-
名词和代词
英语高
考专题复习讲与练（
1
）
名词
一、考点聚焦
1.
可数名词单、复数变化形式
（
1
）规则变化。
①单数名词词尾直接加
-s
。如：
boy
—
boys, pen
—
pens
。
②以
s
、
x
、
ch
、
s
h
结尾的单词一般加
-es
。
如：
glass
—
glasses, box
—
boxes, watch
—
watches, brush
—
brushes
。
特例：
stomach
—
stomachs
。
③以
“
辅音字母
+ y”<
/p>
结尾的变
“y”
为
“i”
再加
“
-
es”
。如：
baby
—
babies, lady
—
ladies, fly
—
flies
。
④以
< br>“o”
结尾的多数加
-es
。如
：
tomato
—
tomatoes,
potato
—
potatoes,
hero
—
heroes
。
但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中
以
o
结尾的词只加
-s
。
如：
radio
—
radios,
zoo
—
zoos,
photo
—
photos,
piano
—
pianos,
kilo
—
kilos,
tobacco
—
tobaccos
。
⑤以
“f
”
或
“fe”
结尾的名词复数形式变<
/p>
“f”
或
“fe”
为
“v”
，之后再加
-es
。如：
wife
—
wives, life
—
lives, knife
—
knives,
wolf
—
wolves, self
—
selves, leaf
—
leaves
等。特
例：
handkerchief
—
< br> handkerchiefs, roof
—
roofs, chief
—
chiefs, gulf
—
gulfs, belief
—
beliefs, cliff
—
cliffs
。
⑥改变元音字母的。如：
man
—
men,
mouse
—
mice,
foot
—
feet,
woman
—
women, tooth
—
teeth, goose
—
geese, ox
—
oxen
。特例：
child
—
children
。
⑦复合名词的复数形式。
（
A
）在复合词中最后名词尾加
-s
。如：
armchair
—
armchairs,
bookcase
—
bookcases, bookstore
—
bookstores
。
（
B
）
man
和
woman
作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。
如：
man doctor
—
men doctors, woman driver
—
women
drivers
。
（
C
）与
介词
或
副词
一起
构
成的
复合
名
词应
在主
体
名词
部分
加
-s
。
如：
brothe
r-in-law
—
brothers-in-law,
passer-by
—
passers-
by
。
⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：
zero
—
zeros
、
zeroes, deer
—
deers
、
deer
。
penny
的两种复数
形式含义有所不同。如：
pence
（便士的钱数），
pennies(
便士的
枚数
< br>)
。
（
2
）不规则变化。
①单、复数同形。如：
means, aircraft,
deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works
（工厂
,
著作）
,cattl
e
。
1
精典名题导解
He gained his ______ by printing ______
of famous writers.
(1995 N)
A.
wealth … work
B. wealths …
works
C. wealths …
work
D. wealth …
works
②合成名词的复数。如：
boy-friend
—
boy-friends, go-
between
—
go-betweens(
中
间人
)
，
< br>grown-up
—
grown-
ups
。
③有些名词通常只用作复数
。
如：
glasses
眼镜，
clothes
衣服，
goods
货物，
trousers
裤子，
belongings
所有物
,wages
工资，
riches
财富
,
surroundings
环境，
as
hes
灰尘
,
campasses<
/p>
圆规，
cattle
家畜，
congratulations
祝贺，
have
words
with
sb.
同某人吵
架，
in high
spirits
以很高热情地，
give one’s
regar
ds to
sb.
向某人问侯，
in
rags
衣衫
破烂，
It is
good manners to do
sth.
有礼貌做某事。
④集体名词
的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：
people,
cattle, police;
有些名词只用作单数，
如：
machinery, furniture,
mankind, jewellery;
有些
名词既可用作单
数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：
The crew
is large.
船员人数很多
（指整体）
< br>；
The crew are all tired.
船
员们都累坏了
（个
体）。
2
、不可数名词的数
（
1
）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词
表示具体的东西时，可用
作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：
< br>
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：
抽象名词（不可数）
具体化（个体名词，可数名词）
in surprise
惊讶地
a
surprise
一件令人惊讶的事
win success
获得成功
a s
uccess
一个
(
件
)
成功的人
(
事
)
win
honor
赢得荣誉
an honor
一个
(
件
)
引以为荣的
(
事
)
Failure(
失败
)is the
mother of success
a
failure
失败者
失败是成功之母。
by
experience
靠经验
an
experience
一次经历
youth
青春
a
youth
一个青年人
have
pity on sb.
