D. human

18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.

A. the neurons

B. nerve pathways

C. cerebral cortex

D. sensory organs

19. The development

of

linguistic

skills

involves

the

acquisition

of

____

rules

rather than the

mere

memorization of words and sentences.

A. cultural

B. grammatical

C. behavior

D. pragmatic

20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language

involves, and is dependent on, the

acquisition of the culture of the target language communi

t

y.

A. accul

t

uration view

B. mentalist view

C. behaviourist view

D. conceptualist view

得分

II. Decide whether each of the following statements is T

rue or False (10 x1)

21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is

creative.

22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops

and the voiceless unaspirated stops

or environment.

23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or

another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.

24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure

of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.

25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they

originally

used

and

the

words

that

the

English

vocabulary

has

later

taken

in

from

other

languages are regarded as loan words.

26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called

“

cons tatives

”

and

performatives

”

.

27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the

2

occur in the same phonemic context

same

Indo-European

language

family.

The

language,

which

no

longer

exists,

is

called

Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this

language family from India to Europe.

28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns

something

,

somebody

, and

some

become the negative indefinites

nothing

,

nobody

, and

none

, as in :

He don’t know nothing.

He don’t like n

obody.

He ain’t got none.

29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the

sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.

the

two-word

stage

of

language

acquisition,

two-word

expressions

are

absent

of

syntactic or morphological markers.

得分

III. Define Six of the

following

ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).

31. allomorph

32. bound morpheme

33. semantics

34. reference

35. synonymy,

36. predication analysis,

37. critical period hypothesis

38.

linguistic competence

39. bilingualism

linguistics

得分

IV

.

Answer

the

following

questions

as

comprehensively

as

possible,

giving

examples

if

necessary ( 4x10 ):

1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?

2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?

3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:

1 ) The people

live a peaceful life in the countryside.

2) He

knows that I

will come the day after tomorrow.

3