(中英翻译)评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效课件

Evaluating the Ecological Efficacy of Low Impact

Urban Design and Development

评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效

van Roon, M.R. and S. Moore

Centre

for

Urban

Ecosystem

Sustainability

(University

of

Auckland,

Landcare

Research)

Proceedings Sustainable Engineering and Science Conference, Auckland, NZ, 6-9 July 2004

Abstract

摘要

It is anticipated that implementation of low impact urban design and development (LIUDD)

on a catchment scale will lead to a quantum leap in ecological improvement in both terrestrial and

aquatic environments. One of the primary objectives in LIUDD is the achievement of hydrological

neutrality, that is a nil or minimal change in the hydrologic regime. This might be measured using

indicators

of

water

body

functionality

and

sustainability.

One

of

the

anticipated

outcomes

of

improved hydrological stability throughout and after the development process is the retention of

aquatic ecosystem health and biodiversity. In addition, the achievement of hydrological neutrality

demands

much

higher

catchment

coverage

with

vegetation

of

high

biomass,

ensuring

high

evapotranspiration

rates.

This

is

particularly

necessary

in

locations

where

soils

have

limited

infiltration capacity. Much of this vegetation is likely to be within riparian margins where it can

contribute to both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity enhancement and improve water quality. This

paper

explores

the

type

of

research

framework

that

might

be

developed

to

measure

these

ecological

gains.

This

would

include

the

monitoring

of

low

impact

developments

to

determine

gains

in

physicochemical

condition

and

biotic

integrity

relative

to

that

in

conventionally

developed urban catchments.

可以预期的是，

在流域 层面上实施低影响城市设计和开发

（

LIUDD

）

，将大大改善区域

的水陆生态环境。

LIUDD

的主要目标之一是保持水文特征不变，最大限度的减少对生态水

文条件的改变。

水文特征可以采用功能性和可持续性的水体指标来表 征。

提高水文稳定性的

预期成果之一是在整个开发过程中和之后 的阶段保持水生生态系统的健康与生物多样性。

此

外，

保持流域水文特征不变还需要通过提高流域高生物量植被的覆盖率以确保比较高的蒸腾

这种方法尤其适用于土壤渗透能力有限的地区。

选用的植被大部分属于河畔植物，

该类植物能够提高水陆生物多样性和改善水质 。

本文探讨了经过开发可能用于衡量生态效益

的研究框架类型。

也包括对低影响开发的检测，

以确定在物化条件和生物的完整性 方面相对

于传统开发的城市集水区的收益。

1 Introduction

1

前言

Achievement of sustainable cities, as intended by the New Zealand Government programme

of

action

for

sustainable

development

(MfE2003),

necessitates

avoidance

of

the

level

of

degradation

of

receiving

water

ecosystems

typical

of

past

urbanisation.

This

degradation

has

resulted from changes in hydrological regime, contaminant burden and habitat alteration, that has

accompanied conventional urbanisation.

为实现可持续发展，新西兰政 府为可持续发展做的行动计划，有必要终止过去城市发

展中使纳污水体水生态环境退化的 一切行为。

河流水文状况的改变、

污染物负荷增加以及生

物栖息地的破坏导致了这种退化的发生，并且它伴随了传统城市化发展的始终。

In

order

to

increase

economic,

ecological

and

social

components

of

urban

sustainability

simultaneously, management of the total urban water cycle should be integrated into urban design

and development (van Roon and Knight 2004; Lloyd et al. 2001).

故为了提高城 市经济发展、生态环境状况同时又促进其可持续发展，必须将城市水循

环的管理纳入城市 设计和发展的规划中。

The

Centre

for

Urban

Ecosystem

Sustainability

(CUES,

a

partnership

between

Auckland

University and Landcare Research) is pursuing a research programme (Eason et al. 2003)directed

at

making

Low

Impact

Urban Design

and Development

(LIUDD)

mainstream

in

New

Zealand.

The

five

objectives

of

the

programme

target

stakeholder

buy-in,

changing

plans

and

policies,

testing technologies, comparative catchment studies and economic efficiencies.