怜悯某人
a
pity
可惜的事情
with
pleasure
乐意
a
pleasure
乐事
②抽象名词与
a(an)
连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动
作、行
为或类别。如：
A
knowledge of English is a must in international
trade.
It is a waste of time reading
such a novel.
She made an apology to
her mother for her wrong doings.
Many
people
agree
that
knowledge
of
English
is
a
must
in
international
trade
today.
A. a;
不填
B. the; an
C. the;
the
D.
不填
; the
2
③
of
+
抽象名词表达形容词意义，通常做表语、定语或宾补等
我发现打羽毛球对减肥很有帮助
.
那位作家在小说中提到了和此事有关的一些重要信息
.
精典名题导解
You'll find this map of great _____in
helping you to get round London.
A.
price
B. cost
C. value
D. usefulness
(2
)
物质名词是不可数名词，
但表示数量或种类之多时，
可以用作可数名词。
如：
①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，
有单、
复数。
如：
some
coffee
一些咖啡，
a
coffee
一杯咖啡，
three
coffees
三杯咖啡，
some
drink
一些饮料
, a
drink
一杯饮料，
three
drinks
三杯饮料，
his
hair
他的头发，
a few grey hairs
几根白发，
glass
玻璃，
a glass
一只玻
璃杯。
②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。
have breakfast
The road is
covered with snow.
have a wonderful
breakfast
They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)
有复数形式的不可数名词
①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种
特殊状态的作用。如：
Use your
brains, please.
She has brains, so he
worked out the problem.
They have
smoothed away the difficulties.
Have
you made preparations for tomorrow’s
meeting?
Many thanks for
your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally
succeeded.
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如
：
The boy burst into tears
at the bad news.
The rising waters did
a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone
bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3.
名词所有格
（
1
）
“’s”
< br>所有格的特殊表示形式有：
①
用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：
today
’s newspaper,
five
minutes’
walk(drive),
five pounds’
weight , ten
dollars’
worth of
coffee
。
②用于表示国家、世
界、
城市等地方的名词后。如：
the earth’s
planet, the word’s
3
population, China’s
industry, New York’s parks
。
（
2
）
“of
”
所有格的特殊表示方式有：
①表示
“
部分
”
时，
一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词
（
< br>a
、
two
、
< br>several
、
some
、<
/p>
no
、
many
等），如：
Some students of Mister Zhang’s
have gone to
college.
张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。
②表示
“
其中之一，其中一部分
”
的意思时，用：
a friend of
Tom’s
汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。
③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：
that/this/these
/
those +
名词（单、复数）
of
Mary’s/yours/his/hers
。如：
That invention of hers belongs to the
world.
她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞
赏）。
4
、名词作定语
英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰
另一个名词。
（
1
）分类意义。
air
pollution
空气污染
boy friend
男朋友
coffee cup
咖啡杯
income
tax
所得税
tennis
ball
网球
song writer
歌曲作家
body language
身体语言
road
accident
交通事故
Nobel Prize
诺贝尔奖
（
2
）时间
、地点、称呼等。
Doctor
Jack
杰克医生
Professor Li
李教授
evening school
夜校
winter
sleep
冬眠
street
dance
街舞
country
music
乡村音乐
village
people
村民
school
education
学校教育
China problem
中国问题
（
3
）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义
。
reception
desk
接待台
sports
field
田径场
stone
table
石桌
color TV
彩电
weather
report
天气预报
（
4
）但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。
e.g. sports
meet
（运动会）；
the United States
government
（美国政府）；
students
reading-
room
（学生阅览室）；
goods
train
（货车）；
two men
doctors
（两个男医生）
。
精典名题导解
He dropped
the _______ and broke it.
(N 1993)
A.
cup of coffee
B. coffee’s
cup
C. cup for coffee
D. coffee cup
The
____________ is just around the corner and you
won’t miss it. (01
北京春季
)
4
A.
bicycl
e’s shop
B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycles’
shop
（一）名词
1
．
To the sea
captain’s surprise
，
he found
that
travel could also be quite
peasant
．
A
．
earth
B
．
1and
C
．
ground
D
．
plain
2
．
Some famous
singers live on the
from their record
sales
．
A
．
salary
B
．
value
C
．
bill
D
．
income
3
．
Many
countries
are
increasing
their
use
of
nature
gas
，
wind
and
other
forms
of
．
A
．
energy
B
．
source
C
．
power
D
．
material
4
．
You can take as
many as you like because they are free of
．
A
．
fare
B
．
charge
C
．
money
D
．
pay
5
．
George always
wants things done quickly
．
He
’
s got to
.
