工程管理专业英语

起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策 。

2.

After

the

scope

of

the

project

is

clearly

defined,

detailed

engineering design will provide the blueprint for construction, and

the definitive cost estimate will serve as the baseline for cost

control.

项目 范围界定后，

详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，

最终费用估计< /p>

将作为控制成本的基准。

3.

Furthermore,

an

owner

may

have

in-house

capacities

to

handle

the

work

in every stage of the entire process, or it may seek professional

advice and services for the work in all stages.

此外， 业主可用内部

能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，

或者它可 能会在各个阶段寻求专业

意见及服务。

4.

The

owner

may

choose

to

decompose

the

entire

process

into

more

or

less

stages based on the size and nature of the project, and thus obtain

the most efficient result in implementa tion.

业主可以根据项目的规模

和性质选择把整个过程或多 或少的分解到各个阶段上，

从而获得在实践中最

高效的结果。< /p>

5.

All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages,

depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management

as well as the type, size, and location of the project.

所有的组织

方法各有利弊，

这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型、

规模

和位置。

6.

In

planning

for

various

types

of

construction,

the

methods

of

procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts,

and financing the constructed facility can be quiet di fferent.

各类

建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同 的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法

都可以完全不同。

7.

Specialized

industrial

construction

usually

involves

very

large

scale

projects

with

a

high

degree

of technological

complexity,

such

as

oil

refineries,

steel

mills,

chemical

processing

plants

and

coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure 1-4.

专门

的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂、钢铁厂、化学处理厂和

燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图

1-4

所示 。

8.

Traditionally, the owner engages an architectural and engineering

(A/E) firm or consortium as technical consultant in developing a

preliminary

des ign.

传统上，业务会聘请建筑和工程设计（

A/E

）公司或财

团做前期设计和技术咨询。

9.

By

integrating

design

and

construction

management

into

a

single

organization,

many

of

the

conflicts

between

designers

and

constructors might be avoided.

通过将设计管理和施工管理统融为一体，

就可以避免设计方和施工方的许多矛盾。< /p>

10.

In recent years, a new breed of construction managers (CM) offers

professional

services

from the inception to

the completion

of a

construction project.

近年来，出现了 为项目从启动到完工全过程服务的

职业化建设项目经理（

CM< /p>

）

。

11.

Hence, an owner must understand its own responsibility and the risk

it

wishes

to

assign

to

itself

and

to

other

participants

in

the

process.

因此，业主 必须懂得项目当中属于其自身的义务和风险须有其自己来承担。

12.

Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional

construction manager to do so, a good general contractor who has

worked with a team of superintendents, speciality contractors or

subcontractors together for a number of projects in the past can be

most effective in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.

除非业主自己发

挥这项职能或聘请职业化的

C M

做这件事，一个经验丰富的总承包商是能够

协同专业承包商和 分包商尽职尽责地完成任务的。

13.

In the State of New York, for example, speciality contractors, such

as mechanical and electrical contractors, are not subjected to the

supervision of the general contractor of a construction project and

must be given separate prime contracts on public works.

例如在纽约

州，

诸如机械和电气等专业承包商 并不直接由总承包商监督管理，

并且在公

共工程中必须授予其独 立的合同。

14.

Major

material

suppliers

include

specialty

contractors

in

structural

steel fabrication and erection, sheet metal, ready mixed concrete

delivery, reinforcing steel bar detailer, roofing, glazing e tc.

主

要原料供应商，包括钢结构、网架、金属结构，预拌混 凝土输送，预应力钢

筋，房屋架，以及电气照明等。

2.1

Project management

is the art of directing and coordinating human

and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern

management

techniques

to

achieve

predetermined

objectives

of

scope,

cost,

time, quality and participation satisfaction.

The basic

ingredients

for a project management framework

may be

represented

schematically in Figure 2-1.

2.2

Please

briefly

describe

these

three

organizations:

functional

organization, matrix organization and project organization

.

施工单位项目管理的组织形式

1.