城市生态系统可持续发展中心（

CU ES

，由奥克兰大学和土地保护研究合作成立）正在

从事一项研 究项目，该项目旨在引领新西兰

LIUDD

发展的主流。该项目 的五个任务分别是

招商引资、改变相关方案和政策、测试相关技术、研究相似规模流域和 带来经济效益。

LIUDD is derived from Low Impact Development (LID), which has its origins in the United

States

of

America.

LID

is

focused

on

alternative

stormwater

management

that

utilises

natural

drainage features (Shaver 2000) in the landscape rather than piped systems. LID is alternatively

termed Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) in Australia.

LIUDD

源自城市低影响开发（

LID

）

，

LID

最先起源于美国。

< br>LID

重点在于转换雨水管

理模式，

在当地充分利用自然界中排水方式处置雨水而不是采用管网排水系统。

LID

在澳大

利亚又被称作水敏感城市设计（

WSU D

）

。

LID

has

been

extended

in

Washington

State

by

Holz

(2002)

who

promotes

‘Zero

Impact

Design’ (ZID) within which development must adhere to characteristics of a healthy watershed, no

stormwater

is

collected

and

released,

broad

stream

buffers

are

maintained,

stream

and

road

crossings

are

minimised.

This

necessitates

the

retention

or

re- creation

of

predevelopment

or

natural hydrological conditions to the maximum extent possible (City of Lacey

2002).

Hol z

将

LID

引入华盛顿州，他倡导“< /p>

0

影响设计”

（

ZID

）

，在这种理念下城市开发必

须 坚持健康的发展特色，

不建设雨水的收集和排放基础设施，

而是 建设大面积的水体缓冲区，

同时尽量避免水体和道路的交叉。

这 就需要最大程度的保留自然水文条件或者重新规划前期

的发展

.

ZID

retains

the

critical

functions

of

a

forest

including

evapotranspiration

and

infiltration

after site development such that near ‘zero effective impervious surface’ area is achieved (City of

Lacey

2002).

Holz

(2002)

considers

that

in

Washington

State

sixty

percent

or

more

of

the

watershed should be retained in indigenous forest.

一个区域经过

ZID

开发后，仍旧具有像森林系统那样的蒸腾和渗透功能，因此接近零

有效不透水表面的地区得已实现。

Holz

认为华盛顿州大于

60%

的集水区应当设置在天然树

林中 。

The

definition

of

LID

in

New

Zealand

and

particularly

within

CUES

is

evolving

well

beyond a stormwater management process into what we now term LIUDD. It is an urban design

method

that

is

expected

to

protect

aquatic

and

terrestrial

ecological

integrity,

improve

urban

amenity

and

reduce

the

cost

of

infrastructure

while

accommodating

increasing

population

densities.

在新西兰尤其是

CUES

内对于

LID

的服务范围不 仅仅限定于治理暴雨，对于城市建设

的其它方面也进展的非常好，这样就演变为今天的< /p>

LIUDD

。

LIUDD

是一个致力于保护水生

和陆生生态完整性，

提高城市舒 适度，

降低城市基础设施费用同时又能适应不断增长的人口

密度 的城市设计方法。

The

biotic

integrity

of

terrestrial,

stream,

and

either

lake

or

estuarine

ecosystems

form

a

hierarchical

co-dependence.

Healthy

stream

ecosystems

throughout

a

catchment

are

therefore

a

sound indicator of the health of co-dependent ecosystems up and down stream. The monitoring of

stream ecosystem health is expected to give a cumulative assessment of the combined benefits of

diverse in-catchment LIUDD practices.

陆地、

河流以及无论湖还是河口生态系 统中的生物完整性形成了一个有层次的共生体。

一个流域中河流生态系统的健康程度可以 反映整个流域中共生生态系统的健康与否。

通过检

测河流生态系 统的健康程度可以累计评价流域中实施的

LIUDD

措施的综合 作用。

Following

a

brief

review

of

the

relationships

between

stream

ecosystem

condition

and

measures

of

conventional

urbanisation

such

as

impervious

surface

area,

this

paper

compares

stream ecosystem condition in four Waitakere catchments with varying land use. Catchment land

use

ranges

from

semi- forested

and

pastoral

(lifestyle

blocks)

through

to

conventional

urban

residential.

