欧文诗歌赏析

1918

年

11

月

4

日，

欧文战死，

仅仅在战争结束前一个星期。

为表扬他在

Joncourt a ction

中的勇敢和

领导才能，他被追颁军功十字章

(Military Cross)

。

与世长辞

1918

< br>年

7

月，虽然他应该要处理家事，欧文还是回到法国服现 役。他会作出这个决定是因

为萨松被遣回英格兰。萨松在误杀事件

(friendly

fire)

头部中枪，在战争期间被撤离。基于

爱国心和道义，

欧文认为 他应代替萨松在前线的位置。

萨松强烈反对欧文回到战壕，

并威 胁

他要自残双腿。得悉对方态度坚决，欧文没有告知他直至回到法国为止。

欧文在

1918

年

11

月

4

日阵亡，

当时他正在横渡

Sambre- Oise Canal

，

刚好是第一次世界大战

停战纪念日一周前。

他在死后获晋升为陆军上尉。

欧文 的母亲在停战纪念日接到儿子死讯的

电报，同时，教堂钟

声正在 庆祝第一

次世界大战结

束了。他的遗体

被埋葬在公墓

(Ors

Communal Cemetery)

。

Gailly, Ors, Oswestry,

和

Shrewsbury

都有欧文的纪念碑。

有一所小型纪念馆是为了欧文和他密友而设立的，现存于

Napier University building

，原址是

Craiglockhart War Hospital

，即二人初次相遇的地方。

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Owen

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This

article

is

licensed

under

the

GNU

Free

Documentation

License.

It

uses

material

from

the

Wikipedia article

威尔弗雷德·欧文

--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---

威尔县

(

伊利诺伊州

)

right

威尔县（

Will

County,

Illinois

） 是美国伊利诺伊州东北部的一个县，东接印地安纳州。

面

2,2 00

平方公里。

根据美国

2000

年人口普查，

共有人口

502,266

人。

县治乔利埃特

（

Joliet

）

。

成立于

1836

年

1

月

12

[1]

参考文献

↑

Kane,

J.

N.

and

C.

C.

Aiken.

The

American

Counties:

Origins

of

County

Names

Dates

of

Creation and Population Data 1950-2000. Lanham, MD.: Scarecrow Press, 2005.

ar:

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?

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bpy:

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?

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County

en:Will

County,

Illinois

es:Condado

de

Will

fr:Comté

de

Will

it:Contea

di

Will

nds:Will

County

nl:Will

County

no:Will County pl:Hrabstwo Will pt:Condado de Will simple:Will County, Illinois sv:Will County

This

article

is

licensed

under

the

GNU

Free

Documentation

License.

It

uses

material

from

the

Wikipedia article

威尔县

(

伊 利诺伊州

)

------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

威尔逊县

(

堪萨斯州

)

right

威尔逊县

（

Wilson County, Kansas

，

简称

WL

）

是位于美国堪萨斯州东南部的一个县。

< br>面

积

1,489

平方公里。根据 美国

2000

年人口普查估计，共有人口

10,332

人。县治弗雷多尼亚

(Freedonia)

。

成立于

1855

年

8

月

30

日，县政府成立于同年

1864

年。县名纪念州议员希耶罗·

T

·威尔

逊

[ 1]

。

参考文献

↑

Kane,

J.

N.

and

C.

C.

Aiken.

The

American

Counties:

Origins

of

County

Names

Dates

of

Creation and Population Data 1950-2000. Lanham, MD.: Scarecrow Press, 2005.

ar:< /p>

??

???

?

????

?

??

???

??

?

bpy:

?

??

?

?

?

? ?

?

?

?

,

?

?

??

