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The Subjunctive Mood
一
语气的种类
§
1
语气:所谓的语气是指说话人对所指的动作或状态所持有
的态度。英语中有三种语气:
1.
陈述语气(
The
Indicative Mood
)
:表示用来陈述和提问的语
气。陈述语气是英语中最常用
的语气。例如:
You are very
friendly.
你很友好。
When and where were you
born?
你何时何地出生的?
2.
祈使语气(
the
Imperative Mood
)
:用于第二人称的单数和复
数;用于第一人称和第三人称
时,一般情况用
Let sb.
do sth.
这个句型。祈使语气表示提出请求、命令、建议、邀请等。例
如:
Close
your books and Let's have a dictation.
把书合上,我们来听写。
Hand the book to me, please.
请把书递给我。
< br>
救命啊!救命啊!我快淹死了。
Beat me again and I will call a
policeman!
再打我,我就叫警察了!
3.
虚拟语气(
the
Subjunctive Mood
)
:表示一种愿望和假设的
情况。例如:
If I were
you, I would go.
如果我是你的话,我就去。
I wish I could fly like a
bird.
但愿我像鸟一样在空中飞翔。
二
虚拟语气在条件句中的应用
§
2
可以把
条件句分为两类:
1.
真实条件句(
Sentences
of Real Condition
)
:凡是假设的情况发生
性可能很大,就是真实条
件句。例如:
If I have time , I will
help you with this
work.
如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。
As long as I say anything
wrong, you must point it
out.
只要我说了什么错话,你一定要指出来。
2.
虚拟条件句
(
Sentences of Unreal Condition
)
:
当假设是不大可能实现时,
就是虚拟条件句。
例如:
If I were you , I would have attended
the meeting.
如果我是你的话,就去参加会议了。
If he had come here yesterday, he would
have seen his old friend.
假如他昨天来这儿的话,就会<
/p>
看见他的老朋友。
< br>§
4
虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:
1.
表示与现在事实相反的情况
。现将主句和从句的谓语动词主要形式列表如下:
从句谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式
行为动词用过去时,
be
一律用
were
should/ would/could/might
+
动词原形
例如:
If the weather were fine, I would go th
ere.
如果天气好,我去那儿。
(事实天气不好)
If I were you, I
would read it again.
如果我是你的话,我再读一遍。
(事实上我不是你)
What would I do if I were in your
place?
要是我处于你地位我会怎么办?(事实上我不在
你
的位置上)
If he hurried, he could catch the first
bus.
他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。
(
可是他不着急)
2.<
/p>
表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。现将主句和从句的谓语动词的主要形式列表如下:
p>
从句谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式
had +
过去分词
should / would/ could/
might +have +
过去分词
例如
:
If you had taken my advice, you would
not have made such a mistake.
如果你听了我的劝告<
/p>
,
就不
会犯这样的错误。
(事实上你没有听我的劝告)
I shouldn't have been able to write
such good novels if I hadn't lived among the
peasants for five
years.
如果我不
是和农民生活了五年,
就不可能写出这样好的小说。
(事实上我
和农民生活了
五年)
If you hadn't invited me, I shouldn't
have come to the party.
如果你不邀请我,
< br>我就不会来参加你
的舞会。
(
事
实上你邀请了我
)
If he
hadn't broken the law, he wouldn't have been put
in prison.
如果他不违法的话,就不会被打
入监狱。
(事实上他违病,我是可能来上学的。
(事实上我生病了)
p>
3.
表示与将
来事实相反的虚拟条件句。现将谓语动词的主要形式列表如下:
从句谓语动词的形式
主句谓语动词的形式
(1)
动词过去式
(2)
(2) should
+
动词原形
(3)
(3) were to do
should/ would/ could/
might+
动词原形
如
If I should work harder, I could make
much more progress.
假如我更努力学习的
话,我会取得更大的进步。
(
事实上我不可能努力学习
)
If it should rain
tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天下雨的话
,
我将待在家里。
(根据天气
情况,明
天不可能下雨)
If he
should come, I could ask him for some advice.
万一他来了,我就能够向他请教。
(事实上
他来的
可能性很小)
§
< br>4
虚拟语气条件句的倒装:如果虚拟条件句中有
were
,
had
或
should
时,把它们放在
if
的
位
置上;但是如果条件句中没有
were, had
或
should
不能用倒装。例如:
Should it rain tomorrow,
what should we do?
要是明天下雨的话,我们怎么办呢?
Were I you, I would have asked him for
some advice.
要是我是你的话,我就向他请教了。
。
三
虚拟语气的其它用法
§
5
由
if
only
引导句型通常表示愿望。表示
要是…
..
就好了
.
< br>例如:
If only
you could live with me!
假如你能和我生活在一起,那该有多好!
If only the rain would
stop!
雨要是停了那有多好!
If only we knew where to
find
him.