A
．
idea
B
．
means
C
．
patience
D
．
decision
6
．
Do you know the
of the saying I just
quoted?
A
．
source
B
．
resource
C
．
course
D
．
cause
7
．
—
Why
did you refuse to move in the house?
—
Because it was really in a
poor and dirty
．
A
．
form
B
．
kind
C
．
shape
D
．
state
8
．
His name was on
the
of
my tongue
，
but I just
couldn’t remember
it
．
A
．
end
B
．
edge
C
．
tip
D
．
side
9
．
You shouldn’t
let children play with
．
It’s
dangerous!
A
．
football
B
．
watches
C
．
matches
D
．
chess
10
．
We’
ll have
PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my
.
A
．
sports clothes
B
．
sport clothes
C
．
clothes of
sports
D
．
sport’s
clothes
11
．
Dark clouds
are a
of
rain while a smile is a
of friendship
A
．<
/p>
gesture
；
sign
B.
mark
；
sign
C.
sign
；
gesture
D.
sign
；
mark
12
．
—
Is
the house very
expensive
，
Dick?
—I
don’t think it’s worth the
they are
asking
．
A
．
price
B
．
cost
C
．
value
D
．
money
13
．
These days I
hire two
in
my house
．
A
．
man servants
B
．
men servant
C
．
man servant
D
．
men servants
14
．
The editor
to1d the newsman to write
report
．
A
．
a two-thousand-
words
B
．
a two-
thousands-words
C
．
a two thousand
Word
D
．
a
two-thousand-word
15
．
The brook lies
within
of
the train station
．
A
．
ten-minute-ride
B
．
ten minutes
ride
C
．
ten
minute’s ride
D
．
ten
minutes’
ride
16
．
Though I spoke
to him many times
，
he never
took any
of
what I said
．
A
．
remark
B
．
observation
C
．
attention
D
．
notice
17
．
came that his
should be kept
secret
．
5
A
．
A
word
；
words
B
．
The
word
；
word
C
．
Wor
d
：
words
D
< br>．
Words
；
Word
18
．
We’
ve
missed the last bus
．
I’m
af
raid we have no
but to take a
taxi
．
A
．
way
B
．
choice
C
．
possibility
D
．
selection
19
．
—
How was
your recent Visit to Qingdao?
—
It was
great
．
We visited some
friends
，
and spent the
days at the
seaside
．
A
．
few 1ast sunny
B
．
1ast few sunny
C
．
few sunny list
D
．
1ast sunny
few
20
．
We climbed
higher up the mountain so that We could get a
better
．
A
．
view
B
．
idea
C
．
point
D
．
opinion
21
．
We have worked
out a plan
．
But I’m not
sure
whether it will do in
．
A
．
fact
B
．
practice
C
．
deed
D
．
time
22
．
—
I
’
ve got an
“A”
in
the examination
．
——T11at’s
a good
.
You’
ll surely
win a second
．
A
．
result
B
．
start
C
．
news
D
．
idea
23
．
The
makes me feel
sick
．
A
．
sign
B
．
sight
C
．
scene
D
．
look
24
．
—
What a pleasant
these trees give us!
——
Why not stop here and have
a rest in it?
A
．
shade
B
．
shadow
C
．
peace
D
．
scene
25
．
They can never
make good nurses
，
not having
the necessary
.
A
．
practice
B
．
education
C
．
exercise
D
．
training
26
．
Mr Tong
couldn’t keep pace with the others as
they
marched
along
．
He often stood out of
．
A
．
order
B
．
sight
C
．
mind
D
．
line
27
．
I’m afraid
that there
is no
for you
in
my
car, because there are already five
people
．
A
．
place
B
．
room
C
．
need
D
．
position
28
．
it is to go swimming on
sueh a hot day!
A
．
What fun
B
．
How
fun
C
．
What a fun
D
．
How a fun
29
．
—
Heavy
trucks which run day and night are doing damage to
our houses and shops of
historical
.