?< /p>

??

de:Wilson

County

(Kansas)

en:Wilson

County,

Kansas

fr:Comté

de

Wilson

(Kansas)

it:Contea

di

Wilson

(Kansas)

nds:Wilson

County

(Kansas)

nl:Wilson

County

(Kansas)

no:Wilson

County

(Kansas)

pl:Hrabstwo

Wilson (Kansas) pt:Condado de Wilson (Kansas) sv:Wilson County, Kansas

This

article

is

licensed

under

the

GNU

Free

Documentation

License.

It

uses

material

from

the

Wikipedia article

威尔逊县

(

堪萨斯州

)

--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---

Wilfred Owen

Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893

–

4 November 1918) was an English and

Welsh

poet

and

soldier,

regarded

by

many

as

one

of

the

leading

poets

of

the

First

World

War.

His

shocking, realistic war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas

warfare was heavily influenced

by his

friend Siegfried Sassoon and sat in stark contrast to both the

public perception of war at

the

time,

and

to

the

confidently

patriotic

verse

written

earlier

by

war

poets

such

as

Rupert

Brooke. Some

of

his best-known works

—

most of which were

published

posthumously

—

include

et

Decorum

Est

for

Doomed

Youth

and

Meeting

published in 1919 contains

numerous

well-known phrases, especially

He

was

killed

in

action

at

the

Battle

of

the

Sambre

just

a

week

before

the

war

ended,

causing

news of his death to reach home as the town's church bells declared peace.

Early life

Owen was born the eldest of four children in Plas Wilmot; a house near Peterlee in Shropshire on

18

March

1893,

of

mixed

English

and

Welsh

ancestry.

At

that

time,

his

parents,

Thomas

and

Susan Owen, lived in a comfortable house

owned by his grandfather, but, on his death in 1897,

the family was forced to move to lodgings in the back streets of Birkenhead. He was educated at

the

Birkenhead

Institute

and

at

Shrewsbury

Technical

School

(now

The

Wakeman

School),

and

discovered his vocation

in 1903 or 1904 during a holiday spent in

Cheshire. Owen was raised as

an Anglican of the evangelical

school, and in his youth was a devout believer, in part due to his

strong

relationship

with

his

mother,

which

was

to

last

throughout

his

life.

His

early

influences

included the 'big six' of romantic poetry, particularly John Keats, and, as with many other writers

of the time, the Bible.

Shortly after leaving school in 1911, Owen passed the matriculation exam for the University

of

London,

but

not

with

the

first-class

honours

needed

for

a

scholarship

(his

studies

suffered

as

Owen mourned the loss of his uncle and role model, Edgar Hilton, to a hunting accident) which in

his family's circumstances were the only way he could afford to attend.

In return for free lodging, and some tuition for the entrance exam, Owen worked as lay assistant

to

the

Vicar

of

Dunsden

near

Reading

and

as

a

pupil-teacher

at

Wyle

Cop

School.

He

then

attended

classes

at

University

College,

Reading

(now

the

University

of

Reading),

in

botany

and

later

, at the urging of the head of the English Department free lessons in Old English. His time

spent at Dunsden parish led him to disillusionment with the church, both in its ceremony and its

lack of aid for those in need.

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, he worked as a private tutor teaching English and French at

the Berlitz School of Languages in Bordeaux, France. There he met the older French poet Laurent

Tailhade, with whom he later corresponded in French[2].

War service

On 21 October 1915, he enlisted in the Artists' Rifles Officers' Training Corps. For the next seven

months, he trained at Hare Hall Camp in Essex. On 4 June 1916 he was commissioned as a second

lieutenant

(on

probation)

in

The

Manchester

Regiment.[3]

Owen

started

the

war

as

a

cheerful

and

optimistic

man,

but

he

soon

changed

forever.

Initially,

he

held

his

troops

in

contempt

for

their loutish behaviour, and wrote to

his mother calling his company

However,

Owen's

outlook

on

the

war

was

to

be

changed

dramatically

after

two

traumatic

experiences. Firstly, he was blown high into the air by a trench mortar, landing in the remains of a

fellow officer. Soon after, he became trapped for days in an old German dugout. After these two

events, Owen was diagnosed as suffering from shell shock and sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital

in Edinburgh for treatment. It was whilst recuperating at Craiglockhart that he was to meet fellow

poet Siegfried Sassoon, an encounter which was to transform Owen's life.