下面简 单的回顾下传统的城市化当中流域生态系统环境和城市措施之间的关系，例如

表面不透水 区域；本文比较了土地利用情况不同的四个

Waitakere

流域的河流生态系统状

况。流域中的土地利用状况既有未开发的区域也有乡村以及传统 的城市居住区。

Results

are

then

used

as

a

basis

for

envisioning

alternative

residential

design

and

development

scenarios

(to

be

monitored)

that

avoid

characteristics

giving

rise

to

aquatic

and

terrestrial biodiversity degradation in conventional developments.

< br>这些结果可以为未来新型住宅区设计以及发展规划提供基础，避免出现传统城市化发

展中水生和陆生生物多样性退化的情况。

2 Urban use

–

aquatic biotic integrity relationship

2

城市建设

-

水生生物完整性的关系

The

ecological

justification

for

LIUDD

comes

from

research

demonstrating

the

loss

of

aquatic ecological integrity in catchments subjected to varying degrees of human disturbance. This

disturbance may be anything from recreational use of forested catchments to high-density urban

use with 100 percent effective1 impervious surfaces. < /p>

对于

LIUDD

生态论证来自于对不同人 为干扰程度下的流域水生态完整性损失分析的

研究。

从森林集水 区的游憩利用到高密度城市百分百应用不透水表面的各个方面都可能产生

这种干扰。

The percentage of a catchment covered in impervious surfaces has frequently been used as a

measure

of

the

intensity

of

urbanisation.

Higher

storm

discharges

also

facilitate

transference

of

damaging fine sediments and toxic contaminants from urban surfaces to receiving ecosystems.

流域不透水 层表面的覆盖率常被用作衡量城市化程度的标尺。高强度雨水的排放也促

使破坏性的细粒 沉积物和有毒污染物从城市表面向生态系统的转移。

Over

the

past

three

decades

stormwater

management

focussed

on

the

construction

of

stormwater

detention

technologies

that

contributed

to

a

reduction

of

these

adverse

hydrological

effects but did little to address the primary land-based causes, beyond the riparian zone, of aquatic

ecosystem degradation.

在过去的三 十多年，雨水管理的重点放在了雨水截留设施的建设上，虽然减少了不利

的水文效应，但 是在除了河岸带之外的水生生态系统退化的基础土地问题上几乎不起作用。

Measures of aquatic biotic integrity have been widely used, including in the USA and New

Zealand,

to

monitor

the

effects

of

catchment

use

and

urbanisation.

Biotic

indices

are

based

on

information

on

complete

assemblages

of

macroinvertebrate

organisms

and

are

designed

to

simplify a mix of complex community data (MfE 1999).

美国和新西兰已经广泛 采用水生生物完整性指标来反映流域土地利用情况和城市化程

度。

基于大型底栖动物生物组合完整性信息的生物指数法旨在简化融为一体的复杂的群落数

据

(MfE 1999)

。

Research in Washington streams (USA) showed that the Benthic Biotic Index (B-IBI) fell by

half after only five percent of the catchment was converted to impervious surfaces (Horner and

May 1999). The installation in catchments of various Best Management Practices (both structural

and non-structural) provided very limited mitigation (Horner and May 1999; Maxted and Shaver

1997).

在华盛顿河流（

USA

）的调查表明，仅占流域百分之五的面积变成不透水层后，底栖

生物指数就下降了一半

(Horner and May 19 99)

。而流域中实行的各种最佳管理措施（结构性

和非结构性 ）对其缓解作用都非常有限

(Horner and May 1999; Maxted and Shaver 1997)

。

Similar

New

Zealand

research

(Allibone

2001)

shows

a

loss

of

half

of

indicative

EPT2

species

with

15

percent

of

the

catchment

in

impervious

surfaces.

These

researchers

have

concluded that in order to retain a high quality aquatic ecosystem, it is necessary to limit effective

impervious surfaces to below 15 percent of the catchment.

新西兰类似的研究

(Allibone

2001)

表明流域不透水面积增加

15%

< br>就会导致

EPT

种群的

数量减少 一半。

研究表明要想维持一个高质量的水生生态系统，

需将不透 水面积限制在流域

面积的

15%

以下。

The

hydrological

and

water

quality

changes

in

urban

streams

resulting

from

increased