A
．
scene
B
．
period
C
．
interest
D
．
sense
30
．
The dress is
nic
e but she doesn’t like
the
on the material
．
A
．
sharp
B
．
size
C
．
model
D
．
pattern
31
．
It is foolish
to go to the
of taking music
lessons if you never
practice
．
A
．
expense
B
．
sense
C
．
pay
D
．
money
32
．
For twenty
years Gandhi p1ayed an important
in
working for equal rights fbr
Indians
．
A
．
action
B
．
ro1e
C
．
figure
D
．
position
33
．
Last night the
president made a speech on TV to the
.
6
A. country
B. state
C.1and
D.
nation
34
．
The old
house belongs to
．
A
．
Jac
k’s and
his
brother
B
．
Jac
k
’
s and his
brother’s
C
．
Jack and
h
is brother’s
D
．
Jack and his
brother
35
．
will make a
trip to China during the summer
holidays
．
A
．
The Evens
B
．
The
Even
’
s
C
．
The Evenses
D
．
The
Evenses'
36
．
I’d
lik
e you to meet
David
’
a
cowboy
．
A
．
dark
，<
/p>
handsome and tall
B
．
tall
，
handsome and
dark
C
．
dar
k
，
tall and handsome
D
．
tall
，
da
rk and handsome
young student is
as a
writer
．
It’s
to all his
teachers
．
A
．<
/p>
success
；
surprise
B
．
a
success
；
surprise
C
．
success
；
a surprise
D
．
a
success
；
a surprise
mother’
s
is getting
grey
，
but my father has only
a few grey
．
A
．
hairs
；
hair
B
．
hai
r
：
hair
C
．
hair
；
ha
irs
D
．
hair
：
hairs
39.
uncle is going to pick them up at the
airport this afternoon
．
A
．
Jac
k’s
and Joan’s
B
．
Jack’s and
Joan
C
．
Jack and Joan’s
D
．
Jack and Joan
old houses are being pulled down to
make
for the apartment
buildings
．
A
．
room
B
．
ground
C
．
space
D
．
area
of it! Nobody here thinks what you are
saying makes any
．
A
．
excuse
B
．
sense
C
．
use
D
．
value
名词
1-5 BDABC
6-10 ADCCA
11-15 CADDD
16-20 DCBBA
21-25 BABAD
26-30 DBAC
31-35
ABDDC
36-40
DDCCA
41 B
名词强化训练
1. It
won’t make much ________ whether you agree or
not.
A. difficulty
B. trouble
C. difference
D. matter
2. No one has yet
succeeded in explaining the ________ of how life
began.
A. cause
B. problem
C. reason
D. puzzle
3.
You
must
get
there
within
an
hour.
There
should
be
no
___
in
sending
this
information to him.
A. question
B. problem
C. quarrel
D. delay
4. I can’t give you the card without
Smith’s ________.
A.
agreement
B. allowing
C.
permission
D. performance
5.
What impressed me most was that they never lost
________.
A. hearts
B. heart
C. their heart
D. their
hearts
6. Though I spoke to him many
times, he never took any ________ of what I said.
7
A.
remark
B. observation
C. attention
D.
notice
7. I went to buy a ________ of
China Daily.
A. piece
B.
sheet
C. lot
D. copy
8. Shelly had prepared carefully for
her English examination so that she could be sure
of
passing it on her first ________.
A. intention
B. purpose
C. attempt
D. desire
9. There are usually at least two
________ of looking at every question.
A. means
B. directions
C. views
D. ways
10. We have worked out the plan and now
we must put it into ________.
A. fact
B. reality
C. practice
D. deed
11. She is young for
the job, but on the other ________, she is well
trained.
A. way
B. situation
C. chance
D. hand
12.
The
most
important________
of
his
speech
was
that
we
should
all
work
whole-
heartedly for the people.
A. point
B. sense
C. spot
D. view
13. ---
I’d like ________ information about the
management of your hotel, please.
--- Well, you could have ________ word
with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some; a
B. an; some
C. some; some
D. an; a
14. He told me he had been offered a
very well-paid ________.
A. business
B. service
C. work
D. position
15. Each player
must obey ________, who is the leader of the team.
A. captain
B. a
captain
C. the
captain
D. captains
16. It
was ________ that he had to ask for help.
A. such big a work
B. a so
big job
C. a so big work
D.
such a big job
17. He dropped the
________ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee
B. coffee’s cup
C. cup for coffee
D. coffee
cup
18. What ________! Where did you
get them?
A. big fish
B. a
big fish
C. a piece of big fish
D. big a fish
19. He left
________ with my secretary that he would call
again in the afternoon. He said
he
would keep ________.