After

a

period

of

convalescence

in

Scotland,

then

a

short

spell

working

as

a

teacher

in

nearby

Tynecastle High School, he returned to light regimental duties. In March 1918, he was posted to

the

Northern

Command

Depot

at

Ripon.[5]

A

number

of

poems

were

composed

in

Ripon,

including

and

Meeting

His

25th

birthday

was

spent

quietly

in

Ripon

Cathedral.

After

returning

to

the

front,

Owen

led

units

of

the

Second

Manchesters

on

1

October

1918

to

storm

a

number

of

enemy

strong

points

near

the

village

of

Joncourt.

However,

only

one

week

before the end of the war, whilst attempting to traverse a canal, he was shot in the

head by an

enemy rifle and was

killed. The news of his death, on 4 November 1918, was to be given to his

mother on Armistice Day. For his courage and leadership in the Joncourt action, he was awarded

the Military Cross, an award which he had always sought in order to justify himself as a war poet,

but the award was not gazetted until 15 February 1919.[6] The citation followed on 30 July 1919:

Poetry

Owen

is

regarded

by

historians

as

the

leading

poet

of

the

First

World

War,

known

for

his

war

poetry

on

the

horrors

of

trench

and

gas

warfare.

He

had

been

writing

poetry

for

some

years

before the war, himself dating his poetic beginnings to a stay at Broxton by the Hill, when he was

ten

years

old[7].

The

Romantic

poets

Keats

and

P

.B.

Shelley

influenced

much

of

Owen's

early

writing

and

poetry.

His

great

friend,

the

poet

Siegfried

Sassoon

later

had

a

profound

effect

on

Owen's poetic voice, and Owen's most famous poems (

Doomed Youth

shows this relationship closely. Manuscript copies

of the poems

survive, annotated in

Sassoon's

handwriting. Owen's poetry would eventually be more widely acclaimed than that of his mentor.

While his use of pararhyme, with its heavy reliance on consonance, was innovative, he was not

the only poet at the time to use these particular techniques. He was, however, one of the first to

experiment with it extensively.

As

for

his

poetry

itself,

it

underwent

significant

changes

in

1917.

As

a

part

of

his

therapy

at

Craiglockhart,

Owen's

doctor,

Arthur

Brock,

encouraged

Owen

to

translate

his

experiences,

specifically

the

experiences

he

relived

in

his

dreams,

into

poetry.

Sassoon,

who

was

becoming

influenced

by

Freudian

psychoanalysis,

aided

him

here,

showing

Owen

through

example

what

poetry

could

do.

Sassoon's

use

of

satire

influenced

Owen,

who

tried

his

hand

at

writing

Sassoon's style

verse was undeniably changed by

his work with

Sassoon.

Sassoon's

emphasis

on

realism

and

'writing

from

experience'

was

contrary

to

Owen's

hitherto

romantic-influenced

style,

as

seen

in

his

earlier

sonnets.

Owen

was

to

take

both

Sassoon's gritty realism and his own romantic notions and create a poetic synthesis that was both

potent

and

sympathetic,

as

summarised

by

his

famous

phrase

'the

pity

of

war'.

In

this

way,

Owen's

poetry is quite distinctive, and

he is, by many, considered a greater poet than

Sassoon.

Nonetheless,

Sassoon

contributed

to

Owen's

popularity

by

his

strong

promotion

of

his

poetry,

both before and after Owen's death, and his editing was instrumental in the making of Owen as a

poet.