直线式组织形式

2.

职能式组织形式

3.

直线职能式组织形式

4.

矩阵式组织形式

5.

项目式组织形式

6.

事业部式组织形式

2.3

The project manager

often gains

the

support of his/her team through

a

combination

of

the

following:

Formal authority;

Reward and/or penalty

power; Expert power; Attractive power

.

In

general,

the

project

manager

’

s

authority

must

be

clearly

documented

as well as

defined

, particularly in a matrix organization

where the

functional division managers often retain certain authority

over the personnel temporarily assigned to a project

. The following

principles

should

be

observed:

The

interface

between

the

project

manager

and

the

functional

division

managers

should

be

kept

as

simple

as

possible;

The

project

manager

must

gain

control

over

those

elements

of

the

project

which

may

overlap

with

functional

division

managers

;

The

project

manager

should

encourage

problem

solving

rather

than

role

playing

of

team

members

drawn from various functional divisions.

Translation

1

．

Generally, project management is distinguished from the general

management of

corporations

by

the

mission-oriented

nature

of

a proje ct.

总的来说，项目管理有别于公司的宏观管理，它取决于项目以任务（目标）为

导向的这一特征。

2

．

By contrast, the general management of business and industrial

corporations

assumes

a

broader

outlook

with

greater

continuity

of

ope rations.

与此形成对照，一般的工商企业的管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加

连续性。

3

．

Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear

programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge

or application domains.

同样，许多如线性规划和网络分析等运筹学 中的技术

也已在其他知识或应用领域广为应用。

4

．

Contractual

relationships

among

members

of

the

team

are

intended

to

minimize

adversarial

relationships

and

contribute

to

greater

response

within the group.

团队成员之间的合同关系 是打算计量减少敌对关系，并有助

于提高本团队内的合作响应。

5

．

Consequently

it

is

important

to

recognize

the

changing

nature

of

the organizational structure as a project is carried out in various

stages.

6

．

Formal authority resulting from an official capacity which is

empowered to issue orders.

7

．

Reward and/or penalty power resulting from his/her capacity to

dispense

directly

or

indirectly

valued

organization

rewards

or

penalt ies.

根据个人能力对其实施直接或间接阻止奖励或惩罚的权力。

8

．

When

contending

issues

or

more

fundamental

nature

are

developed,

the must be brought to the attention of a high level in the management

and be resolved expeditiously.

如果矛盾冲突有升级的趋势，则应立 即引起

高层管理的注意并予以及时化解。

3.1

The labor characteristics include:

Age, skill and experience of

workforce. Leadership and motivation of workforce

.

These

different

factors

could

each

be

assessed

on

a

three

point

scale:

recognized strength, meets expectations, area needing improvement

.

Job-site

labor

productivity

can

be

estimated

either

for

each

craft

(

carpenter,

bricklayer,

eta.)

or

each

type

of

construction

( residential housing, processing plant, etc. ) under a

specific set of work conditions.

3.3

The

degree

of

difficulty

depends

on physical characteristics

of

the

rock

type to be

excavated,

such as

grain

size, planes

of weakness,

weathering, brittleness and hardness

.

Basic types

of equipment

for paving include

machines

for dispensing

concrete and bituminous materials for pavement surfaces.

Translation

1.

Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be

characterized

either

as

labor

characteristics,

project

work

conditions or as non- productive activities.

现场劳动生产率受许多因

素的影响，它们表现为劳动力的特点、项目作业条件或非生产性的活动。

2.

Job-site

accessibility

often

may

reduce

the

labor

productivity

index

if the works must perform their jobs in round about ways, such as

avoiding traffic in repaying the highway surface or maintaining the

operation of a plant during renovation.

如果工人必须绕避完成其工作，

例如在重铺高速公路路面时避开 车辆往来，

或者在工厂更新改造中维持其运

行，现场道路的易达 性可能降低劳动生产力指数。

3.

The

contractual

agreements

play

an

important

role

in

the

utilization