A. words; his
words
B. word; his word
C.
word; word
D.
the
word;
his
words
20. The new law will come into ________
on the day it is passed.
A. effect
B. use
C. service
D. existence
21. We held a
party in ________ of our Australian teacher,
Meggi.
A. prize
B. honor
C. praise
D. pride
22. --- Tom, will you boys play
soldiers outside?
There’s not enough
________ for you
8
boys here.
---
But we can play in the next ________,
can’t we?
A. places; place
B. room; room
C. rooms;
space
D. house; rooms
23.
--- Is this bridge made of ________?
--- Yes, it is made of 2300 huge
________.
A. stone; stone
B. stones; stones
C. stone;
stones
D. stones; stone
24.
---
Mum, I’m going to visit my aunt.
What about a week?
--- A
week is too long. Try to be back in a ________ of
days.
A. number
B. dozen
C. few
D. couple
25. Mrs. Green tried hard to find a job
but she had no ________.
A. luck
B. time
C. hope
D. chance
26.
His
daughter
is
always
shy
in
________
and
she
never
dares
to
make
a
speech
to
________.
A.
the public; the public
B. public; the
public
C. the public; public
D. public; public
27. Fast-food restaurants are ________
to us all.
A. of many helps
B. a great help
C. great
helps
D. much help
28. These
young people are now making an active ________ to
beautify (
美化
) our city.
A. part
B. effort
C. decision
D. plan
29. --- What you like may not be what I
like.
---
Yes, one man’s
meal is another man’s ________.
A. poison
B. medicine
C. meal
D. food
30. He said that two ________ would
come to our school the next day.
A.
woman scientist
B. women scientist
C. woman scientists
D.
women
scientists
31. My ________ all ________ hard for
the people.
A. family; work
B. family; works
C. families; work
D.
families;
works
32. Dr. Jones ordered
________ for the laboratory.
A. two
equipments
B. two pieces of
equipments
C. two pieces of equipment
D. two equipment pieces
33.
--- Where have you been?
---
I
’
ve been to________.
A. the Turners
B. the Turner's
C. Mr. Turners'
D. the Turners'
34. Many children have to see the films
for________
．
A.
grown-up
B. growns-up
C. grown-ups
35. I told about some of
the terrible ________ I had had in the war.
9
D. growns-ups
A. experience
B.
experiences
C. experiencing
D.
experienced
things
36. The table is only ________ high.
A. two-foot
B.
two foot
C. two-feet
D. two feet
37. These days I employed two ________
in my house.
A. man-servants
B. men-servant
C. man-servant
D. men-servants
38. That'
s________.
A. James and Charles father
B.
James and Charles's father
C. James's
and Charles's father
D.
James's and Charles father
39. ________
is published daily.
A. Time
B. Times
C.
The Time
D. The Times
40.
There are many ________ in big ________.
A. ladies driver; citys
B. lady
drivers; cities
C. ladies drivers,
cities
D.
ladies driver; city
1~20: CADCB
DDCDC
DAADC
DDABA
21~40:
BBCDA
BBBAD
ACDCB
DABDB
语法复习专题（
1
）
名
词
一、
考点聚焦
1.