Thousands

of

poems

were

published

during

the

war,

but

very

few

of

them

had

the

benefit

of

such

strong patronage, and it is as a result of Sassoon's influence, as well as support from Edith

Sitwell

and

the

editing

of

his

poems

into

a

new

anthology

in

1931

by

Edmund

Blunden

that

ensured his popularity, coupled with a revival of interest in his poetry in the 1960s which plucked

him out of a relatively exclusive readership into the public eye.

Though he had plans for a volume of verse, for which

he had written a

his

own

work

published

apart

from

those

poems

he

included

in

The

Hydra,

the

magazine

he

edited at the Craiglockhart War Hospital and 'Miners' which was published in

Owen had many

other influences on

his poetry, including his mother, with whom he remained

close throughout his life. His letters to her provide us with insight into Owen's life at the front, as

well as the development of his philosophy regarding the war. Graphic details of the horror Owen

witnessed were never spared.

Owen's

experiences

with

religion

also

heavily

influenced

his

poetry,

notably

in

poems

such

as

Anthem for Doomed Youth, in which the ceremony of a funeral is reenacted not in a church, but

on

the

battlefield

itself.

Owen's

experiences

in

war

led

him

to

further

challenge

his

religious

beliefs, claiming in his poem Exposure that 'love of God seems dying'.

These

influences

built

on

his

pre-war

interest

in

Romantic

poetry,

and

especially

that

of

John

Keats.

Relationship with Sassoon

Owen

held

Sassoon

in

an

esteem

not

far

from

hero-worship,

remarking

to

his

mother

about

Sassoon

that

he

was

worthy

to

light

his

pipe

On

being

discharged

from

Craiglockhart,

Owen

was

stationed

on

home-duty

in

Scarborough

for

several

months,

during

which

time

he

associated

with

members

of

the

artistic

circle

into

which

Sassoon

had

introduced

him,

which

included Robert Ross and Robert Graves. He also met H. G. Wells and Arnold Bennett, and it was

during this

period he developed the stylistic voice for which

he is

now recognised. Many of his

early poems were penned while stationed at the Clarence Garden Hotel, now the Clifton Hotel in

Scarborough's North Bay. A blue tourist plaque on the hotel marks its association with Owen.

Robert

Graves[8]

and

Sacheverell

Sitwell[9]

(who

also

personally

knew

him)

have

stated

Owen

was

homosexual,

and

homoeroticism

is

a

central

element

in

much

of

Owen's

poetry.[10][11][12][13]

Through

Sassoon,

Owen

was

introduced

to

a

sophisticated

homosexual

literary

circle

which

included

Oscar

Wilde's

friend

Robbie

Ross,

writer

and

poet

Osbert

Sitwell,

and Scottish writer C. K. Scott-Moncrieff, the translator of Proust. This contact broadened Owen's

outlook,

and

increased

his

confidence

in

incorporating

homoerotic

elements

into

his

work.[14][15] Historians have debated whether Owen had an affair with

Scott- Moncrieff in May

1918;

Scott-Moncrieff

had

dedicated

various

works

to

a

W.O.

but

Owen

never

responded.[17]

The account

of Owen's

sexual

development

has

been

somewhat obscured because his

brother,

Harold Owen, removed what he considered discreditable passages in Owen's letters and

diaries

after

the

death

of

their

mother.[18]

Owen

also

requested

that

his

mother

burn

a

sack

of

his

personal papers in the event of his death, which she did.

Death

Owen's grave (centre), in Ors communal cemeteryIn July 1918, Owen returned to active service in

France, although he might have stayed on home-duty indefinitely. His decision was almost wholly

the result of Sassoon's being sent back to England. Sassoon, who

had been shot in the head in a

so-called friendly fire incident, was put on sick-leave for the remaining duration of the war. Owen

saw it as

his patriotic

duty to take Sassoon's place at the

front, that the horrific realities of the

war might continue to be told. Sassoon was violently opposed to the idea of

Owen returning to

the trenches, threatening to

not inform him of his action until he was once again in France.

