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Supplementary
Exercises
I.
Decide whether each of the following
statements is True or False:
1.
Both
semantics
and
pragmatics
study
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to
effect
successful
communication
2.
Pragmatics
treats the meaning of language as something
intrinsic and inherent.
3.
It would be impossible to give an
adequate description of meaning if the context of
language
use was left unconsidered.
4.
What
essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics
is whether in the study of meaning
the
context of use is considered.
5.
The major difference
between a sentence and an utterance is that a
sentence is not uttered
while an
utterance is.
6.
The meaning of a sentence is abstract,
but context-dependent.
7.
The meaning of an utterance is
decontexualized, therefore stable.
8.
Utterances always take
the form of complete sentences
9.
Speech act theory was
originated with the British philosopher John
Searle.
10.
Speech act theory started in the late
50
’
s of the 20th century.
11.
Austin made the distinction between a
constative and a performative.
12.
Perlocutionary act is the act of
expressing the speaker
’
s
intention.
II.
Fill in each
blank below with one word which begins with the
letter given:
13.
P_________
is
the
study
of
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to
effect
successful
communication.
14.
What essentially
distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether
in the study of meaning
the context of
use is considered.
* *
15.
The notion
of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study
of language.
16.
If we think of a sentence
as what people actually utter in the course of
communication, it
becomes an
u___________.
17.
The meaning of a sentence
is a_______, and decontexualized.
18.
C________
were statements that either state or describe, and
were thus verifiable.
19.
P________ were sentences
that did not state a fact or describe a state, and
were not verifiable.
20.
A
l_________ act is the act of uttering words,
phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying
literal
meaning by means of syntax,
lexicon and phonology.
21.
An i__________ act is the
act of expressing the
speaker
’
s intention; it is
the act performed in
saying something.
22.
A c_________ is commit the speaker
himself to some future course of action.
23.
An e________ is to express feelings or
attitude towards an existing state.
24.
There are
four maxims under the cooperative principle: the
maxim of q_______, the maxim of
quality, the maxim of relation and the
maxim of manner.
III.
There are four choices following each
statement. Mark the choice that can best complete
the statement:
25. _________ does not study meaning in
isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
26. The meaning of language
was considered as something _______ in traditional
semantics.
A.
contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
* *
27. What essentially distinguishes
semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study
of meaning
_________
is
considered.
A.
reference
B. speech act
C. practical
usage
D. context
28. A
sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning
of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
29.
If
we
think
of
a
sentence
as
what
people
actually utter
in
the
course
of
communication,
it
becomes a(n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
30.
Which of the following
is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the
form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot
be restored to complete sentences.
C. No
utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to
complete sentences.
31.
Speech act theory did not come into being until
__________.
A. in the late
50
’
s of the 20the century
B. in the early
1950
’
s
C. in the
late 1960
’
s
D. in the
early 21st century.
32.
__________ is the act performed by or resulting
from saying something; it is the consequence of,
or the change brought about by the
utterance.
* *
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A
perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
33. According to Searle, the
illocutionary point of the representative is
______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to
something
’
s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future
course of action
D. to express the feelings
or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.
34.
All
the
acts
that
belong
to
the
same
category
share
the
same
purpose,
but
they
differ
__________.
A. in their illocutionary
acts.
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
35. __________ is advanced
by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General
Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
36. When any of the maxims
under the cooperative principle is flouted,
_______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational
implicatures
I.
Decide whether each of the following statements is
True or False:
* *
l. F
2. F
3.T
4.T
5.F
6.F
7.F
8.F
9.F
10.T
11.T
12.F
II. Fill in
each blank below with one word which begins with
the letter given:
13.
Pragmatics
14. semantics
15. context
16. utterance
17. abstract
tives
19.
Performatives
20. locutionary
21. illocutionary
22.
commissive
23. expressive
24. quantity
III.
There are four choices following each
statement. Mark the choice that can best
complete the statement:
25. A
26.C
27.D
28.B
29.C
30.B
31.A
32.C
33.B
34.C
35. A
36.D
IV. Define the terms
below:
37.
pragmatics
38. context
39. utterance
meaning
40. sentence
meaning
41. constative
42. performative
43. locutionary act
44. illocutionary act
45. perlocutionary act
46.. Cooperative Principle
* *
V.
Answer
the
following
questions
as
comprehensively
as
possible.
Give
examples
for
illustration if necessary:
47. How are semantics and pragmatics
different from each other?
48. How does a sentence differ from an
utterance?
49.
How does a sentence meaning differ from an
utterance meaning?
50. Discuss in detail the locutionary
act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
51. Searle
classified illocutionary act into five categories.
Discuss each of them in
detail with
examples.
52. What are the four maxims under the
cooperative principle?
53. How does the flouting of the maxims
give rise to conversational implicatures?
Suggested answers to supplementary
exercises:
IV. Define the terms below:
37.
pragmatics:
Pragmatics
can
be
defined
as
the
study
of
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences to effect successful
communication.
38.
Context: Generally
speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is
shared by the speaker and
the hearer.
The shared knowledge is of two types: the
knowledge of the language they use, and
the
knowledge
about
the
world,
including
the
general
knowledge
about
the
world
and
the
specific
knowledge about the situation in which linguistic
communication is taking place.
39.
utterance
meaning:
the
meaning
of
an
utterance
is
concrete,
and
context-dependent.
Utterance
is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of
the abstract meaning of a sentence in
a
real situation of communication, or simply in a
context.
40.
sentence meaning: The meaning of a
sentence is often considered as the abstract,
intrinsic
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