可数名词单、复数变化形式
（
1
）规则变化。
①单数名词词尾直接加
-s
。如：
boy
—
boys, pen
—
pens
。
②以
s
、
x
、
ch
、
s
h
结尾的单词一般加
-es
。
如：
glass
—
glasses,box
—
boxes, watch
—
watches, brush
—
brushes
。
特例：
stomach
—
stomaches
。
③以“辅音字母
+ y
”结尾的变“
y
”为“
i<
/p>
”再加“
-es
”。如：
baby
—
babies, lady
—
ladies, fly
—
flies
。
④以
“
o
”
结尾的多数加
-es
。
如：
tomato
—
tomatoes, potato
—
potatoes, hero
—
heroes
。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以
o
结尾的
词只加
-s
。
如：
radio
—
radios,
zoo
—
zoos,
photo
—
photos,
piano
—
pianos,
kilo
—
kilos,
tobacco
—
tobaccos
。
⑤以“
f
”或“
fe
”结尾的名词复数形式变“
f
”或“
fe
”为“
v
”，之后再加
-es
。
如：
wife
—
wives, life
—
lives, knife
—
knives,
wolf
—
wolves,
self
—
selves,
leaf
—
leaves
等。
特例：
handkerchief
—
handkerchiefs, roof
—
roofs, chief
—
chiefs, gulf
—
gulfs, belief
—
beliefs,
cl
iff
—
cliffs
。
10
⑥改变元音字母的。如：
man
—
men, mouse
—
mice, foot
—
feet,
woman
—
women,
tooth
—
teeth,
goose
—
geese,
ox
—
oxen
。特例：
child
—
children
。
⑦复合名词的复数形式。（
A
）在复合词中最后名词尾
加
-s
。如：
armchair
—
armchairs,
bookcase
—
bookcases, bookstore
—
book-
stores
。
（
B
）
man
和
woman
作定语修饰另一个名词时，
前后两个名词都要变成复数。
如：
man doctor
—
men doctors,
woman driver
—
women dri-
vers
。（
C
）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加
-s
。如：
brother-in-law
—
brothers-in-
law, passer-by
—
passers-by
。
⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：
zero
—
zeros
、
zeroes, deer
—
deers
、
deer
。
penny
的两种复数形式含义有所不同。
如：
pence
（
便士的钱数）
，
pennies(
便
士的枚数
)<
/p>
。
（
2
）不规则变化。
①单、复数同形。如：
means, aircraft,
deer, fish, Chinese,
Japanese, sheep, w
orks
（工厂）
,cattle
。<
/p>
②合成名词的复数。
如：
boy-
friend
—
boy-
friends, go-between
—
go-betweens(
中
间人
)
，
grown-up
—
grown-
ups
。
③有些名词通常只用作复数
。如：
glasses
眼镜，
clot
hes
衣服，
goods
货物，
trousers
裤子，
belongin
gs
所有物
,wages
工资，
riches
财富
, surroundin
g
s
环境，
ashes
灰尘
, campasses
圆规，
< br>cattle
家畜，
congratulations<
/p>
祝贺，
have words with sb.
同
某人吵架，
in high
spirits
以很高热情地，
give one’s
regards to sb.
向某人问侯，
in
rags
衣衫破烂，
It
is good manners to do
sth.
有礼貌做某事。
④集体名词
的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：
people,
cattle, police;
有些名词只用作单数，如：
machinery,
furnitur
e, mankind, jewellery;
有
些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如
：
The crew is large.
船员人数很多
（指整体）
；
The crew are
all tired.
船员们都累坏了
（个
体）。
2
、不可数名词的数
（
1
）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词
表示具体的东西时，可用
作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：
< br>
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：
抽象名词（不可数）
具体化（个体名词，可数名词）
in surprise
惊讶地
a
surprise
一件令人惊讶的事
win success
获得成功
a success
一个
(
件
)
成功的人
(
事
)
win
honor
赢得荣誉
an
honor
一个
(
件
< br>)
引以为荣的
(
事
)
Failure(
失败
)is the
mother of success
a
failure
失败者
失败是成功之母。
11
by
experience
靠经验
an
experience
一次经历
youth
青春
a youth
一个青年人
have pity on
sb.
怜悯某人
a
pity
可惜的事情
with
pleasure
乐意
a
pleasure
乐事
②抽象名词与
a(an)
连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动
作、行
为或类别。如：
A
knowledge of English is a must in international
trade.
Would you like to have a
walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?
It is
waste of time reading such a novel.
She
made an apology to her mother f
or her
wrong doings.
(2)
物质名词是不可数名词，
但表示数量或种类之多时，
可以用作可数名词。
如：
①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，
有单、
复数。
如：
some
coffee
一些咖啡，
a
coffee
一杯咖啡，
three
coffees
三杯咖啡，
some
drink
一些饮料
, a
drink
一杯饮料，
three
drinks
三杯饮料，
his
hair
他的头发，
a few grey hairs
几根白发，
glass
玻璃，
a glass
一只玻
璃杯。
②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。
have breakfast
The road is covered with
snow.
have a wonderful breakfast
They have a heavy snow every year.
Time and tide wait for no man.
We had a wonderful time last night.
(3)
有复数形式的不可数名词
①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式
出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或
强调某种
特殊状态的作用。如：
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the
difficulties.
Have you made
preparations for tomorrow’s meet
ing?
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After
ma
ny failures, they finally succeeded.
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：
The boy burst into tears at the bad
news.
The rising waters did a lot
o
f harm to the crops.
The
stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3.
名词所有格
（
1
）“
’s
”所有格的特殊表示形式有：
②
用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：
today
’s
newspaper,five
minutes’walk(drive),fi
ve pounds’weight,
tend
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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