Owen

was

killed

in

action

on

4

November

1918

during

the

crossing

of

the

Sambre-Oise

Canal,

exactly one week (almost to the hour) before the

signing

of the Armistice and was

promoted to

the rank of Lieutenant the day after his death. His mother received the telegram informing her of

his death on Armistice Day, as the church bells were ringing out in celebration. He is buried at Ors

Communal

Cemetery.[19]

There

are

memorials

to

Wilfred

Owen

at

Gailly,[20]

Ors,[21]

Oswestry,[22] and Shrewsbury.[23]

On

11

November

1985,

Owen

was

one

of

the

16

Great

War

poets

commemorated

on

a

slate

stone

unveiled

in

Westminster

Abbey's

Poet's

Corner.[24]

The

inscription

on

the

stone

is

taken

from Owen's

pity.

Hospital, now a Napier University building.

Literary output

Only

five

of

Owen's

poems

had

been

published

before

his

death,

one

of

which

was

in

fragmentary

form.

His

best

known

poems

include

for

Doomed

Youth

Et

Decorum Est

poems feature in Benjamin Britten's War Requiem.

Owen's

full

unexpurgated

opus

is

in

the

academic

two-volume

work

The

Complete

Poems

and

Fragments (1994)

by

Jon Stallworthy. Many of his poems have

never been published in popular

form.

In 1975 Mrs. Harold

Owen, Wilfred's

sister-in-law, donated all

of the manuscripts, photographs

and

letters

which

her

late

husband

had

owned

to

the

University

of

Oxford's

English

Faculty

Library. As well as the personal artifacts this also includes all

of Wilfred's personal library and an

almost

complete

set

of

The

Hydra

—

the

magazine

of

Craiglockhart

War

Hospital.

These

can

be

accessed by any member of the public on application in advance to the English Faculty librarian.

The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin holds a large

collection of Wilfred Owen's family correspondence.

Depictions in popular culture

Owen's

stature

as

an

archetypal

war

poet

has

meant

references

to

him

and

his

work

are

commonplace in popular culture.

Pat Barker's 1991 historical novel Regeneration describes the meeting and relationship between

Sassoon

and

Owen,[25]

acknowledging

that,

from

Sassoon's

perspective,

the

meeting

had

a

profoundly

significant

effect

on

Owen.

Owen's

treatment

with

his

own

doctor,

Arthur

Brock,

is

also touched upon briefly. Owen's death is described

in the third book of Barker's Regeneration

trilogy,

The

Ghost

Road.[26]

In

the

1997

film

he

was

played

by

Stuart

Bunce.[27]

The

play

Not

About

Heroes

by

Stephen

MacDonald

also

takes

as

its

subject

matter

the

friendship

between

Owen and Sassoon, and begins with their meeting at Craiglockhart during World War I.[28] Owen

was mentioned as a source

of

inspiration for one of the correspondents in the epistolary novel

The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society by Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows.[29]

Owen himself is the

subject of the 2007 BBC docudrama Wilfred

Owen: A Remembrance Tale, in

which

he

is

played

by

Samuel

Barnett.[30]

His

poetry

has

been

reworked

into

various

formats,

such

as

The

Ravishing

Beauties'

recording

of

Owen's

poem

Futility

in

an

April

1982

John

Peel

session.[31]

Benjamin

Britten

incorporated

nine

Owen

poems

into

his

War

Requiem,

opus

66,

along

with

words

from

the

Latin

Mass

for

the

Dead

(Missa

pro

Defunctis).

The

Requiem

was

commissioned for the reconsecration of Coventry Cathedral, and first performed there on 30 May

1962.[32] A screen adaptation was made

by Derek Jarman in 1988, with the 1963 recording as

the soundtrack.[33]

Notes

References

Meredith

Martin,

Measures:

The

Hydra

and

Wilfred

Owen

at

Craiglockhart

War

Hospital

External links