我们要是知道在哪里能找到他,那该有多好!
§
6
在动词
wish
之后的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望。从句的谓语用
动词的过去式时,
表示说话人当时存在的一桩遗憾的事情;
如果
用过去完成式时,
表示以前所发生的一件遗憾
的事情;如果用<
/p>
would / could / might
+do
表示将来不可能实现的愿望。现将三种
谓语形式
列表如下。
现
在
过
去
将
来
动词的过去式
,
be
通常用
were
had
+过去分词
would/ could/ might+
动词原形
例如:
I wish I knew
his address.
=
I'm sorry I
don't know his address.
现在我知道他的地址该有
多好!
I wish
you could drive a car.= I am sorry you can't drive
a car.
我希望他会开汽车。
I wish I hadn't spent so much money. =
I was sorry I had spent so much money.
但愿我不花那
么多的钱。
§
7
虚拟语气用在
as
if
和
as
though
引导的方式状语从句中,与现在事实相反用动词的过
去式(
be
用
were
)
,与过去事实相反用过去完成式。例如:
She knew America very well as though
she had been there.
她对美国很了解,好像她去过似的。
(实际上她没有去过)
He orders me about as if I were his wif
e.
他叫我做这做那,好像我是他的妻子似的。
(实际上我
p>
不是他的妻子)
§
8
在某些动词之后的宾语从句中,
用
should +
动词原形来表示虚
拟,
但
should
常常可以省
略。
常用的动词有:
suggest,
ask, order, demand, request, desire, insist , urge
, propose
等。
例如:
He suggested that we should
put the meeting off .
他建议推迟会议。
She urged that he write and accept the
post.
她敦促他写信接受这个职位。
She asked that she should
be sent to work in the
countryside.
她要求派她到农村工作。
【注意】使用
ask,
insist, suggest, demand
等动词时,一定要注意,它们之后的
宾语从句的谓
语动词有时用陈述语气,
有时用虚拟语气。
所遵循的规律是:
当主句主语和从句的主语是同
一个人时用陈述语气,反之,用虚拟语气。例如:
I insisted that
I was right.
我坚持我是对的。
Her white face suggests
that she is not healthy.
她那苍白的脸暗示她有病。
(本句中的
suggest
表
示
暗示
)
§
9
在
It
is suggest / desired/ ordered / proposed/ requeste
d
等+
that
引导的从句。
从句中的谓语
动词应是
should+
动词原形,
should
可以省略。例如:
p>
It has been
decided that the sports meeting should be put off
till next month.
已经决定运动会推迟
到下个
月举行。
It is
proposed that he should be put in prison.
有人提议把他关进监狱。
§
10
在
It
is important/ necessary / strange / natural / a
pity
+
that
引导的从句中用
虚拟语气。
that
引导的从句的谓语动词应用
should
+动词原形,
should
可以省略。例如:
It
is strange that he should not have learned
English.
真奇怪,他居然没有学过英语。
It is necessary that he be sent to the
factory.
必须马上派他到工厂去。
It is a great pity that he should be so
careless.
遗憾的是他那么粗心。
§
11
同位
语从句或者表语从句中虚拟语气的用法:
1.
在
suggestion,
order, idea, request, proposal, advice
等
名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句
中,谓语动词的形式为
sho
uld
+动词原形,其中
should
可以省略。例如:
His
advice
is
that
we
should
learn
this
poem
by
heart.
他的建议是我们把这首诗背诵下来。
What do you think of my suggestion
that we should go
home
?我建议回家,你觉得怎么样?
My proposal is that we
should set up a spare time school for them.
我的提议是我们为他们成立
一所业余学校。
§
12
在<
/p>
It's
(high,about)
time
that+
从句中用虚拟语
气,表示劝告或建议,其谓语动词形式用
should
+动词原
形
,
但是
should
不能省略,或者用动词的过去式。例如:
It is high time that we should go
home.
我们该回家了。
It is time that you should have a
rest.
现在你们该休息一下了。
§
13
由
th
at, so that, , in order that
引导的目的状语从句中
用虚拟语气,其谓语动词的形式为
may, might, can,
could
+动词原形。例如:
I got up early this morning in order
that I might catch the first bus.
今天早晨我起
得,目的是能赶
上头班公共汽车。
Speak louder so that you may make
yourself heard.
请大点
儿声讲话好让大家都听见。
【注意】当状语从句是否定时,状语从句的谓语也可以用
should
+动词原形。例如:
I took a taxi to the Capital Gymnasium
so that I should not miss the football match.
我乘出租车
去了首都体育馆免得误了足球比赛。
I am ready to
lend him a helping hand so that he should finish
the work in time.
我愿意帮他一
把好让他及时完成此项工作。
§
14.
由连接词
in
case
(万一)
,
lest
(以免)
,for
fear that
(以免)引起的状语从句中,谓语
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